Deck 7: Group Influence

Question 1

The presence of others is likely to lead to better performance in _____________ and to worse performance in ______________.

A)solving a crossword puzzle; sweeping a sidewalk
B)raking leaves; solving complex mathematical problems
C)playing golf; raking leaves
D)solving complex mathematical problems; solving a crossword puzzle

Answer 1

raking leaves; solving complex mathematical problems

Question 2

On exam day,a student you don't know sits near you.This person is best described as

A)a confederate.
B)a co-actor.
C)an in-group member.
D)a comrade.

Answer 2

a co-actor.

Question 3

Who among the following would be considered co-actors?

A)Twenty people doing sit-ups in an exercise class
B)Two people playing chess against each other
C)Twelve competitors running in a cross-country race
D)Three friends chatting pleasantly before class starts

Answer 3

Twenty people doing sit-ups in an exercise class

Question 4

According to Marvin Shaw,two or more people who interact and influence one another are referred to as _____________.

A)a team.
B)co-conspirators.
C)a group.
D)colleagues.

Question 5

The presence of others would most likely improve performance on

A)counting money.
B)solving crossword puzzles.
C)learning foreign language words.
D)solving complex mathematical puzzles.

Question 6

The social facilitation effect has been found to apply to all except

A)people performing simple motor tasks.
B)chickens eating grain.
C)ants excavating sand.
D)solving complex math problems.

Question 7

Zajonc resolved the conflicting findings on how the presence of others influences performance with the help of the well-established principle in experimental psychology that arousal

A)enhances whatever response tendency is dominant.
B)interferes with the performance of simple tasks.
C)inhibits coordination of efforts.
D)weakens competing motives.

Question 8

Which of the following situations is more likely to result in better performance in the presence of others?

A)Circling all the vowels on a page filled with text
B)Memorizing nonsense syllables
C)Performing complex multiplication problems
D)Completing a complex maze

Question 9

When the mere presence of others strengthens the dominant response,________________ has occurred.

A)coaction
B)competition
C)social facilitation
D)group polarization

Question 10

Which of the following can occur in a minimal group situation?

A)social facilitation
B)minority influence
C)group polarization
D)group think

Question 11

In accordance with the definition of "group" provided in the text,which of the following does not represent a group?

A)A doctor with her patient
B)Three people who share the same taxi and decide who gets dropped off first
C)Four people working together on a class project
D)Five people riding the city bus

Question 12

You are working on a project with three of your classmates at a large table in the cafeteria and are distracted by five other students sitting at the table,who are laughing and joking together.According to your text,which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)You and your classmates are a group; the other students are co-actors.
B)You and your classmates are a group; the other students are a group.
C)You and your classmates are co-actors; the other students are a group.
D)You and your classmates and the other students are all co-actors.

Question 13

A co-actor is someone who

A)does the same task as you at the same time.
B)helps and cooperates with you.
C)competes with you on a single task.
D)imitates you.

Question 14

Nearly 300 studies confirm that social arousal ___________ performance on easy tasks and __________ performance on difficult tasks.

A)hurts; boosts
B)facilitates; boosts
C)boosts; hurts
D)hurts; facilitates

Question 15

According to group dynamics expert Marvin Shaw,one thing that all groups have in common is that their members

A)share a common goal.
B)have well-defined roles.
C)enjoy free and open communication.
D)interact with one another.

Question 16

Co-actors are

A)four people doing push-ups in an exercise class.
B)two people playing bridge.
C)eight competitors running a 5-kilometre race.
D)three people waiting for at a bus stop.

Question 17

In which of the following situations would the social facilitation effect most likely occur?

A)A weak batter hitting a home run in front of a large crowd of fans
B)An inexperienced babysitter getting a young child to behave in a busy shopping mall
C)A new graduate being interviewed for a job by eight high-level executives
D)A top student excelling in a public spelling bee

Question 18

The presence of others would least likely improve performance in

A)playing chess.
B)weight lifting.
C)running.
D)the broad jump.

