Deck 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

Question 1

Barbara replies to her therapist,"How do I see myself? Well,I'm socially anxious,insecure,relatively intelligent,and terribly shy." Barbara's response reflects her

A)self-concept.
B)executive function.
C)stream of consciousness.
D)looking glass self.
E)feelings of low self-worth.

Answer 1

self-concept.

Question 2

Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown hair.I have two sisters.I hate vegetables,but I love ice cream." Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical

A)eight-year old child.
B)adult.
C)high school student.
D)two-year old child.
E)college student.

Answer 2

eight-year old child.

Question 3

William James (1842-1910)distinguished between "self as known" and "self as knower." Self as known reflects _______,whereas self as knower reflects _______.

A)self-awareness or consciousness; thoughts and beliefs about ourselves.
B)self-awareness or consciousness; the self-concept.
C)thoughts and beliefs about ourselves; the active processing of information.
D)the active processing of information; thoughts and beliefs about ourselves.
E)the self concept; self-awareness or consciousness.

Answer 3

thoughts and beliefs about ourselves; the active processing of information.

Question 4

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up.For example,in Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self,whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n)_______ view of the self.

A)intrinsic; extrinsic
B)extrinsic; intrinsic
C)interdependent; independent
D)independent; interdependent
E)clear; poorly defined

Question 5

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am...," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _______,because they grew up in a(n)_______ culture.

A)actual self; authoritarian
B)the ideal self; authoritarian
C)the ideal self; less oppressive
D)group membership; interdependent
E)the outer self; interdependent

Question 6

William James' "me" is to _______ as his "I" is to _______.

A)self-esteem; self-awareness.
B)self-awareness; self-concept.
C)self-esteem; self-concept.
D)self-concept; self-awareness.
E)self-concept; self-esteem.

Question 7

If you are a person who gives a great deal of priority to close relationships as part of your sense of self,then you probably score high on measures of

A)relational interdependence.
B)self monitoring.
C)collective interdependence.
D)gender differences.
E)self-concept clarity.

Question 8

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997)have observed that little girls tend to be more cooperative and develop more intimate friendships than little boys.Moreover,these differences tend to persist into adulthood.These findings suggest that

A)during childhood,males tend to be somewhat maladjusted.
B)biological factors influence our sense of self.
C)it's better to have a female friend than a male friend.
D)that compared to men,women have a more interdependent sense of self.
E)men care very little about intimate relationships.

Question 9

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997)have found that,in the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

A)our sense of self is determined by biological factors.
B)gender,like culture,can influence our sense of ourselves.
C)there is little overlap in the psychological makeup of men and women.
D)women in the United States have the same sense of self as people living in Eastern cultures.
E)gender has little impact on our sense of self.

Question 10

Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _______ and gradually becomes _______ with increasing age.

A)extremely negative; more positive
B)concrete; more abstract and complex
C)extremely positive; more realistic
D)socially focused; individually focused
E)individually focused; socially focused

Question 11

The two aspects of the self that combine to create a coherent sense of identity are

A)self-concept and introspection.
B)self-awareness and social comparison.
C)self-awareness and introspection.
D)self-concept and self-awareness.
E)self-concept and social comparison.

Question 12

"My happiness depends on the happiness of those around me" and "I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects" are two items from a scale which was designed to measure individual differences in

A)self-esteem and competition.
B)independence and interdependence.
C)self-esteem.
D)private and public self-consciousness.
E)cooperation and competition.

Question 13

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

A)across all cultures,women are more likely to describe themselves in relational terms,such as,"I am a good friend."
B)whether or not gender differences in self-concept are found in a particular culture depends on whether or not the culture is collectivist or individualistic.
C)compared to men,women in all cultures place a higher value on trust and respect in intimate relationships.
D)generally,there are no gender differences in responses across all cultures.
E)in all cultures,men are more likely to describe themselves in terms of individual attributes,such as "I am responsible."

Question 14

Assume that when exposed to a mirror,chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g.,to pick food from their teeth)and to entertain themselves by making faces.The chimps' behaviour before the mirror would suggest that

A)great apes have a sense of self.
B)mammals have a sense of self.
C)some animals engage in introspection.
D)like humans,mammals are self-aware.
E)many animals are curious and social.

Question 15

Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror?

A)an adult rhesus monkey
B)an adult chimpanzee
C)a six-month-old human infant
D)a one-year-old human infant
E)an infant gorilla

Question 16

Gordon Gallup (1977)briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror,the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps

A)are capable of developing a sense of self-esteem.
B)have a complex,multifaceted sense of self.
C)possess a self-concept much like a human.
D)develop a sense of self-recognition comparable to that of two-year-old humans.
E)are capable of complex thought.

