Deck 10: Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Question 1

Research has demonstrated that experiencing social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by

A)fear.
B)depression.
C)anger.
D)physical pain.

Answer 1

physical pain.

Question 2

You feel ambivalent about your brother's new girlfriend,but you want to like her.According to the text you should

A)think about pleasant conversations you could have with the girlfriend when you next see her.
B)think about how much you liked your brother's last girlfriend.
C)talk to your mother about the girlfriend.
D)think about all the things you dislike about her and tell yourself that they are unimportant.

Answer 2

think about pleasant conversations you could have with the girlfriend when you next see her.

Question 3

According to the text,if you just moved to a new place where you don't know anybody and you are an extravert,it is likely you will make friends with

A)Brian,your next-door neighbour.
B)John,a chemistry major who lives across campus.
C)Michael,an introvert who lives on the next floor.
D)Stuart,a student who lives off campus and who loves dogs.

Answer 3

Brian,your next-door neighbour.

Question 4

Functional distance refers to

A)the distance needed after a break up.
B)the distance between residences "as the crow flies."
C)how often people's paths cross.
D)the direction and route of travel one undertakes when deliberately seeking out a given person.

Question 5

Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates

A)will most likely become friends.
B)will likely be unhappy about the assignment and come to dislike each other.
C)are as likely to become enemies as they are to become friends.
D)will show initial attraction that fades over time.

Question 6

According to the textbook,in social relations,ostracism refers to

A)the need to belong to a group.
B)the act of excluding or ignoring an individual or individuals.
C)the motivation to bond with others
D)the avoidance of social relationship.

Question 7

One factor that will increase the likelihood of a friendship developing is

A)the degree to which their interests compliment yours.
B)how often your paths cross.
C)avoiding repetitious exposure.
D)belonging to a similar socio-economic status.

Question 8

Twenge and her colleagues found that

A)people who feel socially excluded are not only more likely to engage in self-defeating behaviours but are also more likely to disparage or deliver a blast of noise to someone who had insulted them.
B)people who feel socially excluded become humbled by the experience and express kindness to those who push them away.
C)people who feel socially excluded respond calmly to the exclusion and accept the outcome as it unfolds.
D)people who feel socially excluded are less likely to steal and cheat.

Question 9

The mere-exposure effect refers to

A)the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them.
B)the novelty phenomenon.
C)display liking.
D)proactive stimulation.

Question 10

Anticipatory liking-expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible-increases the chance of

A)becoming involved in an inequitable relationship.
B)a dysfunctional,co-dependent relationship.
C)being exploited in the early stages of a relationship.
D)a rewarding relationship.

Question 11

Rachel notices that the woman ahead of her in line at the grocery store is the same woman who she saw at the mailbox that morning.The next day,on her way to work,Rachel sees the same woman coming out of the new apartment building across the street.According to ___________,Rachel has a good chance of ______________ this woman.

A)the reward theory of attraction; becoming a romantic rival of
B)the idea of functional distance; becoming friends with
C)the contrast effect; comparing herself to this woman
D)the derived emotion theory; feeling good when she sees

Question 12

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing,positive interactions is the definition for

A)association anxiety.
B)the need for attachment.
C)the need to belong.
D)affiliative predisposition.

Question 13

According to Zajonc's studies on the mere exposure effect,

A)novel stimuli are liked more after they have been repeatedly introduced.
B)novel stimuli elicit anxiety even when repeatedly introduced.
C)novel stimuli are always liked upon being introduced.
D)novel stimuli are extremely intimidating.

Question 14

The text suggests that our tendency to like people with whom we need to have continuing interactions,even though we may not have chosen them

A)short-circuits critical thinking.
B)leads to inefficient use of time.
C)is adaptive.
D)demonstrates how the need to belong becomes dysfunctional.

Question 15

According to Williams's study of ostracism in social relation,cyberostracism means

A)finding friends on the Internet.
B)feeling attachment to others on the Internet.
C)feeling ignored in a chat room or when our email goes unanswered.
D)avoiding social interaction on the Internet.

