Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

According to world systems theory,rich countries have an interest in maintaining the dependent status of poor countries.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

South Korea has recently been reclassified from a middle-income to a high-income economy.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Dependency theory emphasizes the importance of core,semiperipheral,and peripheral nations.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to the World Health Organization,infectious diseases are now largely under control in most developing nations as a result of improved sanitation.

Question 5

According to dependency theory,traditional values are one of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations.

Question 6

Foreign aid for low-income nations is often linked with the political aims of the lender.

Question 7

Compared with lower-middle-income economies,nations having upper-middle income economies tend to have a higher standard of living and export diverse goods and services.

Question 8

The quantity and quality of consumption in high-income nations has no bearing on the standards of living of people living in low-income nations.

Question 9

Modernization theory has its roots in the feminist tradition.

Question 10

Critics of the modernization theory argue that this theory is Eurocentric and flawed.

Question 11

Dependency theorists argue that less-developed countries can become high-income countries through self-sustained economic growth.

Question 12

The new division of labour is part of a global economy based on free trade among countries.

Question 13

Dependency theory explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by richer nations.

Question 14

Marital status was recently introduced as a new criterion for calculating the Human Development Index (HDI).

Question 15

Commodity chains are less common in labour-intensive consumer goods industries.

Question 16

According to the World Bank,men suffer more than women from global inequality.

Question 17

Walt W.Rostow was an influential critic of modernization theory.

Question 18

The average life expectancy for a person born in a country that ranks high on the Human Development Index (HDI)is approximately 70 years.

Question 19

Some analysts have suggested that the problem of inequality lies not in excess but in poverty.

Question 20

Semiperipheral nations exploit peripheral nations,just as the core nations exploit both the semiperipheral and peripheral nations.

Question 21

Subjective poverty is calculated by comparing a person's income with the income of others.

Question 22

Some sociologists argue that the problem of global stratification lies not in the inability of powerful nations to "deal" effectively with poverty elsewhere but in the consumer habits of those people living in the richer nations.

Question 23

The United States is ranked the worst on the Human Development Index.

Question 24

According to what theory do countries go through stages called traditional,take-off,technological maturity,and high mass consumption?

A) postmodernism theory
B) modernization theory
C) feminist theory
D) post-modernization theory

Question 25

Which theory of development was linked to the fight against communism waged by the U.S.government during the Cold War?

A) modernization theory
B) dependency theory
C) world systems theory
D) new international division of labour theory

Question 26

Through the World Bank,powerful nations prescribe that developing nations should open up,allowing more imports in and exporting more commodities.This is heralded as a form of economic restructuring and an avenue for debt repayment.Which of the following is a consequence of such measures?

A) employment and education
B) reduced incomes and more poverty
C) declining prices
D) increased living standards and less dependency

Question 27

World systems theory analyzes how commodity production is split into fragments and outsourced to different nations.

Question 28

According to the text,what happened with food aid to Somalia in the 1970s and 1980s?

A) It demonstrated the great effectiveness of food as a form of aid.
B) It may have increased the political stability of the country.
C) It increased the price of locally produced food.
D) It led to the destruction of the agricultural base.

Question 29

Which theory would connect atrocities in Rwanda to modernization?

A) neo-modernization theory
B) dependency theory
C) world systems theory
D) neo-colonial dependency theory

Question 30

In 2005,wealthy countries agreed to cancel $40 billion in debt to allow some of the poor countries to spend money on education,agriculture,health care,and infrastructure.

Question 31

According to the new international division of labour theory,high-income countries provide transnational corporations with a situation in which they can pay lower wages and taxes.

Question 32

In order to protect their agricultural industries,high-income countries provide enormous subsidies to farmers and large agricultural corporations.

Question 33

Unlike most Western nations,Canada's aid to low-income foreign nations decreased during the 1990s.

Question 34

What term is used to describe a level of economic deprivation in which people are unable to maintain an average standard of living?

A) conditional poverty
B) relative poverty
C) absolute poverty
D) contingent poverty

Question 35

Which tool used by the United Nations involves measurement of these indicators: gross national income,life expectancy,education,and living standards?

A) the Human Capacity Scale
B) the Human Development Index
C) the Country Capacity Index
D) the Development Scale

Question 36

What solution was implemented following a number of employee suicides at Foxconn?

