Deck 11: Genome Alterations - Mutation and Epigenetics

Question 1

PBDEs are ____.

A) permitted in many European countries but banned in the United States
B) permitted in only one European country and in only 11 states in the United States
C) banned worldwide but are still being used illegally
D) banned in many European countries but permitted in most states in the United States
E) banned in many Europeans countries and all states in the United States

Answer 1

D

Question 2

New ____ mutations can often be detected by examining the inheritance of the trait in males.

A) mitochondrial
B) imprinting
C) autosomal dominant
D) autosomal recessive
E) X-linked

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What occurs in a missense mutation?

A) All of the amino acids beyond the mutation point are changed.
B) A nucleotide is added to the DNA.
C) A nucleotide is deleted from the DNA.
D) A single amino acid is substituted for another in a protein.
E) The protein is always completely nonfunctional.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

PBDEs have not been linked directly to cancer in test animals.

Question 5

Mutations in germ cells are passed on only to other germ cells in members of future generations.

Question 6

Mutation rates of human genes are expressed as the number of ____.

A) nucleotides substitutions per gene
B) frameshift mutations per genome
C) mutated alleles per genome
D) induced mutations per generation
E) mutated alleles per gene in each generation

Question 7

People with cystic fibrosis display a single phenotype for the disorder.

Question 8

When the number of trinucleotide repeats in a gene is significantly above normal,it can produce a mutant phenotype.

Question 9

Most often,radiation doses are expressed in terms of damage.

Question 10

Control systems in the cell can induce cell suicide,or apoptosis,in cells with excessive DNA damage.

Question 11

When ____ is incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis,it will create a(n)____.

A) carbon; base analog
B) oxygen; base analog
C) 5-bromouracil; nucleotide substitution mutation
D) 5-bromouracil; frameshift mutation
E) oxygen; nucleotide substitution mutation

Question 12

If a genetic disorder appears in a family with no prior history,and is fully expressed by everyone carrying that allele,it is most likely a(n)____ trait.

A) autosomal dominant
B) autosomal recessive
C) X-linked recessive
D) Y-linked
E) mitochondrial

Question 13

A mutation of an autosomal recessive trait can remain undetected for generations.

Question 14

Several lines of research provide strong evidence that ____ to environmental signals influence behavior.

A) epigenetic responses
B) epigenetic feedback
C) base analog reconstruction due
D) base analog reactions
E) base analog responses

Question 15

Nonsense mutations change termination codons into amino acid codons.

Question 16

Mutagenic chemicals that ____ and are incorporated into DNA or RNA during synthesis are called base analogs.

A) resemble nucleotides
B) resemble genes
C) resemble amino acids
D) cause deletion mutations
E) cause frameshift mutations

Question 17

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a cell growth disorder that causes enlarged organs,high birth weight,and predisposition to cancer.

Question 18

Halogen-containing organic compounds persist in the environment for approximately five years.

Question 19

Genetic imprinting is caused by ____.

A) insertion of a nucleotide into an exon
B) deletion of an amino acid from the mRNA strand
C) a frameshift mutation
D) epigenetic changes to DNA
E) a change in a termination codon

Question 20

What is the largest single source of radiation exposure for the average person in the U.S.?

A) radon
B) medical X-rays
C) cosmic
D) nuclear medicine
E) consumer products

Question 21

Because there was no previous history of hemophilia in Queen Victoria's family,and because she transmitted the mutant allele to a number of her children,it is reasonable to assume that ____.

A) her father was homozygous for the disorder
B) her mother was homozygous for the disorder
C) her sister was a heterozygous carrier
D) she was homozygous for the disorder
E) she was a heterozygous carrier

Question 22

The epigenetic state of a cell is called its ____________________.

Question 23

In the 1970s,children's pajamas were treated with a(n)____________________ called tris-BP.

Question 24

Sense mutations produce ____.

A) elongated proteins
B) shortened proteins
C) extra termination codons
D) frameshifts
E) cell death

Question 25

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a gene causes a type of mutation called a(n)____________________ mutation.

Question 26

Mutations in ____________________ cells will be passed on by cell division,but cannot be transmitted to future generations.

Question 27

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome results from abnormalities of ____________________.

Question 28

Several genetic disorders,including Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia,are caused by mutations in ____.