Question 16

Williams and colleagues (2011)found that "cyberostracism" (feeling ignored in a chat room or when your email is not answered)led to

A)social pain.
B)aggression.
C)hysteria.
D)confabulation.

Question 17

If you are new in the office and want to make new friends,your best bet is to get a desk

A)that is smaller than that of anyone else.
B)in the quietest corner of the office.
C)near the coffeepot.
D)next to the air conditioner.

Question 18

Spencer just moved to Vancouver from Halifax to start his bachelor's degree.He doesn't know anyone in Vancouver,and has a hard time making friends because he is so shy.He really misses his friends and family from back home and finds himself thinking of them often.He starts to feel lonely and depressed and withdraws more from his new surroundings.This example best demonstrates

A)how depression can result from social ostracism.
B)that relocation can be difficult depending on personality.
C)the power of the need to belong and the feelings experienced when this need is unmet.
D)that proximity is not the strongest predictor of friendships.

Question 19

The need for mutual attachments meant survival for our ancestors.This need

A)is at the core of our existence and thus is characteristic of people everywhere.
B)is largely a 20^th century motive that is most evident in industrialized societies.
C)is a learned motive that serves our more fundamental need for self-esteem.
D)conflicts with our more basic need to survive.

Question 20

Darley and Berscheid gave university women ambiguous information about two other women.When asked how much they liked each other,the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

A)expected they would probably not meet.
B)expected they would eventually meet.
C)had read about first.
D)had read about second.

Question 21

The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates

A)the belongingness effect.
B)the proximity effect.
C)the mere-exposure effect.
D)the matching effect.

Question 22

A university student notices that an election for school president is being held.He has seen posters for L.V.Smith around campus,but he doesn't know anything else about the candidates who are running.He will likely choose the candidate named L.V.Smith instead of the one named W.P.Daoust because of

A)the mere-exposure effect.
B)his preference for men over women.
C)his reactance against his need for originality.
D)own-race preference.

Question 23

Elaine Hatfield and her coworkers matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a "Welcome Week" computer dance.When the students were asked to evaluate their dates,what determined whether they liked each other?

A)similarity of values
B)similarity of academic competence
C)physical attractiveness
D)common family background

Question 24

The owners of a new dating service for men and women want to avoid the superficiality of photographs and physical descriptions,and match people based only on their scores on personality and aptitude tests.Given your knowledge of predicting attraction,what do you advise?

A)The owners should match potential partners by using reliable measures of personality.
B)The owners should match people based on their incomes because people are attracted to similar others.
C)The owners should match people based on the subjects they study in school.
D)The owners should match people based on their attractiveness because people tend to pair off with equally attractive others.

Question 25

If Taline wanted to increase the likelihood that her teacher would like her essay,she could use the mere-exposure effect in this way:

A)Make sure that the teacher graded a really good paper before she read Taline's essay.
B)Make sure that the teacher graded a really bad paper before she read Taline's essay.
C)Ask her teacher to proofread her paper a few days before the teacher reads it for grading.
D)Taline should submit her essay printed in a fancy font,preferably on coloured paper.

Question 26

The fact that there are a disproportionate number of dentists named Dennis or Denise,and that Toronto has an excess of people whose last names begin with "Tor," demonstrates what phenomenon?

A)the naming effect.
B)the mere-exposure effect.
C)the familiarity effect.
D)the justification effect.

Question 27

According to research,

A)good physical matches may NOT be conducive to good relationships.
B)couples who were more similar in physical attractiveness were more likely,nine weeks later,to have fallen more deeply in love.
C)married couples are more closely matched for attractiveness.
D)married couples are typically not closely matched for attractiveness.

Question 28

Men who place a personal ad that emphasizes their income and education

A)receive more responses to their ads.
B)receive fewer responses to their ads.
C)are rated as less desirable by women.
D)are more likely to attract unattractive women.

Question 29

Robert Zajonc found that the mere-exposure effect works with which of the following stimuli?

A)meaningful words
B)people's names
C)musical selections
D)names of cities.

Question 30

On the basis of his research on the mere-exposure effect,Robert Zajonc argues that our emotions are often more _______________ than our thinking.