A) fewer hours
B) higher wages
C) medical benefits
D) paid holidays

Question 37

Social analysts agree that income inequality between nations is becoming less of a problem than in the past.

Question 38

Many of us pay over $3.00 for a cup of specialty coffee.Noting what your text says about the coffee farmers in low-income countries,which statement best describes this relationship between coffee producers and coffee drinkers?

A) Low-income producers may fail to benefit from rising prices in high-income countries.
B) High-income producers may fail to benefit from lowering labour costs in low-income countries.
C) Low-income producers are benefiting from the rising prices in high-income countries.
D) Global consumerism tends to favour the poorer nations.

Question 39

What would sociologists be measuring if they compared a family's household income in India with the cost of buying a staple such as rice?

A) relative poverty
B) real poverty
C) global poverty
D) absolute poverty

Question 40

Who wrote the most widely known modernization theory?

A) Gary Gereffi
B) Walt W.Rostow
C) Immanuel Wallerstein
D) Andre Gunder Frank

Question 41

How is a low-income economy defined?

A) GNI per capita income of $1,045 U.S.or less
B) GNI per capita income of between $1,046 and $4,125
C) GNI per capita income of between $4,126 and $12,746
D) GNI per capita income of between $12,747 or more

Question 42

According to dependency theory,what hampers the social and economic development of low-income nations?

A) the lack of interest among Western businesses to do business in low-income nations
B) the (often)poor work ethic of people in low-income nations
C) competition and high mass consumption
D) the need for foreign capital and external markets supplied by richer nations

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT predicted to occur in high-income countries?

A) Quality of life will diminish.
B) Natural resources will be depleted.
C) Environmental pollution will increase.
D) Immigration will decrease.

Question 44

The modernization theory of global stratification is part of what approach?

A) the interactionist approach
B) the functionalist approach
C) the feminist approach
D) the postmodern approach

Question 45

On what perspective is dependency based?

A) functionalist theory
B) interactionist theory
C) postmodern theory
D) conflict theory

Question 46

Which theory of global stratification suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth?

A) dependency theory
B) world systems theory
C) modernization theory
D) new international division of labour theory

Question 47

Which theory of global stratification argues that how a country is incorporated into the global economy is the key feature determining how economic development takes place?

A) the new international division of labour theory
B) the world systems theory
C) the modernization theory
D) the dependency theory

Question 48

What four stages are involved in the modernization process?

A) primitive,take-off,technological maturity,high mass consumption
B) traditional,take-off,technological maturity,globalization
C) primitive,take-off,technological maturity,popular consumption
D) traditional,take-off,technological maturity,high mass consumption

Question 49

According to the text,of the 4.6 billion people living in low-income countries,how many do NOT have safe water?

A) 2.5 billion
B) 1 billion
C) 1.5 million
D) 500,000

Question 50

If citizens of Nepal do not reflect on their current situation and work toward change,which of the following stages of development would modernization theory state that the nation is at?

A) traditional
B) latent
C) technological maturity
D) high mass consumption

Question 51

According to the text,how many people die each year from hunger-related diseases?

A) approximately 1 million
B) approximately 100 million
C) approximately 500 million
D) approximately 800 million

Question 52

According to a United Nations study,the number of people in China living in absolute poverty was reduced by what percentage?

A) approximately 40
B) approximately 50 percent
C) approximately 65 percent
D) approximately 80 percent

Question 53

What kind of economy would Britain best be classified as?

A) low-income economy
B) low-middle income economy
C) upper-middle income economy
D) high-income economy

Question 54

Which theory best explains a toy company that has manufacturing centres in China,India,and Guatemala,but a business base in the United States and Canada?

A) dependency theory
B) world systems theory
C) modernization theory
D) new international division of labour theory

Question 55

What country ranks number one (the best)on the 2014 Human Development Index?

A) Sweden
B) Canada
C) Norway
D) China

Question 56

How many women die each year during pregnancy and childbirth?

A) 25,000
B) 50,000
C) 100,000
D) 300,000

Question 57

What is an outcome of selling highly subsidized products to poor countries?

A) It increases local production.
B) It reduces childhood poverty.
C) It creates new jobs in the marketplace.
D) It depresses local prices.

Question 58

What income category do Nigeria,Cambodia,and Haiti belong to?

A) lower tier
B) middle tier
C) low-income
D) precarious

Question 59

Kelsey lives in a nation with a GNI of $2,500.What type of nation is Kelsey living in?

