Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

The aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships is called

A)collective efficacy.
B)social identity.
C)personal identity.
D)social comparison.

Answer 1

social identity.

Question 2

Jessica attends a friend's wedding wearing last year's fashions.Jessica feels as if everyone is looking at her and noticing her dress,and as a result,feels very self-conscious and uncomfortable.Her self-evaluations are related to the concepts of

A)naturalistic and self-evaluative fallacies.
B)implicit and explicit processing.
C)the looking-glass self and social comparisons.
D)social comparison and the dual attitude system.

Answer 2

the looking-glass self and social comparisons.

Question 3

According to social identity theory,when is Rose most likely to be aware of being female?

A)On a date with her boyfriend.
B)At a night-club with her female friends.
C)At home with her brothers and sisters.
D)At a piano recital with her male friends.

Answer 3

At a piano recital with her male friends.

Question 4

We come to know ourselves in part by looking at others and evaluating our abilities and opinions in light of others around us.This process is known as

A)social comparison.
B)social identity.
C)the self-reference effect.
D)self-esteem.

Question 5

Your description of what qualities encompass who you are defines your

A)self-esteem.
B)possible self.
C)self-concept.
D)social identity.

Question 6

If you wanted to improve the self-evaluations of your sales staff,when would be the best time to show them a video celebrating the achievements of a top sales representative?

A)When they are being newly trained for the job.
B)After their first few months on the job.
C)After at least one year on the job.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

We are more likely to be conscious of our social identity when our social group

A)is in the majority.
B)is in the minority.
C)is esteemed by others.
D)is threatened.

Question 8

The images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future constitute ourselves.

A)unlikely
B)imaginary
C)future
D)possible

Question 9

The most researched topic in psychology today is

A)the self.
B)attitudes.
C)cultural influence.
D)problem solving.

Question 10

Beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information are called

A)social comparison.
B)social identity.
C)the self-reference effect.
D)self-esteem.

Question 11

Monica was participating in a psychology experiment and was asked to discuss her sense of who she is.She mentioned that she is a psychology major,volleyball player,Canadian,woman,daughter,sister,and a volunteer.Monica is using her

A)social comparisons.
B)self-esteem.
C)self-concept.
D)social identity.

Question 12

Children that have just learned how to read tend to have more positive school self-concepts in classes with fewer students that know how to read reflecting

A)the self-reference effect.
B)self-handicapping.
C)self-concept.
D)the social comparison processes.

Question 13

John works out every day and tends to notice others' bodies and athletic skills.Compared to Tim,who never works out and doesn't pay any attention to others' physiques,John probably has

A)"athletic" as part of his self-schema.
B)a higher self-reference effect.
C)less self-handicapping.
D)more positive possible selves.

Question 14

What does our perceiving ourselves as musical,intellectual,artistic,or assertive constitutes of?

A)egocentric beliefs
B)interdependent self
C)self-schemas
D)self-references

Question 15

Cooley (1902)argued that we come to know ourselves by seeing our reflection in how we appear to others.Other people's judgments,then,help to shape what he called

A)the social self.
B)the perceived self.
C)the looking-glass self.
D)self-appraisal.

Question 16

When climbing the ladder of success,we tend to look

A)up,not down.
B)down,not up.
C)from side to side.
D)straight ahead.

Question 17

Psychologists would consider your dream of becoming a famous politician and your recurrent fear of being unemployed to be part of your

A)self-esteem.
B)possible self.
C)anticipatory self.
D)unlikely self.

Question 18

In your first year of university,it appeared that all your professors thought you were a very competent student.As a result,you enter second year confident of your academic abilities.This is an example of

A)the self-referencing effect.
B)the looking-glass self.
C)the self-monitoring effect.
D)the self-serving bias.

Question 19

According to the ____________ theory,a ballet dancer who excelled during her time with a local dance company may find her self-esteem threatened once she joins a nationally famous dance company.

