Deck 7: Conformity

Question 1

Why would Muzafer Sherif (1936)study conformity by projecting a light on the wall of a darkened room?

A)Because of the autokinetic effect,he created an ambiguous stimulus.
B)He wondered whether sensory deprivation made people more susceptible to conformity pressures.
C)He wanted a stimulus that was not ambiguous.
D)He didn't want participants to see and therefore influence one another.
E)He wanted to study the effects of anonymity on people's conformity.

Answer 1

Because of the autokinetic effect,he created an ambiguous stimulus.

Question 2

It is Libby's first day in college.When she enters the lecture hall,she notices that other students are sitting quietly toward the back of the hall,glancing through their textbooks,and pulling out pens and notebooks.Unsure how to behave,Libby takes a seat at the back of the room and decides to do the same.This is an example of

A)situational interdependence.
B)situational uncertainty.
C)unintentional social influence.
D)informational social influence.
E)normative social influence.

Answer 2

informational social influence.

Question 3

Muzafer Sherif (1936)placed participants in a dark room and asked them to estimate the movement of a dot of light projected on a screen.This study of the autokinetic effect demonstrated the power of

A)informational social influence.
B)the situation.
C)conversion.
D)normative social influence.
E)obedience to authority.

Answer 3

informational social influence.

Question 4

Rachel is attending Catholic mass for the first time with her best friend Maria.Rachel is unfamiliar with when to sit,when to kneel,or when to stand,and doesn't know when to respond to what the priest says and when to remain silent.When it is time for parishioners to receive Communion,Rachel looks quizzically to Maria,who silently shakes her head.Rachel remains seated while the rest of the congregation files toward the altar.This situation best exemplifies

A)informational social influence.
B)the power of cultural norms.
C)public social acceptance.
D)a crisis of conversion.
E)normative social influence.

Question 5

An important feature of informational social influence is that it often leads to

A)private acceptance.
B)obedience.
C)decreased self-esteem.
D)public compliance.
E)normative pressures.

Question 6

In social psychology,the change in behaviour resulting from the real or imagined presence of others is known as

A)independence.
B)obedience.
C)conformity.
D)cooperation.
E)interdependence.

Question 7

According to your text,the way we understand the concept of "conformity" is shaped by

A)our cultural self-image.
B)social psychologists.
C)situational pressures.
D)gender differences.
E)personality differences.

Question 8

You are a little confused about how to address your new boss.Even though you are told that your new supervisor's name is Charlie Rose,you have noticed that everyone in at work calls him "Boss." You,too,decide to start calling your supervisor "Boss." This decision is a product of

A)compliance with authority.
B)normative social influence.
C)private acceptance.
D)obedience.
E)informational social influence.

Question 9

Your niece Caitlin is deathly afraid of glass elevators.You have just read chapter 7 and have decided to use informational social influence to convince Caitlin that there is no need to be afraid to ride in glass elevators.How would you apply the concept of informational social influence in this situation?

A)Get Caitlin's friends to ride a glass elevator and ask them to smile and wave to you both as they ascend.
B)Remind Caitlin how irrational her fear is.
C)Tell Caitlin that her friends will call her "scaredy-cat" if she doesn't get in the elevator.
D)Shove Caitlin into a glass elevator,push the "penthouse" button,and tell her not to cry.
E)Give Caitlin a big hug every time she is willing to approach a glass elevator.

Question 10

When participants were first placed in a dark room alone and asked to estimate the apparent movement of a point of light,individuals were consistent in their own estimates,and these estimates differed greatly from participant to participant.When participants made the same estimates in a group setting,their estimates converged.According to Muzafer Sherif (1936),why did this happen?

A)Conformity occurs when people feel anonymous in a group.
B)Conformity occurs when people can use anonymity to control others.
C)Conformity occurs when people feel uncomfortable and insecure.
D)Conformity occurs when people are in an unambiguous situation.
E)Conformity occurs when people can use others' behaviours as cues for what's right.

Question 11

According to your text,what did Solar Temple cult members,the students who attacked Reena Virk,and the Canadian peacekeepers in Somalia who tortured Shidane Arone have in common?

A)They were frustrated and this frustration caused them to behave aggressively.
B)They confronted extreme and confusing situations and looked to others to decide how to behave.
C)They lacked independence and thus surrendered control to powerful others.
D)They all had a poorly defined sense of self.
E)They fell under the spell of strong,punitive,charismatic leaders.