A)sophisticated
B)instantaneous
C)slowly aroused
D)complex

Question 31

A political campaign booklet seems to be applying the _____________ when it says,"Repetition breeds familiarity and familiarity breeds trust."

A)matching phenomenon
B)mere-exposure effect
C)equity principle
D)disclosure reciprocity effect

Question 32

In experiments by Robert Zajonc and his coworkers,participants were exposed to brief,novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks.Results indicated that mere exposure leads to liking

A)only when the exposed stimulus is task-related.
B)only when people are consciously attending to the exposed stimulus.
C)even when people are unaware of what they have been exposed to.
D)unless background stimuli create a distraction and interfere with the processing of the task.

Question 33

Researchers provide men and women students with various pieces of information about someone of the other sex,including a picture of the person or a brief introduction,and later ask them how interested they are in dating the participant.Results show that

A)women are as influenced by a man's looks as men are by a woman's.
B)men are somewhat more influenced by a woman's looks than women are by a man's.
C)women are somewhat more influenced by a man's looks than men are by a woman's.
D)men are influenced by a woman's looks,while women are not influenced at all by a man's looks.

Question 34

The mere-exposure effect will be stronger

A)when people perceive stimuli without awareness.
B)if the repetitions are incessant rather than distributed over time.
C)if one's initial reactions to the stimulus are negative.
D)for animate than for inanimate objects.

Question 35

A young woman's physical attractiveness is a moderately good predictor of

A)how frequently she dates.
B)high grades at educational institutions.
C)her happiness at her job.
D)high economic status.

Question 36

The tendency for men and women to choose as partners that are a good fit in attractiveness and other traits defines the

A)attractiveness phenomenon.
B)matching phenomenon.
C)mere exposure effect.
D)mirror-image phenomenon.

Question 37

Which of the following principles is supported by the research on social attraction?

A)Familiarity breeds fondness
B)Opposites attract
C)Beauty times brains equals a constant
D)Absence makes the heart grow fonder

Question 38

Some stranger rides the same bus as you do to school every day.According to the mere-exposure effect,as the days pass you will come to view the stranger

A)merely as another student.
B)more unfavourably.
C)more critically.
D)more favourably.

Question 39

Zajonc has demonstrated that the more times people see a foreign word,the more likely they are

A)to say it means something good.
B)to say it means something bad.
C)to dislike the word once they find out what it means.
D)to like the word,but only after they find out what it means.

Question 40

When Mita,Dermer,and Knight showed female students and their close friends,photographs of the students and asked them to state their preferences among them,they found that the students themselves liked the _____ photographs best.

A)black-and-white
B)color
C)mirror-image
D)true-image

Question 41

Studies of computer composites of faces show that

A)perfectly average is quite attractive.
B)perfectly average is quite unattractive.
C)modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive.
D)perfectly average is difficult on the eyes.

Question 42

Evolutionary psychology suggests that males prefer youthful female characteristics that signify

A)inexperience.
B)sexual desire.
C)reproductive capacity.
D)attractiveness.

Question 43

Mary is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale),but Liz is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale).Research suggests that if Mary makes $35,000 a year on her job,Liz will probably make ____________ doing the same job.

A)$33,000
B)$35,000
C)$37,000
D)$70,000

Question 44

According to evolutionary psychology,in general,men prefer women

A)with external resources and capable of providing physical protection.
B)with attractive physical features and a healthy appearance.
C)who exhibit aggressive behaviour.
D)who are jealous.

Question 45

Daniel is in a psychology experiment,where he is shown a bunch of words as stimuli and is supposed to categorize them as "good" or "bad" as quickly as possible.Although he doesn't know it,he is also very briefly (below the threshold of perception)shown an image of an attractive or unattractive face prior to the presentation of each word.What type of face will be associated with the fastest response time for "good" words?

A)attractive
B)unattractive
C)both faces will increase reaction time due to the facial priming effect.
D)both faces will decrease reaction time and will interfere with word processing.

Question 46

According to the text,attractiveness probably most affects

A)long-term romantic relationships.
B)first impressions.
C)the likelihood of academic success.
D)co-habiting couples rather than married couples.