Question 19

In one of social psychology's earliest experiments,Norman Triplett found that children told to wind string on a fishing reel as quickly as possible did their task much faster when

A)competing with other children.
B)each worked alone.
C)they worked in the presence of co-actors.
D)they had first practiced with their teammates.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a group?

A)Two or more people belong to it.
B)Its members influence one another.
C)Its members perceive one another as "us."
D)Members always have to be in physical proximity of each other.

Question 21

Gabriel is planning an experiment on the effects of evaluation apprehension on children's ability to solve puzzles.He arranges for two children to solve puzzles in two different rooms equipped with one-way mirrors.What should he tell the children?

A)Tell both children that they will be watched as they solve the puzzle.
B)Don't tell either of the children that they will be watched as they solve the puzzle.
C)Tell only one child that he or she will be watched as he or she solves the puzzle.
D)Tell both children that any one of them will be watched as they solve the puzzle.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of the presence of others in arousal during a performance?

A)The presence of others can be arousing only when we are not evaluated.
B)The presence of others can be arousing only if we are not distracted.
C)The presence of others produces some arousal even without evaluation apprehension or arousing distraction.
D)The presence of others has no impact on performance.

Question 23

Evans tested 10-person groups in either a small,crowded room or a larger,more spacious room.Those in the crowded room were found to

A)make more errors on both simple and complex tasks.
B)make more errors on complex tasks but not on simple tasks.
C)complete both simple and complex tasks more quickly.
D)complete simple tasks more quickly and complex tasks more slowly.

Question 24

Social psychologists refer to our concern for how others are evaluating us as

A)social fear.
B)evaluation apprehension.
C)evaluation phobia.
D)co-actor anxiety.

Question 25

According to the "distraction hypothesis," the mere presence of others can cause arousal because one experiences a conflict between

A)paying attention to the task and paying attention to the other people.
B)wanting to perform well and wanting to complete the task.
C)one's social role and one's personal self-image.
D)following instructions and making one's own decisions.

Question 26

Barbara is a professor and gives lectures to groups of students ranging from 40 to 100.She is never anxious,enjoys giving these lectures,and doesn't have many problems speaking in front of the students.However,at a conference,Barbara has been asked to speak in front of a group of approximately 1000 of her academic peers.Based on the principles in your text,Barbara is most likely to

A)experience enhanced performance because she is engaging in a well-learned behaviour.
B)present her speech without much difference between the way she lectures to her students.
C)experience some difficulty during her speech due to anxiety that interferes with her speaking abilities.
D)experience excessive anxiety and be unable to perform her speech.

Question 27

How does a supportive audience affect a person's performance on well-practiced skills?

A)It may elicit poorer performance.
B)It may elicit better performance.
C)It may elicit poorer performance on at first,and then the performance may improve.
D)It does not have any effect on the performance of the people.

Question 28

Studies of athletes have found an advantage for home teams in that they win about 6 in 10 games.According to the research in your text,which statement is the best explanation as to why this might this be so?

A)Athletes feel more comfortable on their "home turf" and are more relaxed.
B)Athletes perform well-practiced skills,which explains why they perform best when energized by a supportive crowd.
C)Athletes are not performing their dominant response when they are playing another team who has the home advantage.
D)Athletes are overly stressed by performing in front of their own fans,and this pressure causes their performance to only be slightly above chance.

Question 29

According to the text,the idea that the mere presence of others produces some arousal even without evaluation apprehension or distraction is supported by the finding that

A)some people publicly violate social norms.
B)social facilitation effects occur among strangers.
C)social facilitation effects occur among children.
D)joggers feel energized jogging with someone else,even if they aren't competing or being evaluated.

Question 30

Evidence that contradicts Zajonc's mere presence theory of social facilitation is that when observers are blindfolded,their presence

A)does not boost performance on a simple task.
B)hinders performance on a complex task.
C)boosts performance on a simple task.
D)is a distraction that leads to poorer performance on both simple and complex tasks.

