Deck 1: The Sociological Perspective

Question 1

Karl Marx focused on the exploitation and oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to Émile Durkheim,conflict is necessary to produce social change and a better society.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Symbolic interactionists are most interested in objective reality when analyzing a situation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Sociology does not share any similarities with other social sciences such as anthropology,psychology,economics,and political science.

Question 5

Sociology promotes understanding and tolerance by enabling each of us to look beyond our personal experiences.

Question 6

According to symbolic interactionism,what we consider to be "reality" is always shared.

Question 7

C.Wright Mills coined the phrase "sociological imagination" to describe sociological reasoning.

Question 8

Most high-income countries offer a high standard of living and a lower death rate due to good nutrition and advances in medical technology.

Question 9

Karl Marx believed that the working class would eventually become aware of its exploitation,overthrow the capitalists,and establish a free and classless society.

Question 10

Sociologists study human societies and their social interactions in order to develop theories of how human behaviour is shaped by group life.

Question 11

The conflict perspectives primarily examine people's day-to-day interactions and their behaviour in groups.

Question 12

The feminist perspective is only concerned with macrolevel issues connected to patriarchy.

Question 13

Sociologists rely on both commonsense knowledge and scientific standards to study society and social interaction.

Question 14

Max Weber contended that values could not be separated from the research process.

Question 15

According to Marx,the proletariat includes those who own and control the means of production.

Question 16

Georg Simmel's ultimate concern was to protect the autonomy of the individual in society.

Question 17

Feminist perspectives criticize sociology for not acknowledging the experiences of women.

Question 18

Dorothy Smith argues that sociological methods reflect male values.

Question 19

Sociologists attempt to discover individual differences in behaviour.

Question 20

According to Ralf Dahrendorf,power is the critical variable in explaining human behaviour.

Question 21

Comte believed that the best way to understand society was through the use of religion.

Question 22

A myth is a popular but false notion that may be used to perpetuate certain beliefs.

Question 23

Who is seen as the most crucial figure in the development of sociology as an academic discipline?

A) Karl Marx
B) Max Weber
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Auguste Comte

Question 24

Talcott Parsons stressed that all societies must make provisions for meeting social needs in order to survive.

Question 25

Which key thinker is associated with the feminist perspective?

A) Meg Luxton
B) Harriet Martineau
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Jean Baudrillard

Question 26

One criticism of social Darwinism is that it served to justify class,racial-ethnic,and gender inequalities.

Question 27

The sociological imagination refers to the ability to describe how sociologists investigate topics using scientific methods.

Question 28

Those who live in postmodern societies typically pursue individual freedom and do not want the structural constraints that are imposed by social institutions.

Question 29

A study that focuses on the economy rather than individual shopping habits is what kind of analysis?

A) macrolevel
B) microlevel
C) conflict
D) feminist

Question 30

Who are the bourgeoisie?

A) those who sell their labour in order to earn a livelihood
B) those who own and control the means of production
C) those who are opposed to the capitalist
D) those who are unemployed

Question 31

Public issues are matters beyond an individual's own control that are caused by problems at the societal level.

Question 32

Sociologists refer to making friends on the job as what type of function of work?

A) intended function
B) latent function
C) prerequisite function
D) manifest function

Question 33

The interactionists perspective focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.

Question 34

What distinguishes sociological inquiry from popular myths?

A) emotional bias
B) scientific standards
C) a concern with personal troubles and public issues
D) commonsense knowledge

Question 35

Harriet Martineau received recognition for her sociological work in her lifetime.

Question 36

During the Industrial Revolution,many people shifted from being producers to being consumers.

Question 37

Early social thinkers described how society actually was rather than what society ought to be.

Question 38

What is one finding of a microlevel feminist analysis?

A) On average,women earn less than men.
B) Men interrupt women more in conversation.
C) Women are underrepresented in federal politics.
D) Men are overrepresented at the executive level of business.

Question 39

Overspending is a public issue because people may accumulate credit cards and spend more than they can afford,thereby affecting all aspects of their lives.