A) the cell wall
B) mitochondrial DNA
C) ribosome structure
D) DNA repair genes
E) DNA polymerase genes

Question 29

The ability of DNA polymerase to repair its own nucleotide mismatches is called ____________________.

Question 30

As radiation strikes molecules in cells,it creates ____.

A) charged atoms called isotopes
B) charged atoms called ions
C) excess storage of tRNA
D) excess copies of mRNA
E) excess DNA polymerase

Question 31

Radiation in the environment that contributes to radiation exposure is called ____________________ radiation.

Question 32

Selective expression of either the maternal or paternal copy of a gene is called ____________________.

Question 33

A promoter is a regulatory region located at the ____.

A) beginning of a gene
B) end of a gene
C) beginning of a chromosome
D) centromere of a chromosome
E) end of a chromosome

Question 34

Identical twins have identical ____,but they do not always have identical ____.

A) mitochondrial DNA; genotypes
B) genotypes; mitochondrial DNA
C) genotypes; phenotypes
D) phenotypes; genotypes
E) phenotypes; mitochondrial DNA

Question 35

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that ____.

A) do not occur in the germ cells
B) do not occur in the somatic cells
C) are always chemically induced
D) are always spontaneous
E) can be passed on to daughter cells

Question 36

A purine or pyrimidine that differs in chemical structure from those normally found in DNA or RNA is called a(n)____________________.

Question 37

____________________ are mutations involving the increase of the number of repeat sequences in genes.

Question 38

Frameshift mutations change the number of ____ in the gene and usually cause large-scale changes in the ____ sequence of the protein.

A) polypeptides; nucleotide
B) amino acids; allelic
C) alleles; amino acid
D) nucleotides; amino acid
E) amino acids; nucleotide

Question 39

In sickle cell anemia,affected individuals carry ____.

A) one of several different nucleotide substitutions
B) the same single nucleotide substitution
C) more than one nucleotide substitution
D) a number of mutant alleles
E) one mutant allele in several genes

Question 40

As DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand,it can ____.

A) detect an incorrect nucleotide
B) not detect an incorrect nucleotide
C) induce apoptosis when it detects a mistake in DNA synthesis
D) induce senescence when it detects a mistake in DNA synthesis
E) immediately stop the cell cycle

Question 41

Summarize research conducted in order to identify how epigenetic changes might affect the risks of depression and suicide in certain individuals.Comment on the limitations of this study.

Question 42

An individual with cystic fibrosis carrying two different mutant alleles would be a(n)____________________ heterozygote for the disease.

Question 43

When the direct method of measuring mutation rates is used,estimates are made for a specific ____________________ over a number of ____________________.

Question 44

Nucleotide substitutions are mutations that alter the ____________________,but not the ____________________,of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Question 45

Explain how,when improper base pairing escapes repair by the proofreading system,cells are able to detect and repair mutations.

Question 46

Explain what might occur when purine or pyrimidine bases in nucleotides undergo tautomeric shifts.

Question 47

Indirect methods for measuring mutation rates make inferences from levels of genetic variation between and among ____________________.

Question 48

The process by which electromagnetic energy travels through space is called ____.

Question 49

Summarize some factors known to influence mutation rates of genes.

Question 50

A cell that accumulates lots of mutational damage to its DNA may escape the normal controls of the cell cycle and become ____________________.

Question 51

Explain why a frameshift mutation can have such devastating effects.

Question 52

Explain why individuals with cystic fibrosis have different levels of severity of the disease.

Question 53

Individuals with ____________________ are extremely sensitive to sunlight and develop skin cancer at a rate 1000 times above normal.

Question 54

Many cases of epigenetic modification involve adding a methyl group to the DNA in promoters,a process called ____________________.

Question 55

A form of mutation associated with the expansion in copy number of a nucleotide triplet in or near a gene is called a(n)____________________.

Question 56

Describe how an epigenetic trait differs from a mutated trait.

Question 57

Summarize the arguments both for and against irradiating foods.

Question 58

Discuss how geneticists have concluded that the X-linked form of hemophilia that spread through the royal families of Western Europe and Russia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries probably originated with Queen Victoria.

Question 59

Distinguish between sense and nonsense mutations and describe the characteristics of a protein affected by each type of mutation.

Question 60

Tris-BP was banned after the discovery that the chemical caused cancer in test animals and was ____________________ through the ____________________ by those wearing treated clothing.