A)social identity
B)self-monitoring
C)social comparison
D)self-schema

Question 20

Imagine that John is a white man attending a multi-racial support group for stay-at-home-parents.There are 40 percent Whites,30 percent Blacks,and 30 percent Hispanics attending.Ninety percent of the group are mothers.John is most likely to be conscious of his identity as

A)a parent.
B)a White person.
C)a man.
D)an unemployed person.

Question 21

In Western culture it is generally assumed that one's life will be enriched by defining _______ and believing in _________.

A)your possible selves; the power of your unique culture
B)your collective self; the power of your unique culture
C)your unique self; your power of personal control
D)your possible selves; your power of personal control

Question 22

In his study on cultural differences in thought,Nisbett compared groups of American and Japanese students' perception of an underwater scene with fish.Which statement reflects his findings?

A)Japanese students recalled more peripheral features and spoke of objects in terms of relationships than American students.
B)Japanese students recalled more of the central features of the scene (the fish)than American students.
C)American students recalled more of the background features of the scene and spoke about how they would make the scene better if they designed it.
D)American students recalled the central and background features at the same level of accuracy,whereas Japanese students recalled background features better than central.

Question 23

With an interdependent self,one has a greater sense of

A)self-esteem.
B)belonging.
C)his/her country.
D)his/her neighbourhood.

Question 24

Western culture celebrates the ________ individual more than the person who __________.

A)creative; follows others
B)self-reliant; fulfills the expectations of others
C)active; is passive
D)cooperative; is self-reliant

Question 25

Collectivism is to _______________ as individualism is to ________________.

A)individual; self
B)self; individual
C)group; individual
D)individual; group

Question 26

People who have ________________ are more self-critical.

A)interdependent selves
B)dependent selves
C)individualistic selves
D)none of the choices are correct

Question 27

When discussing the relationship between individualism and collectivism,some researchers argue that

A)these distinctions are rooted in evolutionary forces that shaped status hierarchies and affiliation needs.
B)self-concept is shaped independent of whether one's culture is individualistic or collectivistic.
C)there are few regional or political variations within a particular culture as they endorse the broader culture viewpoint.
D)pigeonholing cultures as one or the other oversimplifies the variation within each culture.

Question 28

Research on self-knowledge suggests that

A)you are the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
B)your mother is a better judge than you of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
C)your romantic partner is the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
D)your landlord is the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.

Question 29

The statement,"They have not one,but many selves" defines people who have a/an

A)dependent self.
B)independent self.
C)interdependent self.
D)mature self.

Question 30

Which of the following does not apply to a person with an interdependent self?

A)They are self-critical.
B)They have a low need for positive self-regard.
C)Their identity is defined in relation with others.
D)They are self-centred.

Question 31

Marlon has just graduated with a business degree and is starting his career at a large corporation.He feels confident in his abilities and defines himself as a businessman who worked hard to achieve his own success.He strongly believes that the harder he works the more rewards he will earn for himself in the future.Marlon is MOST likely from

A)Japan.
B)Australia.
C)Malaysia.
D)South America.

Question 32

Individualism is

A)the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and dealing one's identity in terms of personal attributions rather than group identifications.
B)the concept of giving in to somebody else's goals over individual goals and dealing with one's identity in terms of group identification rather than personal attributions.
C)identification with one's country.
D)identification with two or more people.

Question 33

Which of the following groups tend to define themselves more in terms of their group identity?

A)Americans
B)Japanese
C)Australians
D)British

Question 34

Which of the following is seen less in cultures where individualism flourishes?

A)traditional values
B)mobility
C)urbanism
D)mass media

Question 35

Individualism is most prevalent in

A)small cultural groups.
B)large cultural groups.
C)industrialized Western cultures.
D)developing countries.

Question 36

Which statement is NOT reflective of Western culture?

A)"I did it my way."
B)"I gotta be me."
C)"I should respect and follow my parents' values."
D)"The greatest love of all is loving oneself."

