Deck 7: Crime and Deviance

Question 1

Shopping on the internet results in disintermediation and is having a major impact on the structure of organizations that sell consumer goods and services.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

That fast-food restaurants are dehumanizing for both customers and employees suggests the irrationalities of rationality.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The ability to coordinate network activities has been weak compared to bureaucratic organization.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Three of the major problems of bureaucracies are inefficiency and rigidity; resistance to change; and perpetuation of gender,race,and class inequalities.

Question 5

Asymmetrical warfare refers to attacks by small groups of people who usually do not represent states or governments upon much larger and stronger opponents.

Question 6

Solomon Asch found that pressure to conform is stronger in dyads than in groups of six.

Question 7

Bureaucrats may be inflexible because they fear criticism or liability if they do not follow the rules closely.

Question 8

A social group is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another,share a sense of belonging,and have a feeling of interdependence.

Question 9

Traditional management theories are based on the assumption that people are cooperative and interpersonal relationships should be nurtured.

Question 10

Goal displacement occurs when administrators overconform to the rules because their expertise is knowledge of the regulations.

Question 11

When the size of the group increases,the number of possible social interactions increases.

Question 12

The Milgram experiment has shown that most people socialized in democratic societies will resist authority when asked to harm innocent strangers.

Question 13

Conformity refers to following direct orders from someone in authority.

Question 14

The rejection of rational-legal authority and the acceptance of traditional authority as the basis of conduct led to the growth of bureaucratic organizations.

Question 15

McDonaldization is primarily a North American phenomenon.

Question 16

Pressure to conform is especially strong in large groups.

Question 17

According to functionalists,groups serve to meet our instrumental and expressive needs.

Question 18

Formal organizations are primary groups,but they also contain many secondary groups within them.

Question 19

Max Weber believed that using a bureaucratic approach was an inefficient way to run a large organization.

Question 20

An organization's informal structure comprises aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore or bypass official rules and procedures.

Question 21

What does the text call a group composed of people whom an individual uses to evaluate his or her situation or conduct?

A) primary group
B) work group
C) formal organization
D) reference group

Question 22

Who advanced the classic conception of a bureaucracy and argued that it was an efficient way for a modern society to conduct its business?

A) Stanley Milgram
B) Solomon Asch
C) Max Weber
D) Mark Granovetter

Question 23

Internet commerce is likely to decrease in the future since well-educated people with high incomes are reluctant to purchase goods over the Internet.

Question 24

What did Weber assert could establish authority within an organization and offer clear-cut standards for determining satisfactory performance?

A) qualification-based forms of employment
B) rules and regulations
C) strict management structures
D) probationary periods

Question 25

A highly structured group designed to achieve explicit objectives is the sociological definition for which of the following?

A) a social institution
B) a rationalized system
C) an organizational environment
D) a formal organization

Question 26

Gavin is an avid Facebook user,and decided to investigate the social connectedness of people around the world.While analyzing a data set of instant messages composed of 40 billion conversations among 260 million people,his roommate Scott predicted the answer.Gavin was amazed when he discovered that Scott was right.What figure did Scott predict?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24

Question 27

Max Weber's research preoccupation with bureaucracies focused on the behaviour of worker networks and triads.

Question 28

Closed-mindedness and rationalization are both symptoms of groupthink.

Question 29

What is a potential consequence of Phyllis belonging to a monthly book club,the parent-teacher association at her son's school,and the safety committee at her work?

A) She will keep all the group attachments she makes over her life.
B) She may receive conflicting messages about how she should view herself.
C) She will accept the values of only one group.
D) She may refuse to acknowledge reference groups as a source of anticipatory socialization.

Question 30

Ritzer argues that McDonald's restaurants embody the principles of rationalization and establish a model that is emulated by many other organizations.

Question 31

The experimenter in Stanley Milgram's experiment indicated that the teacher should give increasingly painful shocks.What percentage of the teachers administered shocks all the way to the maximum of 450 volts?

A) between 10 and 20 percent
B) between 21 and 40 percent
C) between 41 and 60 percent
D) over 60 percent

Question 32

Stanley Milgram's experiments would be easily replicated today at most universities in Canada or the United States.

Question 33

Hierarchical authority takes the form of an upside-down pyramid.

Question 34

Bureaucratic rigidity can impede information flow within and between large-scale organizations.

Question 35

Networks have always had an advantage over other organizational forms because they are very agile and can quickly adapt to new circumstances.

Question 36

Ethnocentrism is a possible outcome of creating ingroup and outgroup distinctions.