Question 40

The functionalist perspective is useful in analyzing consumerism because of the way in which it examines part-to-whole relationships.

Question 41

Who is widely considered to be the founder of sociology?

A) Karl Marx
B) Herbert Spencer
C) Auguste Comte
D) Émile Durkheim

Question 42

The purpose of the law is to maintain order in society.What would a functionalist say about this?

A) This is a dysfunction of the law.
B) This is the latent function of the law.
C) This is a prerequisite function of the law.
D) This is the manifest function of the law.

Question 43

Who founded the symbolic interactionist perspective that individual behaviour is the product of social interactions with other people?

A) Dorothy Smith and Margrit Eichler
B) Karl Marx and Max Weber
C) George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer
D) Charles Horton Cooley and Georg Simmel

Question 44

Which of the following theorists advocated an evolutionary perspective on social order and change?

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Harriet Martineau
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Auguste Comte

Question 45

What kind of analysis examines whole societies,large-scale social structures,and social systems?

A) macrolevel
B) microlevel
C) interactionist
D) developmental

Question 46

Which perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable,orderly system?

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) interactionist
D) postmodern

Question 47

The statement "Money can buy happiness" is an example of what?

A) a falsehood
B) a myth
C) a misnomer
D) commonsense knowledge

Question 48

For sociologists,what serves as an overall approach to,or viewpoint on,some subject?

A) a hypothesis
B) a premise
C) a theory
D) a perspective

Question 49

England,Australia,and Denmark are examples of what kind of nation?

A) first-tier countries
B) middle-income countries
C) high-income countries
D) developed countries

Question 50

The sociological imagination provides a link between which things?

A) individual feelings,societal issues,and global concerns
B) personal troubles and public issues
C) impersonal forces and public policy
D) individual ideas,shared values,and different viewpoints

Question 51

According to Weber,what is the most significant factor in determining the social relations among people in industrial societies?

A) rational bureaucracy
B) class struggle
C) specialized division of labour
D) gender

Question 52

Suppose you took a functionalist perspective.How would you describe the social organization of a school division?

A) a dysfunctional organization characterized by conflict
B) a separate part functioning within the bureaucratic structure of public schools
C) an interrelated part that functions to serve the wider school system
D) the sum of individual and group interactions within schools

Question 53

According to the text,what is useful for understanding overspending on credit cards?

A) historical analysis
B) scientific methods
C) commonsense knowledge
D) sociological imagination

Question 54

What current phenomenon would Thorstein Veblen be most interested in?

A) the Real Housewives television franchise
B) the 2016 American election
C) the development of the "sharing economy" exemplified by Uber and Airbnb
D) online shopping

Question 55

According to the text,which of the following best defines race?

A) a social relationship between major race groups.
B) a biological characteristic related to country of origin
C) a physical characteristic such as skin color
D) a social construction used to justify social inequality

Question 56

From a Marxian viewpoint,when Jessica feels powerless and estranged from the company she works for,what problem does she have?

A) class conflict
B) alienation
C) verstehen
D) anomie

Question 57

According to sociologists,what do most people take for granted?

A) We take our personal lives for granted and view the world in societal terms.
B) We take our social standing for granted and are relatively unconcerned about social mobility.
C) We take our families for granted and discount their views.
D) We take our social world for granted and view our lives in very personal terms.

Question 58

What cultural value leads people to overlook the connections between personal life and larger patterns in society?

A) passivism
B) collectivism
C) narcissism
D) individualism

Question 59

If you took a conflict perspective,how would you characterize the workplace?

A) a social organization characterized by struggle over interests
B) a separate part conflicting with the wider capitalist structure of society
C) an interrelated part that serves the wider economic system
D) the sum of the interactions and group interactions within the workplace

Question 60

With regard to the major sociological perspectives and what they say about the nature of society,the text points out which of the following?

A) The functionalist perspective emphasizes social tension and change.
B) Conflict approaches focus on social cohesion and order.
C) The symbolic interactionist perspective views society as the sum of the interactions of people and groups.
D) The feminist perspectives seek to replace male supremacy with female dominance.