Question 12

Victor goes to a fancy French restaurant.There are utensils on the table that he's never even seen before,and more spoons and forks than he's ever seen on one table.Eager to dine in an appropriate and sophisticated way,Victor secretly watches other diners to see what they do.This is an example of

A)informational social influence.
B)normative social influence.
C)unintentional social influence.
D)situational interdependence.
E)normative conformity.

Question 13

Why has so much research in social psychology focused on conformity?

A)Social psychologists believe that conformity is a maladaptive response.
B)Social psychologists find examples of conformity to be quite unusual.
C)Social psychologists have historically advocated greater interdependence in American society.
D)Social psychologists are dedicated to increasing conformity to reduce individualistic biases.
E)Social psychologists want to determine when and why conformity is sometimes foolish,sometimes adaptive.

Question 14

Why would Muzafer Sherif,a social psychologist,choose the autokinetic effect (a perceptual illusion)to study social conformity?

A)He wanted participants to feel pressure to obey his instructions.
B)He wanted to construct a situation that was ambiguous.
C)He wanted to use a dark room to foster a sense of cohesion in the group.
D)He wanted to study the influence of perceptions on social behaviour.
E)He wanted to study how willing people were to harm another person.

Question 15

It could be argued that participants in Muzafer Sherif's (1936)study converged in their estimates of the amount of movement of a point of light because they were avoiding public embarrassment or social censure from other participants.Sherif demonstrated that this was unlikely when he found similar results

A)when participants completed the task with their friends.
B)when participants later completed the task alone.
C)two years later.
D)when a different set of participants responded in the same way to the same stimuli.
E)when participants completed an auditory task in groups.

Question 16

North American culture stresses the importance of being independent,thinking for yourself,and standing up for yourself.This suggests that North American attitudes toward conformity are

A)generally positive.
B)personality dependent.
C)interdependent.
D)situation-specific.
E)generally negative.

Question 17

Informational social influence occurs because

A)others can reward or punish us for nonconformity.
B)social norms encourage cooperation.
C)individuals need to maintain self-esteem.
D)individuals have a need to belong and be liked.
E)others' behaviours serve as cues in ambiguous situations.

Question 18

In ambiguous situations we sometimes fall prey to the influence of other's attitudes or behaviours,and bring our own attitudes or behaviours into line with theirs.This type of conformity arises from

A)intentional social influence.
B)voluntary obedience.
C)informational social influence.
D)normative social influence.
E)unintentional social influence.

Question 19

Cultural norms in North America place a great deal of emphasis on

A)conformity.
B)cooperation.
C)obedience to authority.
D)group unanimity
E)individuality.

Question 20

When we conform to others' behaviours or attitudes because we believe that their interpretations of an ambiguous situation are more accurate than ours,_______ has occurred.

A)informational social influence
B)educated conformity
C)unintentional social influence
D)normative social influence
E)intended social influence

Question 21

People are most susceptible to informational social influence when

A)they have low self-esteem.
B)they want to be liked by the group.
C)the situation is ambiguous.
D)they have no allies in the group.
E)there is a charismatic leader.

Question 22

If a teenager starts to smoke cigarettes in order to look "cool" and fit in with her friends,it is an example of _______ at work.

A)obedience
B)the foot-in-the-door technique
C)mindless conformity
D)normative social influence
E)informational social influence

Question 23

Why might adolescents be more susceptible to normative conformity pressures than adults are?

A)Adolescents will go to more extreme measures to belong.
B)Adolescents do not fully consider the impact of their decisions.
C)Adolescents' cognitive abilities are not fully developed.
D)Adults have more experience and thus do not need as much help in defining the situation.
E)Mindlessness decreases with increasing age.

Question 24

Consider the following (edited)excerpt from a James Thurber New Yorker piece: "Suddenly someone began to run.It may be that he had simply remembered … an engagement to meet his wife,for which he was now frightfully late.Whatever it was,he ran east on Broad Street....Somebody else began to run,perhaps a newsboy in high spirits....Another man … broke into a trot....A loud mumble gradually crystallized into the dread word 'damn.' 'The dam has broke!' The fear was put into words by a little old lady in an electric car,or by a traffic cop,or by a small boy: Nobody knows who....Two thousand people were abruptly in full flight...." This literary excerpt illustrates the phenomenon known as

A)contagion.
B)conversion.
C)mass hysteria.
D)collective psychosis.
E)obedience.

