Deck 10: From Proteins to Phenotypes

Question 1

Parathion is effective and highly toxic to only about 5% of the human population.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The red blood cells of people with sickle cell anemia have abnormal shapes due to ____.

A) hemoglobin molecules with mutant beta globin subunits sticking together and forming long fibers in the cytoplasm
B) destruction of the hemoglobin molecules
C) loss of hemoglobin through leaky cell membranes
D) the attachment of phosphate groups to the hemoglobin molecules
E) the binding of methyl groups to the heme group of the hemoglobin molecule causing desiccation of the cells

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the early years of the twentieth century,____ proposed that some genetic disorders and abnormalities of metabolism are related.

A) Sir Archibald Garrod
B) Francis Crick
C) Linus Pauling
D) Linda Bartoshuk
E) Gregor Mendel

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Supertasters for the chemical PTC are ____ for the trait.

A) homozygous dominant
B) heterozygous
C) homozygous recessive
D) either homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive
E) either homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Question 5

Enzymatic reactions convert products into substrates.

Question 6

The presence of phenylpyruvic acid in urine is directly linked to ____.

A) heart disease
B) colon cancer
C) intellectual disability
D) spina bifida
E) liver cirrhosis

Question 7

Results from the study of globin variants indicate that ____.

A) all amino acid substitutions cause severe phenotypic effects
B) a change in a single nucleotide is sufficient to cause a genetic disorder
C) extended chains of phosphorus molecules function to carry oxygen
D) all of the changes in globin are due to changes in amino acid sequences
E) sickle cell anemia is not primarily an inherited disease

Question 8

In people with PKU,phenylalanine from dietary proteins cannot be converted to tyrosine.

Question 9

In most human populations,lactase levels are highest soon after birth and drop off in middle-to-late childhood.

Question 10

Lactose intolerance is caused by a(n)____.

A) nucleotide substitution that prevents lactose production
B) variant manifestation of galactosemia
C) accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate
D) inability to digest lactose
E) excess in lactose production

Question 11

Galactosemia is an inherited disorder caused by ____ galactose.

A) the overproduction of
B) the excess break down of the protein
C) the inability to break down
D) metabolizing excess fat molecules and attaching them to
E) the over-consumption of

Question 12

The hemoglobin molecule ____.

A) transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body
B) prevents sickle cell anemia when present in high enough concentrations in the blood
C) is involved in amino acid metabolism
D) acts as a cell surface receptor
E) is controlled by a single gene

Question 13

Even if detected early,PKU cannot be treated to prevent the development of intellectual disability.

Question 14

In genetic goitrous cretinism,the phenotype is caused by accumulation of thyroid hormone and its breakdown products.

Question 15

Linus Pauling and his colleagues discovered that a mutant gene involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia.

Question 16

Dietary treatment of galactosemia ____.

A) need not begin until one or two months after birth
B) consists of very low protein intake
C) can usually be discontinued by the age of twelve
D) completely eliminates symptoms of the disease
E) should be started within a few days after birth

Question 17

Thalassemias are associated with a(n)____.

A) amino acid substitution
B) extended chain in beta globin
C) imbalance in the production of alpha or beta globin
D) excessive synthesis of beta globin
E) altered rate of oxygen transport

Question 18

Dr.Asbjorn Folling discovered that the blood of children affected by PKU reacted with ferric chloride to produce a green color indicating the presence of phenylalanine.

Question 19

Proteins are essential parts of all structures and biological processes in cells.

Question 20

People who can taste PTC are more likely than non-tasters to dislike broccoli and Brussels sprouts.

Question 21

Women with breast cancers that are estrogen-sensitive ____.

A) become ill when taking prescription estrogen
B) can exacerbate their symptoms with only a small increase in estrogen levels
C) are in danger of faster growth of cancer cells in the presence of estrogen
D) will often experience cancer remission with increased uptake of estrogen
E) do not produce their own estrogen and must obtain it through diet or supplements

Question 22

Archibald Garrod called genetic disorders of biochemical pathways ____________________.

Question 23

A mutation that leads to the buildup of homogentisic acid causes ____________________.

Question 24

Certain anticancer drugs change patterns of gene expression and have created a new and effective treatment for ____________________.

Question 25

In the 1930s,Dr.Asbjor Folling described the metabolic disorder he called ____.

A) phenylketonuria
B) galactosemia
C) sickle cell anemia
D) lactose intolerance
E) phenylthiocarbamide

Question 26

Women with PKU who eat a normal diet during pregnancy will have children with ____.

A) only a 25% chance of developing PKU
B) intellectual disability only if the child's phenotype is homozygous recessive
C) intellectual disability only if the child's phenotype is heterozygous
D) intellectual disability regardless of the child's genotype
E) no greater chance of having PKU than if she ate a special PKU diet

Question 27

The ability to smell ____.