Question 37

Suppose a person does not belong and perhaps even feels a sense of competitiveness or hostility toward others.What kind of group is this person likely a part of?

A) an ingroup
B) an outgroup
C) a secondary group
D) a reference group

Question 38

Ingroup members may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility within their group.

Question 39

Approaching the study of organizations using the ideas of Weber,what were bureaucracies intended to do for organizations?

A) establish more red tape and less irrationality
B) provide a loophole for "buck-passing"
C) make organizations more productive and efficient
D) reduce rules and paperwork

Question 40

According to several research studies,what may lead group members to say they see something that is contradictory to what they are actually seeing or to do something they would otherwise be unwilling to do?

A) leadership
B) conformity
C) compliance
D) goal displacement

Question 41

What is NOT a feature of secondary groups?

A) large
B) specialized
C) long-term
D) goal-oriented

Question 42

Your sociology professor asked you to write a short paragraph about the relationship between primary and secondary groups.Which statement is most likely to appear in your short essay?

A) Formal organizations are secondary groups and have no primary groups within them.
B) All secondary groups are approximately the same size.
C) There are no significant others in primary groups,but secondary groups have significant others.
D) A secondary group may eventually form a primary group.

Question 43

Policies that ensure supportive environments for members of disadvantaged groups are one strategy to deal with what problem of bureaucracies?

A) resistance to change
B) inefficiency and rigidity
C) oligarchy
D) exclusion from social networks

Question 44

Which term refers to the process of maintaining or changing behaviour to comply with norms?

A) cohesion
B) distinction
C) conformity
D) hierarchy

Question 45

The "jocks" and the members of the chess club at a local high school seldom speak to one another.Which terms best reflect this situation?

A) I and me
B) us and them
C) you and them
D) primary groups and secondary groups

Question 46

Building on Weber's analysis of bureaucracies,George Ritzer argues that society is now undergoing McDonaldization-a new kind of rationalization process.What is NOT a component of McDonaldization?

A) capitulation
B) calculability
C) efficiency
D) predictability

Question 47

Logan is surfing the Web when he decides to look up as many people as possible who share his birthdate of May 24,1998.What do Logan and these people form?

A) a primary group
B) an ingroup
C) a secondary group
D) a category

Question 48

Based on the findings of Milgram's experiment,what would you be most likely to obey?

A) fellow student
B) employer
C) politician
D) employee

Question 49

What term did sociologist Charles H.Cooley use to describe a small,less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face,emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time?

A) a secondary group
B) a significant other
C) a secondary group
D) a primary group

Question 50

Why would it be so difficult to replicate the research by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram today?

A) People today are much less likely to conform to an authority.
B) It would be unlikely that such research would obtain ethics approval.
C) These studies work only in the United States,not in Canada.
D) Men are less likely to conform than women.

Question 51

What term denotes a collection of people who are walking through a city park on a Sunday afternoon in July?

A) an informal organization
B) an aggregate
C) a category
D) a secondary group

Question 52

What characteristic of bureaucracy is demonstrated in the standardized test scores for admission to graduate and professional schools across North America?

A) qualification-based employment
B) bureaucratic rules and regulations
C) hierarchy of authority
D) impersonality

Question 53

Who examined what he called the McDonaldization of society?

A) George Ritzer
B) Robert Michels
C) Max Weber
D) Robert Merton

Question 54

Devon prevents his personal feelings from interfering with organizational decisions.What formal characteristic of bureaucracies does this refer to?

A) emotional labour
B) impersonality
C) rules and regulations
D) hierarchy of authority

Question 55

Some difficult cuts had to be made in the school budget and everyone on the board knew there had to be consensus on the decisions.Even though many members disagreed with certain recommendations,each one received either unanimous support or defeat,and no one offered conflicting viewpoints.Which concept is best reflected by this example?

A) group apathy
B) groupthink
C) group decision making
D) group compliance

Question 56

How many social interactions are possible in a group of six?

A) 6
B) 10
C) 15
D) 21

Question 57

Kanter found that bureaucratic workers faced difficulties when they failed to fit what?

A) good worker ideology
B) the white male stereotype
C) the black female stereotype
D) the myth of the bureaucratic ideal

Question 58

In large organizations,why is it likely that organization heads (CEOs)often have no idea what is happening on the front lines?

A) because most CEOs focus their attention on different kinds of organizational operations
B) because most employees are not honest about the gap between their organization's mandate and what they actually do
C) because most employees do not know what the real mandate of their organization is,so they do not report relevant information to CEOs
D) because people who work on the front lines of an organization have little,if any,direct contact with CEOs,so information is lost or distorted as it moves upward

Question 59

According to Weber's ideal characteristics of bureaucracies,on what basis should the hiring of new employees be done?