Question 37

According to the text,several researchers investigated the effects of people's intuition about what factors affect their mood.Their results show that

A)there is a high correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.
B)there is low correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.
C)there is a moderate correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.
D)there is no correlation what so ever between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.

Question 38

According to the text,people

A)err frequently when predicting the fate of their relationships.
B)make accurate predictions when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
C)receive less accurate than their own from parents and roommates when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
D)are likely less accurate when predicting negative behaviours than positive behaviours.

Question 39

Jana is a first-year university student and is very critical of her own success in school.She doesn't need others to affirm her success,but she feels it is very important to please her family and succeed so that she can honour those she loves.Jana is likely from

A)Britain.
B)Australia.
C)Malaysia.
D)Ireland.

Question 40

Jack is deciding when he should start an assignment.Predicting it will take him a couple of hours,he decides to leave it until the night before.This is an example of

A)self-serving bias.
B)impact bias.
C)planning fallacy.
D)temporal comparison.

Question 41

Which of the following is a practical implication of findings discussed in the chapter on the self?

A)The sincerity with which people report their experience is one useful indicator of their testimony's accuracy.
B)Self-reports are less erroneous and more trustworthy than the reports of external observers.
C)The persuasiveness of personal testimonies is highly predictive of their accuracy.
D)Introspective self-reports are often untrustworthy.

Question 42

Gilbert and his colleagues (2004)reported that

A)major trauma can be much more distressing than minor routine irritations (e.g.,getting caught in traffic each morning on your way to work).
B)major negative events can be less enduringly distressing than minor irritations.
C)major negative events are just as hard to endure as minor irritations.
D)we are not resilient to intense emotional experiences.

Question 43

According to Leary (1998,2004b,2007),self-esteem feelings are like a fuel gauge.They alert us to threatened social rejection,motivating us to

A)stay away from people we don't like.
B)be more empathetic to others people's situations.
C)act with greater sensitivity to other's expectations.
D)act with less sensitivity to other people's expectations.

Question 44

In an experiment by Bushman and Baumeister (1998),high-self-esteem individuals who had previously been criticized by their opponent were

A)more likely to lose a reaction time game with that person.
B)more likely to win a reaction time game with that person.
C)exceptionally aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).
D)less aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).

Question 45

Jan waited weeks to learn if she would land her dream job,then found out that she did get the job.When Jan finally starts the new job,which scenario is most likely?

A)She is much happier than she had expected.
B)She is less happy than she had expected.
C)She is more worried about her performance than she had expected.
D)She is less happy than if she had not gotten the job.

Question 46

According to the concept of dual attitudes,although __________ attitudes may change with education and persuasion,___________ attitudes change slowly,with practice that forms new habits.

A)implicit; explicit
B)explicit; implicit
C)new; old
D)old; new

Question 47

With regards to self-esteem,if Jerzy feels _______ about himself in general,he is likely to feel _________ about his ability to pass an exam.

A)positive; positive
B)positive; negative
C)negative; positive
D)positive; reluctant

Question 48

Wilson et al.(1989,2008)found that

A)people's expressed attitudes toward things,situations,or people usually do not predict later behaviour well,nor does the over analysis of their feelings.
B)people's expressed attitudes toward things,situations,or people usually do not predict later behaviour well,and over analysis of their feelings also renders future behaviour predictions useless.
C)people's expressed attitudes toward things,situations,or people usually predict later behaviour well,as does the over analysis of their feelings.
D)people's expressed attitudes toward things,situations,or people usually predict later behaviour well; over analysis of their feelings,however,renders future behaviour predictions useless.

Question 49

According to research cited in your text,people have difficulty predicting

A)the intensity of their future emotions.
B)the duration of their future emotions.
C)the intensity and duration of their future emotions.
D)any behaviour.