Question 31

Being in a large crowd intensifies _____________.

A)negative reactions
B)positive reactions
C)positive or negative reactions
D)ambivalent reactions

Question 32

The primary effect of a crowd is that it

A)enhances performance.
B)enhances arousal.
C)always hurts performance.
D)enhances social responsibility.

Question 33

What is it about others that causes arousal?

A)They facilitate concentration.
B)They reduce self-bias.
C)They create evaluation apprehension.
D)They reduce nervousness.

Question 34

Sharmila hasn't done well on her earlier social psychology exams,and she doesn't feel confident about her next exam.Is she most likely to perform better if given the opportunity to answer the questions orally in front of her professor or in a written exam in a room by herself?

A)A written exam completed in a room by herself
B)An oral exam in front of her professor
C)Neither situation will improve her performance
D)Either situation would improve her performance

Question 35

In one experiment conducted by Worringham & Messick in 1983,joggers on a jogging path sped up as they came upon a woman seated on the grass,but only if she was

A)facing them.
B)facing away from them.
C)someone they knew.
D)a stranger.

Question 36

Lee scored 99^th percentile in the verbal portion of the SAT.She loves to put her verbal skills to use in solving anagrams.Lee would most likely perform at her best

A)alone.
B)in the mere presence of others also solving anagrams.
C)after receiving positive feedback.
D)after receiving negative feedback.

Question 37

How might having your mother and father at your first piano recital affect your performance?

A)Their presence won't boost it.
B)Their presence will improve it a lot.
C)Their presence has no impact.
D)Their presence will improve it a little.

Question 38

Being in a crowd intensifies

A)only positive emotions.
B)only negative emotions.
C)positive and negative emotions
D)emotional bluntness

Question 39

Sanders and his colleagues have suggested that we are aroused in the presence of others,not only because of evaluation apprehension,but because we

A)engage in social comparison.
B)become deindividuated.
C)get distracted.
D)need to belong.

Question 40

Freedman and his colleagues had an accomplice listen to a humorous tape or watch a movie with other participants.When all sat close together,the accomplice

A)was liked less by males and liked more by females.
B)could more readily induce the group to express hostility toward the experimenter.
C)could more readily induce the group to laugh and clap.
D)could more readily distract the group from attending to the tape or movie.

Question 41

Juanita has been assigned an easy group project with three classmates,where the group will get one grade for the presentation they make at the end.According to the principles of social loafing,Juanita will most likely

A)slack off and not work as hard as she would have if she did the project herself.
B)work harder than other group members to compensate for them slacking off.
C)contribute equally to the group to produce the best group output possible.
D)work just as hard as others but her quality will suffer due to evaluation apprehension.

Question 42

You have been assigned two group projects in different classes.For your sociology project,you are in a group with three other classmates that you don't know very well.For your psychology project,the professor lets you choose your own group so that you are going to be working with your friends.Which group project will be associated with less social loafing?

A)Sociology project
B)Psychology project
C)Both projects will involve people slacking off
D)Both projects will have lower levels of loafing due to the accountability of the group

Question 43

People who benefit from the group but give little in return are referred to as

A)social facilitators.
B)free-riders.
C)groupthinkers.
D)social leaders.

Question 44

Buck works in a meat packing plant.Normally,the output of each individual on the assembly line is collectively evaluated.However,the plant managers are looking at effectiveness and productivity and decide to identify each individual worker's output.When being evaluated on an individual basis,Buck's productivity is likely to

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)stay the same.
D)be the same as that of the other assembly-line workers.

Question 45

In a study by Latané and his colleagues,participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible.Participants produced the most noise when they

A)thought they were shouting alone.
B)thought there was one other person shouting with them.
C)thought there were five other people shouting with them.
D)were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

Question 46

If a teacher does not want social loafing to influence his students' group projects,how might he choose to evaluate the projects?