A) manifests as a 1:1 relationship between an odor and a specific receptor
B) specific chemicals can indicate a possible reaction to a chemically related drug
C) specific chemicals will predict the effectiveness of antidepressants
D) is mediated by a family of about 400 genes
E) is mediated by the synthesis of olfactory receptors in the brain

Question 28

Genetic variations in enzymes that metabolize drugs can produce a(n)______________ range of drug responses.

Question 29

Different genotypes for the CYP2D6 gene produce significantly different responses to tamoxifen,the medication often used to treat ____________________.

Question 30

Proteins that act as ____________________ catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital components of the cell's metabolic pathways.

Question 31

Even the replication of DNA and the expression of genes depend on the action of ____________________.

Question 32

Enzymes in the body catalyze biochemical reactions and ____.

A) are chemically changed at the end of the reaction
B) are destroyed at the end of the reaction
C) are processed into substrate molecules
D) convert substrate molecules into products
E) convert products into substrate molecules

Question 33

Phenylalanine is a(n)____ and the starting point for a network of metabolic pathways.

A) lactase precursor molecules
B) carbohydrate by-products of respiration
C) essential amino acid
D) sub-types of hemoglobin
E) phenylthiocarbamides

Question 34

Human diet must be varied enough to provide ____________________ of the 20 amino acids from the foods we eat.

Question 35

Genetic goitrous cretinism and alkaptonuria are metabolic disorders in the ____ pathway.

A) nucleic acid
B) thalassemia
C) phenylalanine
D) paraoxonase
E) lipid biochemical

Question 36

The specific chemical compound that is acted on by an enzyme is called a(n)____________________.

Question 37

The study of genetic variations that affect people's responses to environmental agents,including man-made chemicals,is called ____________________.

Question 38

The ability to taste PTC and other bitter chemicals is controlled by ____.

A) hormone levels that change throughout life
B) the presence of fats and sugars in the food being eaten
C) the amount of PTC exposure as a child
D) the amount of capsaicin present in taste buds
E) proteins on the surface of receptor cells

Question 39

In the United States,parathion is the most widely used member of a class of ____.

A) organophosphate herbicides
B) organophosphate insecticides
C) chlorophosphate fungicides
D) chlorophosphate herbicides
E) chlorophosphate insecticides

Question 40

In addition to several other factors,the overall risks of environmental chemicals depend on genetically determined variations in the ____ involved in transport,metabolism,and excretion of these chemicals.

A) proteins
B) body's oxygen levels
C) body's pH
D) ribosomes
E) disaccharides

Question 41

A branch of genetics known as ____________________ studies genetic variations that underlie differences in the body's response to drugs,while ____________________ is focused on the development of drugs that are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup.

Question 42

Hemoglobin is a(n)____________________-containing protein in red blood cells.

Question 43

The first sign of PKU in newborns is abnormally high levels of ____________________ in the blood and urine.

Question 44

Explain why lactose intolerance is considered a variation in gene expression rather than a genetic disorder.

Question 45

The simplest sugars are called ____________________,and two of these sugars linked together form a(n)____________________.

Question 46

Discuss how the therapy for PKU would be different if the disease was not caused by the essential amino acid phenylalanine,but rather by a non-essential amino acid.Would the disorder be potentially more or less life-threatening? Explain your reasoning.

Question 47

Discuss how only one blocked metabolic pathway,such as the one leading from phenylalanine,has the potential to cause many different disorders.

Question 48

Discuss how mutations that eliminate or alter the activity of an enzyme can cause phenotypic effects.

Question 49

Paraoxon is a toxic compound that disrupts the transmission of signals in the ____________________ system and can cause headaches,blurred vision,tremors,unconsciousness,and death by ____________________ arrest.

Question 50

There is a direct link between a person's ____________________,the proteins a person makes,and that person's ____________________.

Question 51

____________________ are organic molecules that include simple sugars,starches,glycogens,and celluloses.

Question 52

Using breast cancer as an example,describe the importance of understanding the interactions of an individual's genotype with therapeutic drugs when treating patients

Question 53

Identify several ways in which the study of hemoglobin variants led to an understanding of the molecular relationship among genes,proteins,and human disease.

Question 54

Explain how the field of human biochemical genetics had its beginnings partly through the persistence of a young mother.

Question 55

Discuss how mutations in proteins can be used to examine the link between a person's genotype and that person's phenotype.

Question 56

Discuss factors that must be taken into account when setting standards for safe levels of exposure to potentially harmful chemicals in the environment.Explain why setting these standards is such a complex task.

Question 57

The use of ____________________ is banned or restricted in more than 23 countries due to its toxicity.

Question 58

Summarize the metabolic process represented in the accompanying diagram.

Question 59

Metabolism is the sum of all _____________________ by which cells convert and utilize energy

Question 60

An autosomally recessive metabolic disorder in the phenylalanine pathway that was first investigated by Garrod at the beginning of the twentieth century is ____________________.