Question 17

According to the research by Jennifer Campbell and her colleagues,people low in self-concept clarity

A)carefully consider the variables that may be impacting how they feel.
B)are less likely to engage in positive forms of self-focus such as reflection.
C)attempt to make internal attributions to explain their behaviour.
D)frequently engage in introspection.
E)often ask their close friends about what to do.

Question 18

Consider the following self-description: "It is important to me to make others happy.I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments.My friends are more important to me than my professional success." A(n)_______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description.

A)teacher living in Berlin,Germany
B)professor living in Regina,Saskatchewan
C)writer living in Paris,France
D)manager living in Cleveland,Ohio
E)executive living in Tokyo,Japan

Question 19

According to information presented in the text,people who are low in self-concept clarity are

A)more self-confident and aware of their internal states.
B)more likely to experience both positive and negative emotions.
C)more likely to be neurotic and have low self-esteem.
D)more likely to engage in self-analysis.
E)often narcissistic and self-centered.

Question 20

Whereas Americans have a proverb,"The squeaky wheel gets the grease," Japanese have a proverb that states "The nail that stands out gets pounded down." These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures

A)do not consider social interaction important.
B)do not hold differentiated self-concepts.
C)are more likely to defer to authority than Americans.
D)have a more interdependent concept of self than Americans.
E)are more authoritarian than Americans.

Question 21

The authors of your text discussed a study where American and Japanese students were asked questions about their actual and their ideal selves.Participants were either in front of a mirror or not.What were the results of the study?

A)All participants rated their actual selves closer to their ideal selves when talking to a friend.
B)All participants rated their actual selves closer to their ideal selves when in front of a mirror.
C)The mirror influence Japanese students' ratings,but not those of American students.
D)The mirror influenced American students' ratings,but not those of Japanese students.
E)All participants rated the gap between their actual and ideal selves as having increased when in front of a mirror.

Question 22

If a self-awareness theorist were to design a department store that would discourage shoplifting,what would he or she do?

A)provide rewards to shoppers who report shoplifters
B)post signs that say,"Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law"
C)place mirrors near merchandise that is likely to be stolen
D)lower prices on the merchandise
E)hire more undercover security

Question 23

As Tiffany brushes her teeth,she's thinking about a fight she had the night before with her best friend.She lost her temper and screamed and cursed.Tiffany becomes self-aware when she catches her reflection in the bathroom mirror.She feels uncomfortable,thinking about her behaviour.According to self-awareness theory,what is Tiffany most likely to do?

A)call her friend to apologize
B)distract herself by scouring the sink
C)decide to ignore her friend
D)punish herself by refusing to floss
E)justify her actions by blaming her friend

Question 24

Jason and Kurt return to their residence after participating in a debating tournament.After viewing their results,Jason was disappointed in his ranking and realized he could have scored higher if he had spent more time preparing.Kurt was pleased with his results and felt that his preparation and effort paid off.Both have to complete paperwork for applications and travel subsidies due tomorrow for their next competition.According to recent research by Moskalenko and Heine on the consequences of self-awareness,what behaviour would be most probable for Jason and Kurt?

A)Jason goes to his room to meditate and Kurt goes to his room to complete his paperwork.
B)Both Kurt and Jason are strongly motivated to relax in the T.V.lounge.
C)Kurt goes to his room to complete the paperwork and Jason goes to the lounge to watch T.V.
D)Both Kurt and Jason go to their rooms to complete their paperwork.
E)Jason goes to his room to complete the paperwork and Kurt goes to the lounge to watch T.V.

Question 25

Participants in a study by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Thomas Figurski (1982)wore beepers for a week.When the beeper sounded at random intervals,participants wrote down what they were thinking about.Participants were less likely to be thinking about _______ than about _______.

A)work; leisure time activities.
B)themselves; work.
C)home and chores; other people.
D)work; other people.
E)work; themselves.

Question 26

Recent research by Vorauer and colleagues suggests that the assumption that others are aware of our inner states

A)is often correct in collectivist cultures.
B)is even more prevalent in those high in interdependence.
C)is often correct in both individualist and cultures.
D)disappears when we view ourselves in a mirror.
E)is often correct in individualistic cultures.

Question 27

All things considered,which of the following people would be most likely to disclose personal feelings,focus on psychological intimacy,and cooperate with a small number of close others?