A)By grading the group component as well as each student's individual component
B)By not allowing the students to give each other individual grades
C)By giving a common grade to all members of the group
D)By making all group members accountable,rather than individual members.

Question 47

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated,evaluation apprehension is __________ and the probability of social loafing is __________.

A)high; low
B)low; high
C)high; high
D)low; low

Question 48

Social loafing would be most likely to occur in

A)students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade.
B)factory workers who are each paid according to how many lamps they assemble.
C)a group of golfers competing for first place in a tournament.
D)political candidates who hope to win a seat on the city council.

Question 49

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

A)perform an unfamiliar task more poorly when others are present.
B)violate social norms when no one is watching.
C)be insensitive to the needs of others.
D)exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal.

Question 50

When a group believes that if it works hard,its efforts will potentially be rewarded,

A)its members will work hard.
B)its members will be more relaxed and easy going.
C)it does not affect the members' efforts.
D)the members will ask for more time to accomplish the task successfully.

Question 51

Social loafing would be least likely to occur

A)in a boys' club trying to raise money by holding a Saturday car wash.
B)in a relay race in which each team member's performance is timed.
C)in a community garden where each family is expected to contribute whatever free time they have.
D)in a work crew building a new highway.

Question 52

Making group members' performance individually identifiable seems to be one effective strategy for reducing

A)social facilitation.
B)social loafing.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 53

Giving one-hundred-and-ten percent is to they'll pick up the slack as ____________ is to _____________.

A)"be all that you can be"; "I knew it all along"
B)arousal; distraction
C)inhibition; distraction
D)social facilitation; social loafing

Question 54

In a study by Sweeney (1973),students pumped exercise bicycles more energetically when they

A)were part of a five-person team.
B)were part of a three-person team.
C)were part of a two-person team.
D)knew they were pulling alone.

Question 55

Research on social facilitation suggests that the design of new office buildings in which private offices are replaced with large,open areas may

A)invade privacy and disrupt worker morale.
B)improve communication and build employee morale.
C)disrupt creative thinking on complex tasks.
D)disrupt performance of routine clerical tasks.

Question 56

When being observed __________ evaluation concerns,social facilitation occurs; when being lost in a crowd __________ evaluation concerns,social loafing occurs.

A)increases; decreases
B)decreases; increases
C)increases; increases
D)decreases; decreases

Question 57

Which of the following group process theories should be considered by a corporate planning committee looking into developing the layout for their new office space?

A)groupthink
B)social facilitation
C)social loafing
D)deindividuation

Question 58

For simple tasks,______________ occurs when observation increases evaluation apprehension,whereas ______________ occurs when the pooling of effort lowers evaluation apprehension.

A)social facilitation; social loafing
B)social loafing; group polarization
C)deindividuation; social loafing
D)social loafing; deindividuation

Question 59

People in groups will loaf when

A)the task is challenging.
B)the task is important and involving.
C)the group is cohesive.
D)they are lost in a crowd.

Question 60

Social loafing does not occur in situations in which people

A)pool their efforts toward a common goal.
B)are not accountable as individuals.
C)feel little evaluation apprehension.
D)are accountable as individuals.

Question 61

On Halloween night,Diener and colleagues conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft.Given a chance to steal candy,the children who were __________ were most likely to commit transgressions.

A)anonymous and alone
B)anonymous and in a group
C)frustrated and alone
D)frustrated and in a group

Question 62

People are more likely to bait a person to jump off a bridge when it is dark and

A)the crowd is small.
B)the crowd is large.
C)the crowd is made up of people with authoritarian personalities.
D)the crowd is frustrated.

Question 63

Riots and violence that have been known to accompany championship sports games (both wins and losses)provide an example of how being in a crowd can lead to _____________________.

A)deindividuation.
B)social loafing.
C)groupthink.
D)group polarization.