Question 25

The concept of social norms refers to

A)implicit or explicit rules a group has for acceptable beliefs,values,or behaviour.
B)legal sanctions in response to deviant behaviour.
C)social sanctions in response to deviant behaviour.
D)social practices designed to promote cooperation in a group.
E)the most common beliefs,values,or behaviour in a group of people.

Question 26

When it comes to informational social influence processes,we are more likely to conform with experts' ideas and behaviours than with nonexperts' because

A)experts convey clearer expectations of obedience.
B)expertise is associated with social status and power.
C)social norms dictate that experts should be obeyed.
D)experts are viewed as more credible sources of information.
E)experts are almost always correct.

Question 27

In the nineteenth century,audience members who knew the opera intimately served as "claques," or experts who signaled others in the audience when to applaud,or as "bisseurs," who signaled when to call for encores.These experts served as a source of _______ for less sophisticated audience members.

A)irritation
B)contagion
C)normative social influence
D)public compliance
E)informational social influence

Question 28

Not all members of the radio audience of Orson Welles' War of the Worlds broadcast panicked immediately.Indeed,some didn't panic until they looked out of the window and saw empty streets,while others didn't panic until they saw streets full of traffic.It was after checking out the situation that these citizens decided that the Martians had indeed invaded Earth.This example illustrates that contagion

A)can result when people interpret ambiguous situations consistently with their fears.
B)is especially likely when people are motivated to make independent decisions.
C)can result when cultural norms reinforce people's most likely responses.
D)only applies to people who tend to be gullible.
E)occurs primarily because humans are by nature irrational creatures.

Question 29

The authors of your text report instances of teens "surfing" on the tops of electric trains in Brazil and on cars in the U.S.and Australia.Which of the following best explains such dangerous behaviour?

A)the power of normative social influence
B)the power of informational social influence
C)these teens have "excitement seeking" personalities
D)these are usually delinquent teens using this activity for gang initiations
E)the power of obedience to authority figures

Question 30

In essence,normative social influence arises from humans' fundamental

A)selfishness,which must be kept in check.
B)need for companionship,affection,and acceptance.
C)tendency to be obedient.
D)need for accurate perceptions and beliefs about a confusing world.
E)desire to submit to knowledgeable authorities.

Question 31

Which of the following phenomena is most likely to result in private acceptance of an idea or behaviour?

A)situational social influence
B)normative social influence
C)informational social influence
D)mass psychogenic illness
E)contagion

Question 32

Imagine that you are attending a new high school and would like to make friends.On the first day of school,you observe that all of the students in your homeroom are crumpling paper into balls and throwing them on the floor.You begin to do the same.You have conformed to the group's behaviour due to

A)informational social influence.
B)your low self-esteem.
C)normative social influence.
D)obedience to authority.
E)mindless conformity.

Question 33

When people conform in attitudes or behaviours in order to be accepted and liked by others,social psychologists say that _______ has occurred.

A)social approval
B)contagion
C)social acceptance
D)normative social influence
E)informational social influence

Question 34

You're the only one in your class to have taken a social psychology course.Thus,you are the only one to refuse to conform to you classmates' consensus that it is appropriate for salespeople to pay closer attention to African-American shoppers than to European-American shoppers.Now that you have refused to conform to their views,you

A)reconsider your arguments for your views.
B)experience cognitive dissonance and change your attitude to be more tolerant of the practice.
C)soften your views and come up with examples in which the practice is acceptable.
D)have been vindicated and your views remain the same as before.
E)become even more convinced than before that such a practice is discriminatory.

Question 35

Little Lizzie takes a tumble and bumps her head.As she sits and ponders whether to scream or get up and keep on running,her mother approaches,scoops Lizzie up into her arms,and cries out,"Poor,poor Baby! Oh my gosh! Are you okay?" In response,Lizzie screws up her face and wails.Why did Lizzie respond as she did?

A)Her mother's empathy increased the extremity of Lizzie's pain.
B)The situation was at first ambiguous to Lizzie,who used her mother's response as a cue.
C)Lizzie knew that if she cried,her mother would give her a cookie.
D)Lizzie feared that her mother would punish her for running in the house and sought sympathy.
E)Lizzie had a delayed pain response.