A) low-income
B) lower-middle income
C) first tier
D) second tier

Question 60

Which theorist is most closely associated with world systems theory?

A) Walt W.Rostow
B) Immanuel Wallerstein
C) Andre Gunder Frank
D) Karl Marx

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a policy change suggested by the United Nations to help low-income countries improve their economic situation?

A) investing in basic education and health
B) delaying road construction in favour of establishing communication systems
C) helping improve the productivity of small farmers
D) promoting gender equality between men and women

Question 62

If you were to use standard definitions of inequality to compare two countries,which of the following measures would you evaluate?

A) level of industrialization
B) physical and nutritional health or well-being
C) level of income or economic development
D) level of education

Question 63

Larissa is analyzing free trade agreements between countries.What perspective is Larissa most likely to use?

A) world systems analysis
B) dependency theory
C) modernization theory
D) new international division of labour theory

Question 64

Amber concludes that Brazil invests in new industries and embraces the beliefs,values,and social institutions of countries such as Canada and the United States.Which stage of economic development has Brazil attained?

A) traditional
B) take-off
C) technological maturity
D) high mass consumption

Question 65

What is one of the conclusions reached in the United Nations Development program's recent report,based on the per capita average national income?

A) High-income countries provide few or no subsidies to farmers.
B) High-income countries invest more in foreign aid than agriculture.
C) Cows and cotton receive substantially more aid than people.
D) High-income countries provide relatively little aid to large agricultural corporations.

Question 66

Which income category would a country with a Gross National Income (GNI)per capita of $10,000 belong to?

A) high-income
B) upper-middle income
C) lower-middle income
D) low-income

Question 67

A community's citizens are unreliable as workers,are not committed to their employers,and are not invested in their work.According to the modernization theory of global stratification,at what stage of development is this community?

A) traditional
B) high mass consumption
C) take-off
D) technological maturity

Question 68

France and Germany exert control over world trade and both have high levels of urbanization.As such,which term best characterizes these nations?

A) borderline
B) peripheral
C) core
D) latent

Question 69

Where are low-income economies primarily found?

A) Latin America
B) Asia and Africa
C) North America
D) Europe

Question 70

How many people suffer from chronic malnutrition?

A) 1 million
B) 100 million
C) 800 million
D) 1 billion

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a critique of modernization theory?

A) It provides a Eurocentric analysis of low-income countries.
B) It equates progress to Westernization.
C) It assumes that industrial nations follow dissimilar paths to industrialization.
D) It does not explain what causes each stage of industrialization.

Question 72

What countries are characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income?

A) developing nations
B) high-income countries
C) developed nations
D) low-income countries

Question 73

What theory of global stratification would argue that a transnational clothing corporation is likely to have factories in several countries making T-shirts and will open or close locations based on cost?

A) world systems theory
B) new international division of labour theory
C) modernization theory
D) dependency theory

Question 74

According to the text,which option is preferable to deal more effectively with the challenges of foreign aid?

A) abandoning labour-intensive technologies and other strategies to increase employment
B) building infrastructure programs rather than dealing directly with poor people
C) focusing on social services such as health care,nutrition,and education
D) having developed countries make decisions on the behalf of poorer ones

Question 75

Karl expected to earn $35,000 per year after graduating from university,but his current occupation only pays him $25,000 per year.What is Karl most likely experiencing?

A) subjective poverty
B) relative poverty
C) short-term poverty
D) deferential poverty

Question 76

Production of which kind of commodities most commonly involves establishing manufacturing operations in low-wage countries?

A) those that are high in price
B) those that are low in price
C) those that are labour intensive
D) those that are capital intensive

Question 77

Marcus is using modernization theory to explain global inequality.Which statement best exemplifies his views?

A) The global system is held together by economic ties.
B) Poor nations provide good combinations of capital and labour.
C) Low-income nations can achieve self-sustained economic growth.
D) Poor nations rely too heavily on richer nations for economic support.

Question 78

According to world systems theory,what kind of nation is often characterized by uneven patterns of urbanization?

A) core
B) peripheral
C) latent
D) socialist

Question 79

What has happened to the gap between rich and poor countries over the past 50 years?

A) It has undergone little change.
B) It has grown substantially.
C) It has steadily declined.
D) It has slowly narrowed.

Question 80

Where does Canada rank on the 2014 Human Development Index?

A) 1
B) 5
C) 8
D) 12