A)William,who is motivated to have a realistic self-concept
B)Jason,who wants to become a priest
C)Brad,who just broke up with his girlfriend
D)Toby,who recently started a new job as a computer programmer
E)Bridgette,who grew up in Winnipeg,Manitoba

Question 28

Participants in a study by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Thomas Figurski (1982)wore beepers for a week.When the beeper sounded at random intervals,participants wrote down what they were thinking about.Which of the following thoughts was most likely to have been recorded by their participants?

A)"Why am I so tense today?"
B)"I need to start exercising this week."
C)"I wish I were more patient."
D)"I've really been eating better lately."
E)"How will I finish the course paper by Friday?"

Question 29

According to Gabriel and Gardner's (1999)research on collective versus relational interdependence,which of the following discussions of emotional events is most likely?

A)Steve talks about the time he and his team won the provincial curling championship.
B)Tara talks about how she and her graduating class were affected by a 6-week teachers' strike.
C)Erin describes how she and her fellow hockey fans felt after her team's Stanley Cup win.
D)William describes how he felt after a major car accident.
E)Daniel talks about how he and his younger brother reacted when their 52-year-old dad died of a heart attack.

Question 30

According to the authors of your text,introspection is not a useful source of information about the self because people

A)are driven by unconscious self-enhancing motives.
B)are quite accurate in understanding their own behaviours.
C)cannot be at once the observer and the object observed.
D)actually spend very little time thinking about themselves.
E)know that introspection uses up valuable cognitive resources.

Question 31

When we are in a state of _______,we evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values.

A)self-centeredness,
B)self-awareness,
C)distraction,
D)self-perception,
E)self-focus,

Question 32

According to self-awareness theory,how might therapists help clients learn more about themselves? Therapists might

A)repeat back to clients what the clients have said.
B)use a sliding scale,but make every client pay something for therapy.
C)challenge self-serving statements to make clients more self-aware.
D)arrange the room so that clients can see themselves in the mirror.
E)hypnotize the subject and allow them to speak freely.

Question 33

According to Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund (1972),when self-awareness identifies discrepancies between people's personal standards and their behaviour and it is impossible to change the behaviour,most people will

A)remind themselves of all their good qualities.
B)develop eating disorders.
C)look for others to blame.
D)stop being self-aware as quickly as possible.
E)make excuses for their behaviour.

Question 34

It is Halloween,but you don't want to be running back and forth to answer the door.To avoid any "tricks," you decide to leave a large container of candy on the porch.You've just read Chapter 5 and you have a hunch about how to keep greedy trick-or-treaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy.You decide to

A)set up a tape-recorder of Barney the Dinosaur singing "I love you,you love me...."
B)install a one-way mirror to catch and punish offenders,and to make an example of them.
C)place a large mirror behind the candy,so that children can see themselves as they approach.
D)place a picture of the Wicked Witch of the West behind the candy,to warn them what will happen if they take too much.
E)place a sign beside the candy politely asking each trick-or-treater to have only one piece of candy.

Question 35

_______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts,feelings,and motives.

A)Self-enhancement
B)Self-awareness
C)Self-examination
D)Self-efficacy
E)Introspection

Question 36

In a study conducted by Heine and his colleagues (2008)in which participants completed questions about actual/ideal self discrepancies,_____________ reported similar levels of discrepancy regardless of whether they were in front of a mirror or not.

A)Westerners
B)females
C)East Asians
D)males
E)those high in independence

Question 37

From the perspective of self-awareness theory,alcohol abuse,binge eating,and suicide are alike in that they

A)enable people who feel guilty to punish themselves.
B)are coping mechanisms used by people with low self-esteem.
C)make long-term self-focus impossible.
D)provide temporary or permanent relief from unpleasant self-awareness.
E)make self-focus aversive or unpleasant.

Question 38

According to self-awareness theory,under which of the following circumstances would an individual be most highly motivated to avoid self-awareness?

A)while reading an engaging novel
B)while helping a friend with her homework
C)after giving a successful presentation
D)while watching an interesting documentary on television
E)directly after receiving a low grade on an important test

Question 39

Why did subjects in a study feel better about themselves when viewing their own Facebook profile rather than seeing themselves in the mirror,according to researchers Gonzales & Hancock (2011)?

A)They were unable to make upward social comparisons while on Facebook.
B)They became less self-aware.
C)They were less likely to be introspective.
D)The Facebook profile presented the ideal self.
E)The Facebook profile presented the actual self.