Question 36

The role of experts on social influence processes is credited in relation to the discovery that

A)professors rarely share the same view as the top students in their classes.
B)students' views on social issues tend to reflect the views of their professors.
C)students' attitudes on social issues change to gain approval from professors.
D)professors' views tend to moderate over the course of their teaching career.
E)students are motivated to take the views opposite to those expressed by their professors.

Question 37

The decision about whether to conform to informational social influence is an important one because

A)we gain an unjustified belief in a just world when we conform.
B)we risk social punishment if we do not conform.
C)we stand to gain social rewards like approval if we do conform.
D)both our interpretation of reality and our behaviours are affected.
E)we are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error if we conform.

Question 38

Roger Buehler and Dale Griffin (1994)had participants interpret an ambiguous newspaper report about the shooting of a suspect by police.Participants were then told that others had assigned 75% of the blame for the tragedy to the police and 25% to the suspect.Some participants conformed to others'' interpretations,while other participants did not.All participants then read the story again and provided a second interpretation of events.Results demonstrated that participants who initially conformed with other participants' versions of events _______,whereas those who initially refused to conform with other participants' versions _______.

A)changed their interpretations to bring them into line with others'; changed their interpretations to deviate more from others'.
B)later deviated from others' interpretations; changed their interpretations to bring them into line with others' interpretations.
C)changed their interpretations in a negative direction; changed their interpretations in a positive direction.
D)changed their interpretations in a positive direction; changed their interpretations in a negative direction.
E)did not change their interpretations; changed their interpretations to bring them into line with others'.

Question 39

Which of the following phenomena occurs because informational social influence has backfired?

A)private acceptance
B)public compliance
C)mass psychogenic illness
D)post-decision dissonance
E)normative social influence

Question 40

You are on a flight from New York to California.Somewhere over the Rocky Mountains,the plane begins to dip and rise abruptly.The ride is getting more and more bumpy.You're concerned and wonder if something is seriously wrong with the plane.To whom (or what)are you most likely to turn to clarify this extreme and ambiguous situation?

A)the passenger next to you who seems to be calm
B)the cockpit crew
C)the information pamphlet in front of your seat
D)the passengers in first class
E)the passenger next to you who seems to be afraid

Question 41

A field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007)attempted to get people to reduce their energy consumption.Consumers were given weekly feedback about the social norms for energy consumption in their neighbourhood and their own consumption levels was relative to their neighbours.Based on this study,which technique below would prevented a "boomerang effect" from occurring if people were given such feedback.

A)Consumers should also be given tips on energy conservation.
B)Neighbours should be encouraged to talk about and compare their energy consumption levels.
C)A smiley face should appear on the bills of consumers whose energy consumption is below average.
D)Consumers should be given a monthly refund if they remain below average in energy consumption.
E)Consumers should have increased rates if their consumption is consistently above average.

Question 42

Women's attempts to achieve the culturally ideal body through excessive dieting is an example of

A)normative social influence.
B)informational social influence.
C)cultural impact theory
D)public acceptance.
E)social impact theory.

Question 43

Normative social influence often results in _______ but not _______.

A)individuation; total independence.
B)private compliance; public acceptance.
C)private acceptance; public compliance.
D)total independence; individuation.
E)public compliance; private acceptance.

Question 44

The norm in your large psychology class is that students will remain quiet enough for others to hear the professor and one another during lectures and discussions.When you talk loudly to the person next to you and violate the "respect for others" norm,like the deviant in Stanley Schachter's "Johnny Rocco" study,you can expect that your classmates will first

A)ask you to be quiet.
B)ignore you.
C)punish you with dirty looks.
D)immediately alert the professor.
E)tell you to sit someplace else during the next class meeting.

Question 45

"Jeer pressure" is related to which of the following concepts?

A)expert advice
B)private acceptance
C)ambiguity of the situation
D)contagion
E)normative social influence

Question 46

What did Canadian Forces Master Seaman Biden,who spoke out against the Military's use of an outdated Anthrax virus,have in common with the deviant accomplice in Stanley Schacter's "Johnny Rocco" study?

A)They both were forced to leave the group.
B)They both were convinced to join the group majority.
C)They both were successful in redefining in-group membership.
D)They both were punished by group members by being assigned boring,tedious tasks.
E)They both were able to convince the rest of the group to join their arguments.