Question 61

Unlike sociology,anthropology primarily focuses on what?

A) human existence over geographic space and evolutionary time
B) internal factors relating to the individual in explanations of human behaviour and mental processes
C) the economy
D) the political system

Question 62

If you were to use a postmodernist perspective to understand bullying in schools,your analysis would likely focus on which of the following?

A) How students use gestures and symbols to bully each other.
B) How bullying creates instability in the school.
C) How bullying results from social learning in peer groups.
D) How the Internet facilitates new forms of bullying.

Question 63

According to the text,which of the following best defines ethnicity?

A) a cultural identity connected to language and place of birth
B) a social category used to distinguish religious groups
C) a physical characteristic related to modes of style and dress
D) a social relationship between major ethnic groups

Question 64

Richard sells his labour to the Small Shoe Factory.To which group does he belong?

A) the bourgeoisie
B) the lower class
C) the proletariat
D) the petit bourgeoisie

Question 65

What countries are characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income?

A) high-income countries
B) middle-income countries
C) low-income countries
D) developing countries

Question 66

What do some scholars argue about Harriet Martineau's place in the history of sociology?

A) She should be regarded primarily as the translator of Auguste Comte's work.
B) She has always received widespread recognition for her contributions,especially being a female in a male-dominated discipline.
C) She should be regarded as a founding member of the field of sociology.
D) She was the first to argue that sociologists should be impartial in their assessment of society.

Question 67

What are unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants?

A) dysfunctions
B) latent functions
C) prerequisite functions
D) manifest functions

Question 68

In 2014,what was the approximate value of Canadian credit card debt?

A) $73 billion
B) $65 billion
C) $100 million
D) $100 billion

Question 69

What was Auguste Comte's positivism based on?

A) the application of scientific knowledge to both physical and social phenomenon
B) using commonsense knowledge to predict likely events
C) the belief that subjective,value-based knowledge was attainable only through religion
D) supernatural laws

Question 70

Who made Comte's work more accessible?

A) Harriet Martineau
B) Karl Marx
C) Max Weber
D) Herbert Spencer

Question 71

What countries are characterized by industrializing economies in urban areas and moderate levels of national and personal income?

A) high-income countries
B) middle-income countries
C) low-income countries
D) developing countries

Question 72

What countries are primarily agrarian in nature,with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income?

A) high-income countries
B) middle-income countries
C) low-income countries
D) developing countries

Question 73

Why is the sociological perspective unique?

A) It helps us understand how individual differences and differences in personal choice are largely a function of physiology and inheritance.
B) It allows sociologists to apply the same perspective and methods to the study of compelling social issues such as sexual assault.
C) It attempts to explain human behaviour from a moral and ethical perspective.
D) It is a point of view that helps us see how behaviour is shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live.

Question 74

A study that focused on nursing stations rather than the entire hospital would be what kind of analysis?

A) macrolevel
B) microlevel
C) functionalist
D) developmental

Question 75

Which event produced an intellectual revolution in how people thought about social change?

A) urbanization
B) the French Revolution
C) the Industrial Revolution
D) the Enlightenment

Question 76

Both the conflict and functional perspectives have been criticized for what tendency?

A) focusing on social dynamics in individuals' lives
B) focusing on the negative side of society
C) focusing on people's subjective interpretations of reality
D) focusing on macrolevel analysis

Question 77

According to Durkheim,what holds pre-industrial societies together?

A) anomie
B) shared moral beliefs and values
C) interdependence,due to specialized economic activity
D) kinship ties

Question 78

Problems such as inadequate housing,crowding,poverty,pollution,and crime can be connected to what social process?

A) industrialization
B) urbanization
C) the Enlightenment
D) urban sprawl

Question 79

Which of the following perspectives would be interested in the signs,gestures,and shared values of a religious system?

A) feminist
B) postmodernist
C) conflict
D) symbolic interactionist

Question 80

Racism against minority groups and the wage gap between men and women are examples of which of the following,according to a functionalist?

A) dysfunction
B) latent function
C) prerequisite function
D) manifest function