Deck 12: Consequences of Prejudice

Question 1

If we _______________ associate a particular ethnic group with danger,then faces from that group will tend to capture our attention and trigger arousal.

A)never
B)rarely
C)implicitly
D)explicitly

Answer 1

implicitly

Question 2

Stereotypes are generalizations about a group of people and may be true,false,or ______.

A)imagined
B)fabricated
C)undergeneralized
D)overgeneralized

Answer 2

overgeneralized

Question 3

Overpraising accomplishments or overcriticizing mistakes can occur as a result of a subtle form of prejudice known as

A)race sensitivity.
B)multiculturalism.
C)minority exaggeration.
D)discrimination.

Answer 3

race sensitivity.

Question 4

A subtle form of prejudice appears as _______________ that leads to exaggerated reactions to isolated minority persons.

A)discrimination
B)race sensitivity
C)race conflict
D)race inequality

Question 5

_______________ about which people are unaware may lead to _______________ about which they are unaware.

A)Discrimination; stereotypes
B)Prejudice; stereotypes
C)Stereotypes; discrimination
D)Prejudice; discrimination

Question 6

Judd and his colleagues (2004)found that when primed with a _______________ face,people think about _______________.

A)White; guns
B)White; sports
C)Black; guns
D)Black; sports

Question 7

Culture

A)is what's shared by a small group.
B)is transmitted across within a generation.
C)is shared only within a family.
D)encompasses ideas,attitudes,behaviours,and traditions shared by a group.

Question 8

Subtle forms of prejudice are

A)more widespread than explicit prejudice.
B)easy to observe.
C)less common than explicit prejudice.
D)what make one feel uncomfortable

Question 9

People may believe they are acting in an _______________ fashion,but their behaviour might well be discriminatory.

A)empathic
B)egalitarian
C)evolved
D)exceptional

Question 10

Correll and his colleagues (2002)invited people to press buttons quickly to "shoot" or "not shoot" men who suddenly appeared on-screen holding either a gun or a harmless object such as a flashlight or bottle.Their results show that _______________ more often mistakenly shot targets who were Blacks.

A)Whites
B)both Whites and Blacks
C)Blacks
D)it was random whether Whites or Blacks

Question 11

Greenwald and Schuh found that compared with Jewish authors,non-Jewish authors had ____ higher odds of citing non-Jewish names.

A)25%
B)32%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 12

Progress toward racial equality

A)has been rapid and radical.
B)has not yet been realized.
C)is complete.
D)is viewed differently by members of majority and minority groups.

Question 13

Amy is disgusted by homeless individuals and believes that they are lazy individuals who are "milking the system." If she was given a brain scan and asked questions about her beliefs and feelings about homeless people,what regions of Amy's brain would be involved in automatic and overt stereotyping?

A)the amygdala and the frontal cortex
B)the cerebellum and the hippocampus
C)the amygdala and the hippocampus
D)the frontal cortex and the occipital lobe

Question 14

Automatic prejudices are associated with the ______________.

A)frontal cortex
B)medulla
C)amygdala
D)hippocampus

Question 15

Explicit racial prejudicial attitudes

A)are very resistant to change.
B)have remained largely unchanged for the past 100 years.
C)can change very quickly.
D)have not been measured since 1942.

Question 16

Harber (1998)found that _______________ students evaluated an essay more _______________ when they were led to think that the author was White.

A)Black; positively
B)Black; negatively
C)White; positively
D)White; negatively

Question 17

Suzanne is reading her 4-year-old son,Michael,a story before he goes to bed.The story is about the friendship between a boy named Billy who fixes cars and a girl named Tara who is a seamstress.This story provides an example of how _________________ occurs and creates behavioural expectations for males and females.

A)prejudice
B)stereotypes
C)gender socialization
D)misogyny

Question 18

Hugenberg and Bodenhausen (2003)found that students who had scored as _______________ prejudiced perceived anger lingering more in ambiguous _______________ faces.

A)most; White
B)most; Black
C)least; White
D)least; Black

Question 19

According to the text,examples of overt racial prejudice include

A)opposition to interracial marriage.
B)supporting an interracial marriage.
C)opposition to having an ethnic majority boss.
D)supporting an ethnic minority boss.

Question 20

The biggest violence against women may occur ______.

A)prenatally
B)when they are in their teens
C)in the workplace
D)when they reach middle age

Question 21

If you meet Ari,who has a reputation as being a short-tempered person,you are most likely to

A)misinterpret his behaviour.
B)notice his calm demeanour.
C)be more accepting of him.
D)try not to provoke him.

Question 22

Which of the following examples describes gender discrimination?