Question 47

In a series of experiments,why did Solomon Asch (1951,1956)ask participants to judge the lengths of lines,which were clearly different from one another?

A)Asch believed that Muzafer Sherif's experiments were fatally flawed.
B)Asch wanted to study conformity in unambiguous situations.
C)Asch believed that people would conform in their judgments.
D)Asch wanted to study conformity in ambiguous situations.
E)Asch wanted to study obedience in a lab setting.

Question 48

In a series of studies by Solomon Asch (1951,1956),when participants judged the lengths of lines alone rather than in a group of confederates,their judgments were accurate about 99% of the time.Still,when other participants made judgments in a group of people who gave the wrong answers,they too,reported incorrect judgments.These findings suggest that

A)people will distort reality to avoid punishment or social censure.
B)normative social influence was at work.
C)people are easily distracted in a group setting.
D)experts exert informational social influence in ambiguous situations.
E)informational social influence happens,even in unambiguous situations.

Question 49

Going along with the crowd (e.g.,swallowing goldfish,taking ecstasy,train-surfing)to avoid social censure is an example of

A)social impact.
B)obedience.
C)social dominance.
D)informational social influence.
E)normative social influence.

Question 50

_______ conformity is to the desire to be right as _______ conformity is to the desire to be liked.

A)Informational; normative
B)Mindless; normative
C)Normative; informational
D)Normative; mindless
E)Informational; mindless

Question 51

When a member of a group violates a norm,others will first _______ him or her,and then eventually _______.

A)reject; accept them back to the group.
B)try to persuade him or her to conform; reject him or her.
C)reject; try to persuade him or her to rejoin the group.
D)decrease persuasive communication; increase persuasive communication.
E)use humor to persuade him or her to conform; use logic.

Question 52

Martin and Randal (2009)found that people in a New Zealand art gallery contributed greater amounts when the transparent donation box was previously stacked with large bills rather than small bills and change.This study demonstrated

A)the negative consequences of normative social influence.
B)the positive consequences of informational social influence.
C)the negative consequences of informational social influence.
D)the positive consequences of normative social influence.
E)the importance of immediacy in normative social influence.

Question 53

Normative social influence is to informational social influence as _______ is to _______.

A)private acceptance; public compliance.
B)knowledge; acceptance.
C)public compliance; private acceptance.
D)the foot-in-the-door technique; the door-in-the-face technique.
E)the door-in-the-face technique; the foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 54

What is the moral or the take-home message of Solomon Asch's (1951,1956,1957)series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths

A)not to look like fools in front of others.
B)to interpret ambiguous stimuli.
C)to assert their independence.
D)to convince others of their points of view.
E)to please people on whom they depend.

Question 55

Pierre joins the other concert-goers in giving the symphony a standing ovation,even though he thought the performance was merely adequate.The next morning,Pierre confides to his girlfriend that the performance was "satisfactory,but not overwhelming." In joining the standing ovation,Pierre displayed what kind of conformity?

A)mindless conformity
B)obedience
C)public compliance
D)private acceptance
E)social deviance

Question 56

According to the results of Janes and Olsen's (2000)study on the effects of rejection on peer conformity,who would be the most likely to comply with a peer group directive to engage in illegal behaviour?

A)Sean,who is the group leader and wants the others to go along with the suggestion
B)Adam,who has a new girlfriend and is anxious to spend time with her
C)John,who is hanging out with the group for the first time
D)William,who is also a member of a separate peer group that does not engage in illegal behaviour
E)Sam,who just observed another group member being ridiculed by the group leaders

Question 57

In a variation of his standard experiment,Solomon Asch (1957)found that when participants could write their responses on a piece of paper,conformity dropped dramatically.This finding indicates that participants exhibited _______,not _______ during the standard experiment.

A)private acceptance; public compliance
B)logical reasoning; mindless conformity
C)public compliance; private acceptance
D)obedience; acceptance
E)mindless conformity; logical reasoning

Question 58

Solomon Asch (1951,1956)asked participants to estimate the lengths of lines.In response to the incorrect answers of others,some participants actually denied what their eyes saw.These studies provide evidence of

A)informational social influence.
B)obedience.
C)contagion.
D)normative social influence.
E)private acceptance.

Question 59

Imagine that you are on the Olympics Planning Committee.Nine out of ten of the committee members hold the same opinions.However,one member,Laura,consistently deviates from the group's opinion.How is your group most likely to act toward Laura to bring her in line with the group's opinion?