Question 50

Carlos often thinks about his future and looks forward to graduating,getting married,and having children.He feels strongly that these events will make him a very happy man and he will feel a deep sense of contentment and satisfaction.According to the research by Wilson and Gilbert (2003)that has found that people often wrongly predict how they will feel at some point in the future,Carlos' beliefs about his future happiness

A)will be accurate because he knows himself and his feelings very well.
B)have no relationship to how he will actually feel in the future.
C)will be more accurate than his friend's predictions of how happy these events would make Carlos.
D)will not be accurate because we are vulnerable to the impact bias.

Question 51

Why might a large-scale survey NOT be the best method for a social psychologist to study self-knowledge?

A)It is too difficult to achieve a truly representative sample.
B)One cannot reach cause-and-effect conclusions through survey research.
C)It is impossible to measure a person's self-knowledge.
D)Self-report data are often unreliable.

Question 52

The bottom-up view of self-esteem means

A)people have high self-esteem when they feel good in particular domains important to their self-esteem.
B)people who value themselves in a general way-those with high self-esteem are more likely to accept their looks and abilities.
C)self-esteem has multiple causes.
D)self-evaluation happens before self-esteem.

Question 53

Emily and her two sisters are all musicians.According to research on the self-esteem maintenance model,Emily will be most motivated to act in ways that maintain her own self-esteem if

A)she is the best musician of the three.
B)her older sister is a better musician than she is.
C)her younger sister is a better musician than she is.
D)of the three,she is the least interested in a music career.

Question 54

Peetz and Buehler (2009)discovered that students

A)underestimate their spending for the week even if they have evidence of overspending the week before.
B)overestimate their spending for the week even if they have evidence of overspending the week before.
C)underestimate their spending for the week even if they have evidence of saving from the week before.
D)are good at predicting how much money they will spend in a week.

Question 55

A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth constitutes his or her

A)self-efficacy.
B)self-awareness.
C)possible self.
D)self-esteem.

Question 56

The notion that we often have implicit attitudes that differ from our explicit attitudes defines the concept of

A)an independent self-construal.
B)dissonance.
C)the self-reference effect.
D)dual attitudes.

Question 57

Which group of people is more likely to be obnoxious,to interrupt,and to talk at people rather than with them?

A)People with low self-esteem.
B)People with high self-esteem.
C)Depressed people.
D)Individualistic people.

Question 58

The general view of self-esteem holds that

A)people with generally high self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
B)people with positive specific attributes are more likely to have general self-esteem.
C)people with low self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
D)people with positive specific attributes are more likely to struggle with low self-esteem.

Question 59

Which of these statements is NOT true?

A)The sincerity with which people report and interpret their experiences is a guarantee of the validity of those reports.
B)Personal testimonies are powerfully persuasive.
C)The sincerity with which people report and interpret their experiences is not a guarantee of the validity of those reports.
D)Personal testimonies are often wrong.

Question 60

Who among the following is likely to have the strongest motive for self-esteem maintenance?

A)An adult whose spouse depends on him or her for support.
B)An adult whose opposite-sex sibling has been fired from his or her job.
C)A child whose parents have moderate hopes for him or her.
D)An older child whose younger sibling is very talented.

Question 61

James is a highly narcissistic male with a big ego.He participates in a psychology experiment where he first received negative feedback from another student about his performance on a writing task,and then played a game against this student and won.As a result of winning,James was given the task of deciding the intensity and duration of an aversive auditory stimulus that would be played to the other student.According to research,James would have administered ________ auditory torture compared to people with normal self-esteem because wounded pride motivates ___________.

A)the same amount of; humility
B)more; retaliation
C)less; embarrassment
D)no; shame

Question 62

Learned helplessness leads to

A)conformity.
B)collective efficacy.
C)schizophrenia.
D)feeling no control over outcomes of events.

Question 63

In response to a threat to self-esteem,high-self-esteem people become considerably more

A)co-operative.
B)altruistic.
C)self-protective.
D)individualistic.