A)The world's unschooled children are equally divided between boys and girls.
B)In Canada,women drivers are as capable as men of driving in harsh weather.
C)Around the world,people tend to prefer having baby boys.
D)Girls have good verbal memory and boys have good spatial memory.

Question 23

According to the text,overt prejudice against people of colour and against women is ______ common today than it was in the mid-twentieth century.

A)as
B)more
C)less
D)twice as

Question 24

Williams and his colleagues (2000)found that folks everywhere perceive

A)women as more agreeable.
B)men as less outgoing.
C)women as more outgoing.
D)men as more agreeable.

Question 25

Jackman and Senter (1981)found that

A)both men and women think that women were more emotional.
B)only men think that women are more emotional than men.
C)only women think that women are more emotional than men.
D)both men and women think that men and women were equally emotional.

Question 26

According to the text,when someone's behaviour doesn't fit our stereotype,we can

A)stick to the stereotype.
B)split off a subtype.
C)attribute the behaviour to external causes.
D)not change the stereotype.

Question 27

Stereotypes are _______________.

A)beliefs
B)attitudes
C)behaviours
D)actions

Question 28

Which of the following statements best describes benevolent sexism?

A)Women have a superior moral sensibility.
B)Once a man commits,she puts him on a tight leash.
C)Women are intuitive.
D)Women are ferocious.

Question 29

Although John knows a few successful,hardworking Black businessmen,he maintains his belief that Blacks are lazy and shiftless.His thinking best reflects

A)group-serving bias.
B)the fundamental attribution error.
C)regression toward the average.
D)subtyping.

Question 30

"Benevolent" and "hostile" characterize two types of stereotypes about

A)women in the workplace only.
B)men in the workplace only.
C)women and men in general.
D)women and men in social settings only.

Question 31

Randy makes a comment that his girlfriend is "overemotional,hyper-sensitive,and too career-oriented to deal with everyday life." Randy's comment is an example of

A)benevolent sexism.
B)hostile sexism.
C)gender discrimination.
D)gender roles.

Question 32

According to the text,women often recall receiving ______________ math grades and ______________ arts grades than were actually the case.

A)worse; worse
B)better; worse
C)worse; better
D)better; better

Question 33

_____ is putting people who deviate into a different class of people to help maintain the stereotype we hold about them.

A)Semi-typing
B)Sub-categorizing
C)Subtyping
D)Split-typing

Question 34

Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group is called

A)subgrouping.
B)subtyping.
C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)characterization.

Question 35

Telling someone that "Maria played hockey" and others that "Mark played hockey" may make ___________________.

A)Mark seem more athletic than Maria
B)Maria seem more athletic than Mark
C)hockey seem like a popular sport
D)them feel less athletic

Question 36

In a famous study,Goldberg (1968)gave women several short articles and asked them to judge the value of each.In general,the articles received lowest ratings when attributed to a ______________.

A)journalist
B)scientist
C)male
D)female

Question 37

According to the text,most people like

A)women more than they like men.
B)men more than they like women.
C)men and women equally.
D)women at home,and men in the workplace.

Question 38

Prejudice is ______________,and ______________ is ______________.

A)after-judgment; prejudgment; inevitable.
B)prejudgment; prejudgment; inevitable.
C)illusory; judgment; subject to change.
D)after-judgment; judgment; subject to change

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Experiments have not demonstrated any overall tendency to devalue women's work.
B)Both males and females tend to deprecate women's work.
C)Males tend to deprecate women's work while females do not.
D)Females but not males tend to deprecate women's work.

Question 40

Learning that your male neighbour knows how to knit may make you explain his behaviour as due to

A)his personality.
B)the amount of free time he has.
C)special circumstances
D)gender norms

Question 41

Three ways in which stereotype threat interferes with performance are ______________,______________,and ______________.

A)emotional; cognitive; behavioural
B)stress; self-monitoring; suppressing unwanted thoughts and emotions
C)direct; indirect; hidden
D)immediate; short-term; long-term

Question 42

______________ gradually hammers one's reputation into one's self-concept,whereas ______________ situations have immediate effects.

A)Stereotype threat; a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)A self-fulfilling prophecy; stereotype threat
C)Discrimination; prejudice
D)Explicit prejudice; automatic prejudice

Question 43

The result of studies about positive stereotypes show that when Asian-American females were asked biographical questions that reminded them of their Asian identity before taking a math test,their performance ______________ a control group that were not reminded of their gender identity.