A) ascribed status only
B) specific qualifications
C) subjective factors only
D) random selection,in order to ensure fairness

Question 60

Which of the following statements best reflects the symbolic interactionist perspective on groups?

A) Groups help people meet their instrumental and expressive needs.
B) Groups reproduce inequality by failing to meet every member's needs.
C) Groups tend to be shallow and superficial.
D) Group size influences the kind of exchanges that take place between members.

Question 61

Several employees at a local printing company routinely take 1.5-hour lunch breaks rather than the 50 minutes stated in their contract.This is an example of what characteristic of bureaucracy?

A) rules and regulations
B) work culture
C) informal structure
D) casual nature

Question 62

In Stanley Milgram's experiment,what role did the real participants end up in?

A) teacher
B) learner
C) victim
D) experimenter

Question 63

When a group has four group members,how many social interactions are possible?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 12

Question 64

A student told all of his friends a wrong answer for a subjective test question just before the test.The substitute teacher could find no reference to the answer in the textbook,but since 10 students in the class had put the same answer,he figured it must be right and marked it correct.What social phenomena is this an example of?

A) efficiency
B) subjectivity
C) objectivity
D) conformity

Question 65

Which term refers to a group that a person belongs to and that gives them a sense of identity?

A) ingroup
B) reference group
C) outgroup
D) primary group

Question 66

When Bob and Carrie get home and go to their daughter's room to say goodnight,what kind of interaction group do they form in her bedroom?

A) a dyad
B) a trio
C) a triad
D) a family

Question 67

Christopher attends a large university and knows very few people in his classes.In his sociology class,however,he was required to meet weekly with a group of three other people to work on a term project.For the remaining three years of their studies,they kept meeting weekly at the local pub to discuss classes and life at university.What type of social group do Christopher and the others make?

A) a primary group
B) a secondary group
C) a reference group
D) an interest group

Question 68

What were participants led to believe in Asch's conformity experiments?

A) They were participating in a study of visual perception.
B) They were administering potentially harmful electric shocks to another participant in a learner condition.
C) They would be training undergraduate women to use a computer.
D) They were joining a normative organization in order to pursue some common interest.

Question 69

How many contacts on average did it take for the letters to reach the intended recipient in Milgram's study?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8

Question 70

Laurie struggles to fit in with the popular girls at her school.What kind of group is Laurie in?

A) an ingroup
B) an outgroup
C) a secondary group
D) a reference group

Question 71

Who coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups?

A) Émile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) William Graham Sumner
D) Charles H.Cooley

Question 72

Which sociologist set forth the formal characteristics of bureaucratic organizations?

A) Irving Janis
B) Solomon Asch
C) Karl Marx
D) Max Weber

Question 73

According to Pryor and McKinney's research,what happened when the trainers were led to believe that sexual harassment was condoned?

A) Ninety percent took full advantage of the situation when left alone with the woman.
B) Fifty percent took full advantage of the situation when left alone with the woman.
C) Twenty-five percent took full advantage of the situation when left alone with the woman.
D) Fewer than 10 percent took full advantage of the situation when left alone with the woman.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of ingroup and outgroup distinctions?

A) sexual harassment
B) racial discrimination
C) ethnocentrism
D) vertical authority structure

Question 75

When are the dangers of groupthink the greatest?

A) when the group is large
B) when the group is under pressure
C) when the group has only recently been formed
D) when the group is in conflict

Question 76

Who conducted experiments on conformity using perception of line lengths and group judgments?

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Stanley Milgram
C) George Ritzer
D) Solomon Asch

Question 77

What term did George Ritzer coin to describe the process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society?

A) McDonaldization
B) efficiency
C) calculability
D) fast-food era

Question 78

Using Weberian analysis,why was a bureaucracy the most efficient means of attaining organizational goals?

A) It contributed to coordination and control.
B) It was irrational.
C) It was fast paced and reduced the need for micromanagement.
D) It reduced control.

Question 79

What kind of division of labour does a bureaucracy have?

A) flexible
B) non-existent
C) specialized
D) vertical authority structure

Question 80

Suppose a discussion takes place in your sociology class about the relationship between change and bureaucracy.Which of the following is most likely to be noted about this relationship?

A) Most bureaucracies are resistant to change but must adapt to it in order to survive.
B) Organizations that resist change opting to continue "what works," will flourish.
C) New organizational models will not compete well with traditional,well-established practices.
D) Organizations that resist change will definitely not survive.