Question 47

Which of these situations contradicts the physical attractiveness stereotype?

A)Eve finds that her classmates listen more carefully to her opinions after she had her nose straightened.
B)Chris did not have time to shave,comb his hair,or dress nicely before arriving to teach his first social psychology class.He notices that his students seem inattentive.
C)Shannon is not physically attractive but is very happy.Few people believe her when she says how happy she is.
D)Students listen attentively to a blind guest speaker's motivating speech.

Question 48

Kellick had students indicate their impressions of eight women,judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery,and found that

A)pre-surgery women were judged to be more genuine,honest,and appealing.
B)post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.
C)pre-surgery women were judged to be more intelligent and competent.
D)post-surgery women were judged to be more independent and insensitive.

Question 49

Small average differences between attractive and unattractive people in areas like self-confidence and social skills are probably the result of

A)self-fulfilling prophecies.
B)personality traits that are genetically linked with physical appearance.
C)psychological reactance to social expectations.
D)social and economic differences in family background.

Question 50

According to the text,people across cultures tend to ___________ in terms of who is and is not attractive.

A)agree
B)disagree
C)strongly agree
D)strongly disagree

Question 51

If physically dominant males gain more access to females,over many generations,this will serve to enhance male aggression and dominance.This is an explanation of sex differences in behaviour that would be favored by

A)aggression theorists.
B)anthropologists.
C)biological psychologists.
D)evolutionary psychologists.

Question 52

According to research,______________ is quite attractive,and what's attractive therefore feels ______________ than what's atypical and unattractive.

A)perfectly average; more familiar
B)below average; more familiar
C)above average; more familiar
D)above average; less familiar

Question 53

The preference for those who are physically attractive is evident among

A)adults judging adults.
B)children judging adults.
C)babies gazing at other babies.
D)adults judging children.

Question 54

Evolutionary psychologists have found that physical strength and dominance in men has been important in the past,but today's women prefer men ____________________.

A)who are sensitive
B)with high incomes
C)who are intelligent
D)who are proportionate

Question 55

According to evolutionary psychology,sex differences in male and female behaviour is related to

A)mating and reproduction.
B)male and females' different mental capability.
C)male and females' adaptation with nature.
D)male and females' different social roles.

Question 56

Clifford and Walster showed fifth-grade teachers identical information about a boy or girl,with the photograph attached of an attractive or unattractive child.The teachers judged _____ as being _____.

A)attractive children; more honest and concerned about others
B)unattractive children; more independent and assertive
C)attractive children; more intelligent and successful in school
D)unattractive children; less popular but probably harder workers and better students

Question 57

The physical-attractiveness stereotype refers to the idea that

A)what is beautiful is good.
B)beauty is only skin deep.
C)beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
D)beauty fades,personality lasts.

Question 58

Cross-cultural research on attractiveness has indicated that

A)culture is the strongest factor in dictating definitions of attractiveness.
B)variations in who is attractive reflect the diversity of each particular culture.
C)there is strong agreement within and across cultures about who is and is not attractive.
D)culture has no influence on attractiveness over individual preferences.

Question 59

Which of the following traits is not assumed of physically attractive people?

A)intelligence
B)happiness
C)sexual warmth
D)honesty

Question 60

Evolutionary psychology suggests that _______________ gain more access to females.

A)more passionate males
B)more intelligent males
C)more attractive males
D)more physically dominant males

Question 61

According to Norman Li's study of how we screen potential mates,the similarity between genders was that both men and women seek

A)physical attraction.
B)kindness and intelligence.
C)a younger mate.
D)a more jealous mate.

Question 62

At a party,Ellie meets Rob and Blake.The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening.By the end of the evening,she has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye,whereas she and Rob see things differently.All else equal,Ellie will probably

A)like Rob better.
B)like Blake better.
C)like Rob and Blake equally.
D)like a stranger she merely anticipates meeting,more than either Rob or Blake.

Question 63

Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him.According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,

A)Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.
B)Jen probably finds Stan to be less attractive today than the day she married him.
C)Stan probably finds Jen less attractive today than the day he married her.
D)Stan and Jen probably see each other as equally attractive.