Question 40

Jake and Zeke are standing at the counter of the convenience store,and Jake,who has just failed his psychology exam,is animatedly telling Zeke that the exam was unfair and that his professor is unreasonable.As he takes his change,Jake sees his image on the security camera.This causes him to wonder whether he actually studied enough for the exam.Jake's self-scrutiny in this situation would be predicted by

A)self-perception theory.
B)self-esteem theory.
C)self-disclosure theory.
D)self-awareness theory.
E)self-verification theory.

Question 41

One evening after work,Barbara arrives home in a very bad mood.Noticing this,her husband,James,asks her why she seems so angry and upset.Barbara hadn't thought about her mood before James mentioned it,and now she thinks hard about what caused her to be so sullen.She decides that it was because she was hungry and tired and she tells James so.According to theories on introspection,Barbara is _______ her behaviour.

A)denying
B)making an excuse for
C)overjustifying
D)attempting to discount
E)constructing a causal theory about

Question 42

The authors of your text described a study in which university students kept track of their moods in daily diaries.The results of this study suggest that

A)introspection is an unreliable source of data.
B)people have a great deal of difficulty constructing plausible explanations for their moods.
C)people can fairly accurately identify the causes of their moods.
D)people can accurately predict how their moods will influence their behaviour.
E)if you expect something to influence your mood,your expectation will become "self-fulfilled."

Question 43

Tim Wilson,Pat Laser,and Julie Stone (1982)asked participants to keep journals of their daily moods and of other variables,such as the weather and how much sleep they got the night before.When asked,many participants reported the amount of sleep the night before was correlated with their moods.When information recorded in the journals was subjected to more systematic statistical analysis,it was found that amount of sleep was not related to participants' self-reported moods.This is most likely because participants

A)under-reported the amount of sleep they actually got.
B)were in a bad mood from having to keep the journal.
C)were distracted (e.g.,by loud noise)when they wrote in their journals.
D)relied on causal theories about the relation between mood and sleep.
E)did not keep accurate journals.

Question 44

When asked to explain our own behaviours,self-perception processes are more likely to operate when our feelings are _______ and when we _______.

A)clear; list the reasons for those feelings.
B)clear; think about the situation in which we behaved.
C)weak or unclear; think about the situation in which we behaved.
D)weak or unclear; list the reasons for those feelings.
E)clear; engage in introspection.

Question 45

According to the authors of your text,feelings like love or sadness are often difficult to explain because

A)humans are motivated to take other's feelings into account.
B)environment stimuli override internal signals.
C)humans are incredibly self-serving.
D)they are frequently the result of social interactions.
E)we are unaware of many of our basic mental processes.

Question 46

Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson (1977)had participants watch a film either with or without distracting noises in the background.Results of their experiment demonstrated that

A)participants had highly accurate perceptions about the effect of distracting noises.
B)participants did not enjoy the film if they were distracted by background noise.
C)background noise had a huge effect on the ratings of the film.
D)participants were unable to concentrate on the film.
E)participants erroneously believed that noise affected their evaluations of the film.

Question 47

The text concludes that,in terms of self-awareness,East Asians have a(n)________ perspective whereas Westerners have a(n)________ perspective.

A)positive; negative
B)outsider's; insider's
C)submissive; dominant
D)concrete; abstract
E)absolute; relative

Question 48

Daryl Bem (1972)argues that people are most likely to engage in self-perception when their feelings are _______ and they cannot make a(n)_______ attribution for their behaviour.

A)specific; internal
B)specific; causal
C)specific; external
D)vague; external
E)vague; internal

Question 49

Heine and his colleagues (2008)compared East Asian and Western participants in levels of actual/ideal self-discrepancy when they were seated in front of a mirror to complete a questionnaire.Based on the results of this study,who would you expect to be most self-aware,regardless of whether they were in front of a mirror?

A)Susan,a British woman
B)Tom,a Canadian man
C)Yoshi,a Japanese man
D)Anna,an Australian woman
E)Brad,an American man

Question 50

Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes or feelings aren't clear,we often infer them by observing

A)how other people are behaving.
B)how we feel.
C)our own behaviour.
D)our emotional reactions.
E)others' reactions to us.

Question 51

Lisa is most likely to conclude that she likes classical music when

A)she cannot pick up other stations on her car radio.
B)she has preset her car radio to a classical music station.
C)the car radio is broken,stuck on the classical music station,and she cannot change stations.
D)her husband chooses the stations on the car radio.
E)she takes a free classical music sampler from a record store.