A)was better than
B)was the same as
C)was worse than
D)was,depending on their mood,sometimes better and sometimes worse than

Question 44

In his study on stereotype threat and athletic performance,Stone and his colleagues found that

A)when people are reminded of a positive stereotype about themselves,it can adversely affect performance.
B)when people are reminded of a negative stereotype about themselves,it can adversely affect performance.
C)when people are reminded of a positive stereotype about themselves,it can facilitate performance.
D)when people are reminded of a negative stereotype about themselves,it can facilitate performance.

Question 45

Which of the following are possible effects of stigma consciousness?

A)superior well-being
B)lowered feelings of social identity
C)individual self-esteem is buffered
D)individual self-esteem is enhanced

Question 46

Which of the following does not go with the rest?

A)Withdrawal
B)Self-hate
C)Aggression against your own group
D)Suspiciousness

Question 47

Jerome believes that police officers are racist,power-hungry,control freaks.A new neighbour,who is nice,level-headed,and generally concerned about the welfare of others,moves into his apartment building.Only later does Jerome find out that his new friend is a police officer.As a result,he forms a new and different stereotype of "young professional officers." His thinking best reflects

A)subtyping.
B)subgrouping.
C)the group-serving bias.
D)the fundamental attribution error.

Question 48

Unfortunately,Mr.Smith,a high school speech teacher,communicates to his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do.As a result,some of the girls in his class become apprehensive in preparing and giving speeches in Mr.Smith's class.The girls are experiencing

A)stereotype threat.
B)the just-world phenomenon.
C)the scapegoating effect.
D)personal/group discrimination discrepancy.

Question 49

Stereotype threat causes people to monitor their performance,which ______________ mental demands and ______________ working memory.

A)increases; increases
B)increases; decreases
C)decreases; increases
D)decreases; decreases

Question 50

Word,Zanna,and Cooper (1974)found that

A)self-fulfilling prophecies and prejudice affects its targets.
B)social beliefs can be misconceptions.
C)self-fulfilling prophecies and prejudice do not affect its targets.
D)social beliefs are not self-confirming.

Question 51

Perceived prejudice can be negative in that victims deal with the stress of ______________,and positive in that it ___________________.

A)social identity; leads people to have a stronger sense of self
B)stereotype threats; helps to buffer individual self-esteem
C)discrimination; can be transferred to the "black sheep" of the group
D)group action; influences perceptions and makes people more aware

Question 52

According to research,

A)self-conscious interactions between a majority and minority person can feel tense even when both are well-intentioned.
B)self-conscious interactions seldom affect stereotyping behaviours.
C)self-conscious interactions refute the distinctiveness factor that leads to stereotyping behaviour.
D)self-conscious interactions randomly affect stereotyping behaviours.

Question 53

Word,Zanna,and Cooper had White men interview both White and Black job applicants.When the applicant was Black,the interviewers ______________ than when the applicant was White.

A)ended the interview sooner
B)asked different questions
C)asked grammatically incorrect questions
D)asked very long questions

Question 54

Which of the following does not go with the rest?

A)Fighting back
B)Suspiciousness
C)Withdrawal
D)Increased group pride

Question 55

In studies of stereotype threat,students led to think they have benefited from gender or race-based preferences in gaining admission to a college or academic group tend to perform ________ those not led to think so.

A)better than
B)the same as
C)some times better some times worse than
D)worse than

Question 56

In a study by Kleck and Strenta,women were made to feel disfigured and then placed in social contexts where they had to interact with another woman.When evaluating the interactions,the researchers found that

A)disfigured women were excessively shy and withdrew from social interactions.
B)non-disfigured women seemed more uncomfortable in the social interaction than disfigured women.
C)disfigured women misinterpreted mannerisms and comments they would otherwise not have noticed.
D)disfiguration had no effect on social interactions as women are more sensitive and considerate.

Question 57

How likely people are in expecting that others will stereotype them defines

A)prejudice.
B)consciousness.
C)stigma consciousness.
D)vivid recollections.

Question 58

Two ways in which we deal with information that is inconsistent with a stereotype are

A)microstereotyping and macrostereotyping
B)subgrouping and subtyping
C)microgrouping and macrogrouping
D)substereotyping and subgrouping

Question 59

Allport believed that effects of victimization were reducible to two basic types-those that involve ______________ and those that involve ______________.

A)blaming yourself; blaming external causes
B)breaking down; fighting back
C)denial; acceptance
D)fighting; fleeing

Question 60

Stereotype threat refers to

A)the greater likelihood that minority groups will be negatively stereotyped.
B)the tendency for stereotypes to change over time.
C)the tendency for stereotyping to lead to prejudice and discrimination.
D)a disruptive concern that one's behaviour will verify a negative stereotype.