A)The group will immediately punish Laura to force her to change her opinion.
B)The group will first increase communication with Laura.When that doesn't work,the group will ignore and punish Laura.
C)The group will ignore Laura and refuse to communicate with her.If this tactic fails,the group will punish Laura.
D)The group will hold Laura in high regard for voicing her opinion.
E)The group will nominate Laura to be the chair of the committee.

Question 60

Solomon Asch (1951,1956)embarked on a series of studies in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length.Asch undertook these experiments to

A)challenge the prevailing view that humans are inherently motivated to be accurate in their perceptions.
B)systematically replicate the earlier "autokinetic effect" studies of Muzafer Sherif,using different ambiguous stimuli.
C)show that in unambiguous situations,people will behave in reasonable,rational ways.
D)demonstrate how poor people tend to perform on tasks in groups.
E)demonstrate that in ambiguous situations,people would rather be "liked" than "right."

Question 61

We can conclude from an analysis of G.I.Joe action figures (Pope and colleagues,1999)that cultural ideals of the attractive male body have undergone which of the following type of changes?

A)Men's body image ideals have changed toward an exaggerated emphasis on muscle development.
B)Men's body image ideals have shown similar changes to women's with intense emphasis on slimness.
C)Men's body image ideals have traditionally been focused on military images.
D)Men's body image ideals have shown far more change than body image ideals for women.
E)Men's body image ideals have shown far less change than body image ideals for women.

Question 62

Bibb Latané's (1981)social impact theory is useful to social psychologists who study conformity because its tenets

A)are easily quantifiable.
B)identify the costs of refusal to conform to norms.
C)identify variables that make a source more influential.
D)predict characteristics of people most likely to resist conformity pressures.
E)predict when conformity is adaptive and when it's not.

Question 63

According to Bibb Latané's social impact theory (1981),the likelihood that people will conform to social influence pressures depends on three variables:

A)conformity,obedience,and social pressure.
B)norms,values,and social practices.
C)pressure,resistance,and interdependence.
D)strength,immediacy,and number.
E)anonymity,situational ambiguity,and norms.

Question 64

Which of the following comparisons represents the strength dimension as defined by social impact theory (Latané,1981)?

A)a group of 2 acquaintances versus a group of 10 acquaintances
B)being with a friend right now or meeting a friend one month from now.
C)friends versus strangers
D)yielding to informational influence versus yielding to normative influence
E)living with your family versus living 100 miles away

Question 65

Brett Silverstein and colleagues (1986)conducted an archival analysis of photographs of women appearing in Vogue and Ladies Home Journal from 1901 to 1981.These researchers found that

A)there were remarkable changes in standards of beauty in North America during the twentieth century.
B)there have never been greater pressures for women to be thin than during the 1970s.
C)there have never been greater pressures for women to be thin than during the 1960s.
D)in contrast to women in other countries,women in North America have consistently aspired to "lean" and "thin."
E)foreign issues of these magazines contained photos of more buxom (i.e.,voluptuous and heavy)women.

Question 66

According to Judith Anderson and her colleagues (1992),why would a heavy female body be preferred in cultures where food supplies were scarce or unreliable?

A)In these cultures,physical fitness is impossible to attain,and therefore not associated with attractiveness.
B)In these cultures,heavy women are perceived as more powerful.
C)In these cultures,the media have not made inroads into the popular culture.
D)In these cultures,women are not subservient to men.
E)In these cultures,heavy women would be perceived as healthy and fertile.

Question 67

Brett Silverstein and colleagues (1986)conducted an archival analysis of photographs of women appearing in Vogue and Ladies Home Journal from 1901 to 1981.These researchers found that standards of female beauty in North America fluctuated over time.These findings reveal the power of _______ to shape physical appearance.

A)popular culture
B)normative social influence
C)the media as a means of social influence
D)adequate food supplies
E)informational social influence

Question 68

According to the authors of your text,in North America the sociocultural pressure for thinness in women and for a muscular physique for men is a potentially threatening form of _______ social influence.

A)informational
B)media-generated
C)sexist
D)gender-based
E)normative

Question 69

Which situation below best exemplifies the tenet of social impact theory that strength is directly related to conformity?