Question 64

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that men are motivated to attain and display the sort of status and resources that

A)society asks of them.
B)they feel their family will approve of.
C)women will find attractive.
D)make them less likely to be ostracized by the group.

Question 65

To men who have recently been viewing pornographic material,average women seem _______ attractive,thereby confirming the _______.

A)more; contrast effect
B)more; mere exposure effect
C)less; contrast effect
D)less; mere exposure effect

Question 66

Based on research concerning the link between love and perceived attractiveness,one might say,"The grass may be greener on the other side,but happy gardeners are

A)less likely to notice."
B)not interested in grass."
C)always flitting from flower to flower."
D)the most critical gardeners of all."

Question 67

Berscheid and colleagues asked students how much they liked the people who had evaluated them.They found that students liked a rater who had said eight positive things about them _________,compared to another rater who had said seven positive things and one negative thing about them.

A)much less
B)slightly less
C)about the same
D)more

Question 68

Men everywhere tend to marry younger women.Evolutionary psychologists believe that it shows natural selection,which predisposes men to feel attracted to female features associated with

A)beauty.
B)external appearance.
C)physical shape.
D)fertility.

Question 69

According to the text,the contrast effect that makes average people feel homely in the company of beautiful people; it makes __________ people more conscious of their __________ in the company of cheerful people.

A)happy; misery
B)sad; misery
C)sad; happiness
D)happy; happiness

Question 70

There is no research that demonstrates ______________,despite the concept's popularity,but plenty of research that demonstrates ______________ effect.

A)the mere-exposure effect; the anticipation of interaction
B)the complementarity hypothesis; the mere-exposure
C)the contrast effect; the proximity
D)the anticipation of interaction; the complementarity

Question 71

In general,dissimilar attitudes ________ liking more than similar attitudes ________ it.

A)enhance; depress
B)depress; enhance
C)encourage; discourage
D)create; prevent

Question 72

Shantelle has just finished watching the Miss Universe beauty pageant before heading out to dinner with her friends.When she checks her appearance in the mirror,she decides to change because she feels fat and doesn't think she looks good.Shantelle's self-perception is most likely due to

A)the proximity effect.
B)the evolutionary pressures on beauty.
C)the contrast effect.
D)the social facilitation hypothesis.

Question 73

According to research,

A)most people feel attracted to intellectual people.
B)non-depressed people prefer the company of happy people.
C)most people feel attracted to introverted people.
D)sad people cheer up in the company of cheerful people.

Question 74

Which of the following proverbs is clearly not supported by the research findings?

A)"Opposites attract."
B)"Familiarity breeds fondness."
C)"Out of sight,out of mind."
D)"Even virtue is fairer in a fair body."

Question 75

At a party a good host will introduce strangers by telling them each other's names and indicating something that they have in common.This demonstrates use of the

A)likeness-leads-to-liking phenomenon.
B)social facilitation effect.
C)differential sensibility phenomenon.
D)social exchange theory.

Question 76

Which of the following proverbs finds greatest support in the research on social attraction?

A)"Familiarity breeds contempt."
B)"Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
C)"You can't tell a book by its cover."
D)"Birds of a feather flock together."

Question 77

Research has found that both men and women prefer ___________________ that suggests health and vigour.

A)clear skin
B)a waist-to-hip ratio
C)a muscular physique
D)minimal body fat

Question 78

According to the _______________ hypothesis,people are attracted to those whose needs are different in ways that they complete each other.

A)accentuation
B)matching
C)complementarity
D)reciprocity

Question 79

Carla went to a male strip bar one afternoon and then left to meet a man she'd just started to date.When she met her date,she felt disappointed in his __________,likely due to the ___________.

A)intelligence; herd mentality.
B)attractiveness; contrast effect.
C)attentiveness; social facilitation hypothesis.
D)attractiveness; sheer proximity.

Question 80

Partners may overestimate their attitude similarities due to a phenomenon called

A)the similarity hypothesis.
B)the contrast effect.
C)attitude alignment.
D)likeness-leads-to-liking effect.