Question 52

Compared to being placed in front of a mirror,when Japanese students were NOT in front of a mirror they were

A)more likely to cheat.
B)more dissatisfied with themselves.
C)less dissatisfied with themselves.
D)equally likely to cheat.
E)less likely to cheat.

Question 53

Based on cross-cultural research,your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners' sense of self derives from ________,while East Asians' sense of self derives from ________.

A)looking in the mirror; watching television.
B)cultural training; personal experience.
C)other people; private experience.
D)watching television; looking in the mirror.
E)private experience; other people.

Question 54

A basic tenet of self-perception theory is that we infer our feelings from our behaviour when

A)the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are clear.
B)the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous.
C)we think about how others perceive us.
D)we are in a negative mood state.
E)we can easily identify external reasons for our feelings.

Question 55

According to self-perception theory (Bem,1972),we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by

A)carefully considering our emotions.
B)engaging in introspection about the reasons for our behaviours.
C)looking to others to see how they respond to us.
D)observing our own behaviours,just as we would observe other's.
E)comparing our behaviours to our internal values and standards.

Question 56

_______ theory posits that when our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous,we infer our internal states by observing our own behaviours and the situation in which they occur.

A)Self-enhancement
B)Introspection
C)Self-perception
D)Impression management
E)Self-verification

Question 57

The authors of your text suggest that East Asians' self-awareness tends to be influenced less by the presence of mirrors or video cameras than Westerners because

A)they pay less attention to contextual cues.
B)they only pay attention to social cues,not physical ones.
C)they tend to be more chronically self-aware.
D)they pay greater attention to inner feelings.
E)they are less concerned with their appearance.

Question 58

The authors of your text described the history behind a clever experiment conducted by Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson (1977).Lacking inspiration when trying to design the experiment,the researchers decided that noise outside their office door was distracting them.They decided to use noise as a distraction in their experiment and predicted that distracting noises would influence participants' judgments,even though they didn't know they were distracted by the noise.Results of the actual experiment showed that although participants' ratings of a film were not affected by distracting noises,participants erroneously thought they were.This anecdote provided by your authors demonstrates that

A)it is often difficult to show a causal relationship.
B)researchers and participants sometimes share incorrect causal theories.
C)Richard Nisbett knows how to operate a power saw.
D)people often know more about the causes of their behaviours than they can explain to researchers.
E)noise is not distracting enough in social psychology experiments.

Question 59

In a study by Heine and colleagues,when placed in front of a mirror Canadian students were ________ likely to cheat,while Japanese students were ________ likely to cheat.

A)more; less
B)less; more
C)less; equally
D)equally; less
E)more; equally

Question 60

While completing a personality test,Craig comes to an item that asks him if he sees himself as shy and introverted.Craig reflects on some of his recent behaviour.He reasons that since he generally does not talk much in class discussions and tends to avoid large parties,he must be shy and introverted.Which of the following strategies for self-knowledge is Craig using?

A)self-presentation
B)self-awareness
C)self-perception
D)self-verification
E)self-monitoring

Question 61

According to the authors of your text,extrinsic rewards are most likely to DIMINISH intrinsic motivation when

A)extrinsic motivation was initially high.
B)rewards are given at random.
C)intrinsic motivation was initially high.
D)rewards are performance-contingent.
E)rewards are given on a fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 62

_______ refers to the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it,not because we expect external rewards.

A)Intrinsic motivation
B)Hedonic motivation
C)The overjustification effect
D)Extrinsic motivation
E)Reward motivation

Question 63

Performance-contingent rewards depend on how well people perform the task.This type of reward

A)is more likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards.
B)is less likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards.
C)is subject to the over-justification effect.
D)leads to self-enhancement.
E)is an important part of social comparison theory.

Question 64

Performance-contingent rewards are a type of

A)self-verification.
B)intrinsic reward.
C)over-justification.
D)task-contingent reward.
E)extrinsic reward.

Question 65

After observing the amount of time elementary students spent playing new math games,David Greene,Betty Sternberg,and Mark Lepper (1976)provided rewards to children for playing with the games.From what you know about the overjustification effect,what can you predict happened after the rewards were removed?

A)The children's intrinsic interest in the math games increased.
B)Although children reported less liking for the math games,they continued to play with them.
C)The time children spent playing with the game increased slightly.
D)The time children spent playing the game remained the same.
E)The children's intrinsic interest in the math games decreased.