Question 61

People often evaluate individuals more ______________ than the groups they compose.

A)negatively
B)positively
C)carefully
D)simplistically

Question 62

Research by Nelson and his colleagues (1990)showed that people judge men to be taller than women even when their heights are equal.The participants' judgments were ______________ when they were offered rewards for accuracy.

A)unchanged
B)more accurate
C)less accurate
D)reversed

Question 63

According to the text,______________ are more likely to occur among ______________.

A)denials of personal disadvantage; employed people
B)denials of personal disadvantage; out-of-the-closet lesbians
C)denials of personal disadvantage; Canadian majorities
D)denials of personal advantage; unemployed people

Question 64

______________ stereotypes colour our judgments of individuals as well as groups.

A)Mild
B)Medium
C)Strong
D)Some

Question 65

Most women believe that sex discrimination

A)has affected them personally.
B)affects most working women.
C)do not deny feeling personally discriminated against.
D)affects all women.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?

A)Stereotypes shape evaluations of a group as a whole and all its individual members.
B)Positive stereotypes disrupt performance and negative stereotypes facilitate it.
C)People often evaluate individuals more positively than the groups they compose.
D)Stereotypes have minimal impact on judgments of others.

Question 67

Negatively valued ethnic groups,the physically handicapped,and the facially disfigured have

A)low self-esteem.
B)as high or higher self-esteem than those that don't have to face these challenges.
C)moderate self-esteem.
D)extremely low self-esteem.

Question 68

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Stereotype threat can have positive or negative effects on performance.
B)Stereotype threat causes stress,which interferes with functioning in the brain.
C)Stereotype threat is observed mainly among women and minorities.
D)Stereotype threat can cause the individual to disidentify with the stereotyped domain.

Question 69

Bond and his colleagues found that,after getting to know their patients,White psychiatric nurses put Black patients in physical restraints ______________ often (as compared with White patients).

A)more
B)less
C)equally
D)twice as

Question 70

According to research conducted by Kunda and Sinclair,when University of Waterloo students received positive feedback from a "manager," his race ______________,but when they received negative feedback,they saw a ______________ manager as less competent than a ______________ manager.

A)mattered; Black; White
B)did not matter; Black; White
C)mattered; White; Black
D)did not matter; White; Black

Question 71

Darley and Gross showed that when _____ are strong and the information about someone is ambiguous,____ can subtly bias our judgments of individuals.

A)prejudices; ambiguous; stereotypes
B)stereotypes; ambiguous; stereotypes
C)prejudice; strong prejudice
D)stereotypes; strong; stereotypes

Question 72

According to research by Sinclair and Kunda,when students get good grades they tend to like their professors.However,when students get bad grades,they are especially harsh on their ______________ professors.

A)male
B)female
C)attractive
D)unattractive

Question 73

Attributing the negative evaluations you face in public to prejudice will result in

A)depression.
B)anxiety.
C)intact self-esteem.
D)lower self-esteem.

Question 74

Research by Locksley and her colleagues found that expectations of a target person's assertiveness were ______________ by knowing the person's sex.

A)not affected
B)affected
C)delayed
D)conflicted

Question 75

According to research,in response to a specific negative event,believing that the event was due to prejudice

A)can protect one's self-esteem.
B)can hurt one's self-esteem.
C)is unlikely to affect one's self-esteem.
D)does not influence one's self-esteem in any way.

Question 76

We evaluate people more ______________ when their behaviour ______________ our stereotypes.

A)fairly; violates
B)extremely; supports
C)extremely; violates
D)fairly; supports

Question 77

What is the overall effect of negative and positive stereotypes on performance?

A)Positive stereotypes facilitate performance whereas negative stereotypes disrupt performance.
B)Positive stereotypes disrupt performance whereas negative stereotypes facilitate performance.
C)Positive stereotypes facilitate performance whereas negative stereotypes do not affect performance.
D)Negative stereotypes disrupt performance whereas positive stereotypes do not affect performance.

Question 78

According to research,people who face prejudice are vigilant to the possibility that others may discriminate against them and this vigilance

A)helps protect their self-esteem.
B)makes them prone to discriminate against others.
C)creates self-ambiguity.
D)negatively affects their self-esteem.

Question 79

Groups that experience prejudice protect their self-esteem by attributing the negative evaluations they face in specific situations to ______________.

A)the law of averages
B)displacement
C)prejudice
D)mental illness

Question 80

______________ information usually overwhelms the effect of ______________ information.

A)Base-rate; vivid
B)Vivid; base-rate
C)Gender; ethnicity
D)Ethnicity; gender