Question 64

Low self-esteem predicts increased risk of drug abuse,some forms of delinquency,and

A)schizophrenia.
B)depression.
C)personality disorders.
D)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 65

Treating ourselves with kindness is known as

A)self-monitoring
B)self-promotion
C)self-compassion
D)self-guarding

Question 66

Baumeister and colleagues (2003)have researched the "dark side of high self-esteem" and found that individuals with low self-esteem,when feeling bad or threatened,are more likely to

A)notice and remember others' worst behaviours and to think others don't love them.
B)internalize their feelings and act aggressively toward themselves.
C)portray themselves as having high self-esteem in attempts to deny or overcome their feelings.
D)act aggressively against others in order to conceal their inner insecurities and feel a sense of control over their situation.

Question 67

Which people,when feeling bad or threatened,are more likely to notice and remember others' worst behaviours and to think their partners don't love them?

A)People with low self-esteem.
B)People with high self-esteem.
C)Competitive people.
D)Individualistic people.

Question 68

According to the text,high self-esteem can lead to

A)initiative,resilience,and pleasant feelings.
B)making more money,depression,and abusing drugs.
C)a happy adulthood.
D)making less money,depression,and abusing drugs.

Question 69

According to the text,which people are more likely to be shy,modest,and self-effacing?

A)People with low self-esteem.
B)People with high self-esteem.
C)Depressed people.
D)Individualistic people.

Question 70

When facing failure,high-self-esteem people sustain their self-worth by

A)perceiving other people as failing too,and by exaggerating their superiority over others.
B)perceiving themselves as interdependent and thus as only part of a larger group effort.
C)engaging in altruistic acts.
D)refusing to think about the failure and by practicing self-forgetfulness.

Question 71

Kris abuses drugs and is likely to be depressed.How would you rate Kris's self-esteem?

A)high
B)low
C)high when he is on drugs,and low when depressed
D)drug abuse and depression are not related to self-esteem

Question 72

Jenny,who has low self-esteem,has also recently experienced difficulties in her relationship with her boyfriend Travis.She

A)does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her and lacks security in their relationship.
B)does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her but feels secure in their relationship.
C)appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her but lacks security in their relationship.
D)appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her and feels secure in their relationship.

Question 73

Our sense of how competent we feel on a task explains our

A)self-esteem
B)self-efficacy
C)self-serving bias
D)self-awareness

Question 74

If you learn how to exert willpower in one area of your life,resisting temptation in other areas becomes

A)uncertain.
B)questionable.
C)more difficult.
D)easier.

Question 75

Tom thinks very highly of himself and does not seem to value relationships with others.Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A)Tom has low self-esteem.
B)Tom is narcissistic.
C)Tom is not self-centred.
D)Tom is shy.

Question 76

According to the text,when a youth with a big ego is threatened or deflated by social rejection,he or she is

A)potentially aggressive.
B)potentially an altruistic person.
C)in danger of mental disorders.
D)in danger of suicide.

Question 77

Which of the following situations best portrays learned helplessness?

A)Feeling frightened about starting university after a successful high school career.
B)Feeling depressed after failing your first exam in university.
C)Not trying to make friends at university because you couldn't make friends in high school.
D)Avoiding the purchase of lottery tickets because you've never won in the past.

Question 78

When they find their favourable self-esteem threatened,people often react by

A)putting others down,sometimes with violence.
B)telling a lie.
C)crying.
D)laughing.

Question 79

Which group of people is somewhat more vulnerable to problems including anxiety,loneliness,and eating disorders?

A)Individualistic people.
B)People with low self-esteem.
C)People with high self-esteem.
D)Narcissistic people.

Question 80

Teen gang leaders,terrorists,and genocidal dictators tend to

A)have higher than average self-esteem.
B)suffer from schizophrenia.
C)suffer from depression.
D)have lower than average self-esteem.