A)When Adam is with his "slacker" friends he doesn't take school seriously; when he's at home alone,he studies for hours on end.
B)When Jason's friends use subtle influence attempts,he conforms; when they use coercive tactics,he resists them.
C)One-on-one,Melissa will talk a blue streak,but when she's in a group she's very quiet.
D)When eating with strangers,Suzie will talk with her mouth full,but not when eating with her friends.
E)When Belinda is with her hard partying friends she tends to be loud and outgoing,but when she is with her parents she tends to be quiet and reserved.

Question 70

Teenagers are often more susceptible to influence attempts from peers than from their parents.This is because peers become more important to teenagers than their parents are.This example represents the influence of Bibb Latané's (1981)concept of _______ on normative conformity.

A)strength
B)age
C)immediacy
D)pressure
E)number

Question 71

Marcia values the opinions and desires of both her parents and her close friends.When she's with her parents,she finds herself agreeing with them.When she's with her friends,she finds herself agreeing with them,even though they sometimes disagree with her parents.This example represents the influence of Bibb Latané's (1981)concept of _______ on normative conformity.

A)number
B)pressure
C)immediacy
D)power
E)strength

Question 72

Whereas _______ is the vehicle by which women learn what is attractive,_______ is the source of women's attempts to attain the ideal body.

A)culture; informational influence
B)normative influence; informational influence
C)rewards; punishments
D)informational influence; normative influence
E)punishments; rewards

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT a variable considered by social impact theory?

A)how close in time other group members are to you
B)the expertise of other group members
C)how important the group is to you
D)how many people are in the group you are in
E)how close in space other group members are to you

Question 74

If you wanted to resist an influence attempt,social impact theory (Latané,1981)suggests that you should

A)ensure that the group members evaluate you favorably.
B)increase the distance between yourself and the group.
C)spend as much time as possible with the group.
D)ensure that the group is unanimous.
E)repeatedly think about how important the group is to your life.

Question 75

Changes in depictions of men's and women's bodies in the media demonstrate changes in ________ social influence,and changes in perceptions of one's own actual and ideal body
Demonstrate ________ social influence.

A)informational; informational
B)informational; normative
C)normative; informational
D)normative; normative
E)descriptive; injunctive

Question 76

According to information presented in your text,which of the following statements regarding social definitions of the "ideal" body is FALSE?

A)Because the self-concepts of men are based more on performance than appearance,when young men may fail to meet cultural standards regarding the ideal body,they are unlikely to suffer lowered self-esteem as a result.
B)Research has found that women may have a distorted perception of the size of their body especially if they have been exposed to media images of thin women.
C)Over the course of the twentieth century,the culturally-defined ideal body for women in North America has become thinner.
D)The ideal body type for both men and women has fluctuated throughout the past 80 years.
E)In countries with unreliable food resources the culturally-defined ideal body for women is heavier than it is in North America where food is more plentiful.

Question 77

In a study by Pope and his colleagues (2000),men were asked to alter a computer image of a male body to accurately depict their own,to depict their ideal body,and the type of body they thought women preferred.Results from this study suggest that men saw their bodies accurately,but

A)the body type that they thought women preferred was much more muscular than their own.
B)they thought women were disgusted by a male body of their type.
C)they chose an ideal body that was less muscular than their own.
D)they chose an ideal body that was taller than their own.
E)they thought that their own body type was the kind that women preferred.

Question 78

Judith Anderson and her colleagues (1992)analyzed what people in 54 cultures considered to be the ideal female body: a heavy body,a body of moderate weight,or a slender body.They found that in cultures where _______,the _______ body was preferred.

A)food supplies were unreliable; heavy
B)food supplies were plentiful; heavy
C)women were oppressed; slender
D)Western magazines were available; slender
E)food supplies were unreliable; moderate

Question 79

Joe has a fairly average body for a man and wants women to be attracted to him physically.Joe is most likely to (wrongly)think that women are attracted to

A)very tall men only.
B)a specific "type."
C)muscular men.
D)the average male body.
E)men with small feet.

Question 80

Kelsey has just joined a new ballet company in which thinness is of paramount importance in becoming a successful dancer.From Martha she learns how important it is to remain painfully thin.From Annette,she learns that laxatives are useful tools for weight control.The first "lesson" represents _______,whereas the second "lesson" represents _______.

A)informational social influence; contagion.
B)normative social influence; contagion.
C)informational social influence; normative social influence.
D)contagion; informational social influence.
E)normative social influence; informational social influence.