Question 64

A loss of both self-awareness and evaluation apprehension can lead to

A)social facilitation.
B)powerful minority influence effects.
C)co-actor effects.
D)deindividuation.

Question 65

According to the text,one contributing factor to the Canadian Airborne officers' participation in killing the Somali boys may have been that

A)The officers were distracted by their separation from their families
B)The officers' wearing similar uniforms allowed them to feel anonymous
C)The officers felt an overwhelming sense of responsibility
D)The offence took place in the dark

Question 66

Which of the following pairs are most clearly opposites?

A)group polarization and group consensus
B)groupthink and the accentuation phenomenon
C)minority influence and leadership
D)deindividuation and self-awareness

Question 67

People in groups loaf less when

A)all group members have comparable levels of self-esteem.
B)the group is made up of a small number of friends.
C)they work on a simple task with strangers.
D)the task is aversive.

Question 68

According to the text,what group process may have contributed to the killing of two Somali boys by Airborne officers in 1993?

A)social facilitation
B)the free-rider effect
C)deindividuation
D)social loafing

Question 69

Research on deindividuation suggests that if concert organizers want to limit "mob behaviour" by fans,they should

A)choose large stadiums for the concert.
B)arrange for the concert venue to be dimly-lit.
C)do not give fans nametags to wear.
D)be able to identify each person in the audience.

Question 70

It is likely that people will feel their group contributions are indispensable when

A)working with a small group of people that are equally competent.
B)all members are working collectively and without individual accountability.
C)the rest of the group is not as smart and needs help in getting an acceptable grade.
D)other group members are slacking off and someone has to get the work done.

Question 71

According to research by Mann (1981),when the crowd was _____________ and exposed by daylight,people _____________ try to bait a suicidal individual.

A)large; did
B)large; did not
C)small; did
D)small; did not

Question 72

"It was such an exciting game," your friend insists."We were all shouting and clapping together,everyone was in sync.When our team won,I realized I was jumping up and down,screaming,right along with everyone else.I don't know what got into me!" Your friend's reactions best illustrate the process of

A)social facilitation.
B)risky shift.
C)deindividuation.
D)groupthink.

Question 73

Which of the following circumstances inhibits people from becoming deindividuated?

A)They are immersed in a large group.
B)They are physically anonymous.
C)They are involved in arousing,distracting activities.
D)They have personal goals.

Question 74

Based on research cited in the text,who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?

A)The male driver of a sport utility vehicle
B)The male driver of a convertible
C)The female drive of a convertible
D)Any driver of a car with the top up

Question 75

When arousal and diffused responsibility combine and normal inhibitions diminish,this may result in which of the following behaviours?

A)increasing of restraint
B)conscious and deliberate self-gratification
C)destructive social explosions
D)prosocial behaviour

Question 76

Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style (Ku Klux Klan)hoods and robes tended to ___________________ than women who were visible and wore name tags.

A)administer longer shocks to a victim
B)engage in greater social loafing
C)make riskier decisions
D)make more contact and reveal more personal information

Question 77

Which of the following is most likely to occur under conditions of deindividuation?

A)police cooperation
B)respect for a referee during a Stanley Cup game
C)stealing
D)group cooperation among members

Question 78

In which of the following groups is deindividuation least likely to occur?

A)In a jury where a guilty verdict requires unanimous agreement
B)At a Ku Klux Klan rally where new members are being inducted
C)In a high school pep rally attended by almost all students
D)In the audience at a Canada Day parade

Question 79

Compared to self-aware people,deindividuated people are

A)less responsive to the situation.
B)less likely to act without thinking about their own values.
C)less self-regulated.
D)more restrained.

Question 80

In one study,women who donned white nurses' uniforms and were made anonymous became __________ than when their names and personal identities were emphasized.

A)less sympathetic to patients' needs
B)more sympathetic to patients' needs
C)less aggressive in administering shock
D)more aggressive in administering shock