Question 66

The principal of a local elementary school plans to implement a "Reading for Cash" program,in which children would be given cash rewards for reading.Before investing in this plan,the principal asks for your assessment.Because ___________,you would probably tell her that the program would not be an effective way to increase interest in reading.

A)cash rewards tend to increase performance on a task
B)any forms of encouragement tend to reduce intrinsic motivation
C)external rewards tend to reduce any inherent intrinsic interest
D)intrinsic interests tend to weaken over time regardless of incentives
E)external rewards tend to increase any inherent intrinsic interest

Question 67

Persistence,skill development,and willingness to deal with problems is improved when people are

A)high in intrinsic motivation for engaging in the activity.
B)high in extrinsic motivation for engaging in the activity.
C)recipients of task-contingent rewards.
D)denied performance-contingent rewards.
E)denied task-contingent rewards.

Question 68

Applied research shows that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation,as opposed to extrinsic motivation,is associated with all of the following except

A)competitive swimmers' persistence.
B)high-school students staying longer in school.
C)environmental activism.
D)quality of relationships.
E)reliance on rewards such as money or praise.

Question 69

Maurice had always gotten a lot of satisfaction from caring for his brothers and sisters when they were sick.A few months ago,Maurice's father convinced him to take a job at a hospital as a nurse's aid so that he could earn money doing what he enjoyed.Now that Maurice has been working at the hospital for awhile,he no longer enjoys caring for sick people as much as he did before he took the job.One reason for Maurice's attitude change may be that the job has undermined his _______ for helping others.

A)causal motivation
B)intrinsic motivation
C)extrinsic motivation
D)internal justification
E)external justification

Question 70

Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous,we infer these states

A)through introspection.
B)by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs.
C)altering our self-schema.
D)by observing the behaviour of others in the same situation.
E)carefully considering all the variables involved.

Question 71

According to the authors of your text,_______ explains why providing young children with large rewards for reading (e.g.,money or prizes)might actually backfire and convince them that they don't really like reading as much as they thought at first.

A)intrinsic motivation theory
B)self-perception processes
C)extrinsic motivation theory
D)reason generating attitude change
E)the overjustification effect

Question 72

You assume that Franklin is intrinsically motivated to write a course paper because

A)he seems to savour immersing himself in writing.
B)it is a requirement to pass the course.
C)he wants his professor to write him a letter of recommendation.
D)it will increase his chances of making the Dean's List.
E)it will help him get a good job.

Question 73

Intrinsic motivation is to _______ as extrinsic motivation is to _______.

A)self-perception; introspection.
B)introspection; self-perception.
C)overjustification; underjustification.
D)internal attribution; external attribution.
E)self-perception; overjustification effect.

Question 74

According to self-perception theory,if you are not sure how much you like classical music,you are likely to

A)engage in introspection.
B)observe your own behaviour to figure it out.
C)observe how much your friends like classical music.
D)make a decision based on other people's opinions of classical music.
E)seek confirmation of your self-concept.

Question 75

Simone runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat.In this instance,Simone is _______ to run.

A)intrinsically motivated
B)generating a reason
C)justifying her desire
D)extrinsically motivated
E)causally motivated

Question 76

When athletes and academics are highly intrinsically motivated it affects attitude and behaviour by

A)decreasing enjoyment but increasing performance.
B)decreasing enjoyment and decreasing persistence.
C)increasing enjoyment and increasing persistence.
D)decreasing enjoyment but increasing persistence.
E)increasing enjoyment but decreasing persistence.

Question 77

_______ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards,not because we find it interesting or enjoyable.

A)Social comparison
B)Extrinsic motivation
C)Intrinsic motivation
D)Internal motivation
E)Compliance

Question 78

Which of the following is most likely to INCREASE intrinsic motivation?

A)internal attributions
B)large incentives
C)external attributions
D)introspection
E)self-perception processes

Question 79

According to the tenets of self-perception theory,which of the following audience members would report that he or she really loved the taping of The Late Show with David Letterman?

A)Debra,whose friends nudged her to get her to applaud
B)Tim,who sat right in front of the flashing "applause" sign
C)Frank,who received free tickets
D)Julie,who could see that Dave was looking at her
E)André,whose hands stung from clapping so much

Question 80

A parent hands her children a dollar each for helping to rake leaves and also says,"And wasn't it great,all of us pitching in together,helping each other?" By reminding her children that the task was also enjoyable,she is working to

A)avoid the overjustification effect.
B)enhance leaf-raking performance.
C)enhance their extrinsic motivation.
D)undermine their intrinsic motivation.
E)produce the overjustification effect.