Deck 15: Genomes and Genomics

Question 1

Some people are unable to properly metabolize the drug Purinethol,which is given to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia; therefore,such patients must be first tested for the associated genetic variant to determine proper dosage of the drug. This scenario best illustrates the use of _____.

A) pharmacogenomics
B) map-based sequencing
C) positional cloning
D) annotation of DNA sequences
E) comparative genomics

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The genomes of all the microbes present in or on the human body are collectively known as the proteome.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing is available from several companies.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The confirmed diagnosis that Baby T had Bartter syndrome was based on the use of ____,which sequenced only the protein coding regions of the genome.

A) whole genome sequencing
B) whole exome sequencing
C) whole introme sequencing
D) SNP analysis
E) whole proteome analysis

Question 5

The advent of recombinant DNA technology made the sequencing of genomes possible.

Question 6

Distances between linked genes in centimorgans (cM)can be converted directly to the physical distances between them on the chromosome.

Question 7

If two genes have a lod score of 1.2,this indicates that they are most likely_____.

A) disease causing genes
B) linked on an autosome
C) X-linked
D) on separate chromosomes
E) in separate genomes

Question 8

Genetic similarities between humans and laboratory animal models facilitate research on the cause,diagnosis,and treatment of human genetic disease.

Question 9

One goal of proteomics research is to identify proteins that could be targets for new drugs.

Question 10

The goal of pharmacogenomics is to identify genes related to human diseases.

Question 11

A branch of genomics that generates three-dimensional structures from their amino acid sequences is known as _____.

A) bioinformatics
B) comparative genomics
C) structural genomics
D) pharmacogenomics
E) proteomics

Question 12

The Ethical,Legal,and Social Issues program seeks to deal with issues related to privacy,fairness,discrimination,and reproductive decisions that emerge due to the availability of genomic information.

Question 13

The number of proteins produced by the human genome is significantly less than the number of genes it contains.

Question 14

Historically,inheritance of _____ was used to study the genome organization,as well as biological processes such as metabolism and development.

A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) blood types
C) SNPs in humans and lab animals
D) induced mutations in humans
E) induced and spontaneous mutations in lab animals

Question 15

Positional cloning is used to link the inheritance of a disease in a pedigree to the inheritance of _____.

A) other diseases or conditions
B) a specific blood type
C) other genes whose loci were known
D) marker sequences produced by restriction enzymes
E) X-linked genes

Question 16

What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project?

A) Sequencing the mouse and fruit fly genomes
B) Studying the human proteome
C) Sequencing the genomes of humans and common lab organisms
D) Mutational analysis of the fruit fly genome
E) Sequencing the human microbiome

Question 17

After completion of a genome sequencing project,the DNA sequences are analyzed to locate and identify genes in a process called _____.

A) automation
B) comparative genomics
C) physical mapping
D) compilation
E) annotation

Question 18

Since the whole genome sequencing method eliminates the need for constructing physical and genetic maps,this method is _____.

A) superior for linkage studies
B) the only sequencing method currently used in genomics research
C) faster than the map-based sequencing method
D) more accurate than the map-based sequencing method
E) less accurate than the map-based sequencing method

Question 19

Approximately what percentage of the human genome encodes proteins?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 15
E) 50

Question 20

The distances between genes on a genetic map are measured in base pairs.

Question 21

There are _____ microbial cells living on and in our bodies compared to the number of our body cells.

A) ten times more
B) ten times less
C) about the same number of
D) about half as many 
E) 100 times more

Question 22

The field of ____________________ investigates similarities and differences in the genomes from different species.

Question 23

One finding of the Human Genome Project was that mutations in _____ can cause mutations in distant regions of the genome,which can result in cancer.

A) DNA repair genes
B) promoter regions
C) introns
D) SNPs
E) open reading frames

Question 24

Distances on genetic maps are measured in ____________________ and distances on physical maps are measured in ____________________.

Question 25

In the case of John Moore,whose excised spleen was used by UCLA researchers to establish patented cells lines and ultimately commercially valuable products,the California Supreme Court ruled in 1990 that _____.

A) patients are entitled to property rights over cells or tissues removed from the body and used to develop commercial products
B) patients do not have property rights over cells or tissues removed from the body and used to develop commercial products
C) human cells and cell lines cannot be patented
D) organ donors cannot be compensated from the sale of human tissue
E) recombinant DNA technology is harmful

Question 26

When determining whether a relative is a proper match for organ or tissue donation,three sets of HLA alleles - inherited together - must match those from the intended recipient. These allele sets are known as _____.

A) open reading frames
B) splice sites
C) copy number variants
D) haplotypes
E) disease-associated mutations

Question 27

Within the Human Genome Project,the program named ____________________ considers how the project affects individuals and society.

Question 28

According to data from the Human Genome Project,the number of genes in the human genome is estimated to be between _____.

A) 20,000 and 25,000
B) 50,000 and 75,000
C) 150,000 and 200,000
D) 5,000 and 10,000
E) 80,000 and 100,000

Question 29

When Louis Kunkel discovered the gene associated with Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy in the 1980s,he then needed to determine _____.

A) the MIM number of the gene
B) whether the gene was linked to blood type
C) how the mutant gene produces the disease phenotype
D) whether to use positional cloning to clone the gene
E) how many copy number variants were present in the gene 

Question 30

Which of the following sequences indicates the promoter region of a gene?

A) CAAT
B) UAAG
C) CTTT
D) ACAT
E) TAAC 

Question 31

A method used to link genetic markers with specific genes on chromosomes is called ____________________.

Question 32

Data gained from the Human Microbiome Project could help scientists understand _____.

A) microbial haplotypes
B) where microbes are concentrated in the human body
C) the function of probiotics
D) why antibiotics disrupt the microbiome
E) how changes in the microbiome can lead to disease

Question 33

DNA sequences comprising open reading frames (ORFs)correspond to the coding regions of genes called ____________________.

Question 34

In 2005,professional basketball player Eddy Curry was traded by the Chicago Bulls to the New York Knicks for refusing to submit to a DNA test associated with a cardiac condition.If this had occurred after 2008,the ____ may have protected him from losing his position with the Bulls.

A) National Organ Transplant Act
B) HapMap Project
C) Human Microbiome Project
D) Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
E) Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications program

Question 35

The portion of the genome that encodes proteins is called the ____________________.

Question 36

Genetic maps are constructed by estimating the distances between linked genes based on the calculation of ____________________.

Question 37

The private attempt to sequence the human genome,coordinated by Celera Corporation,used a method called ____________________ cloning.

Question 38

Genes on the same chromosome are said to show ____________________.

Question 39

The field of ____________________ develops software to efficiently store,analyze,present and access genomic sequence date.

Question 40

The different proteins characteristic of breast cancer subtypes can be used as _____ for proper diagnosis and treatment.

A) prebiotics
B) biomarkers
C) DNA clones
D) bioinformatic data
E) physical maps

Question 41

How is the field of bioinformatics indispensable for genomic research?

Question 42

Repeating DNA regions of at least 1000 base pairs known as ____________________ can affect gene expression.

Question 43

A set of SNPs close together on a chromosome is called a(n)____________________.

Question 44

Discuss how the advent of recombinant DNA technology improved upon historical genetics research methods and revolutionized genetic mapping techniques.

Question 45

Discuss how the Human Microbiome Project will impact our understanding of human disease.

Question 46

Discuss how the research on any genetic disorder and the fields of structural genomics and pharmacogenomics rely on proteomics.

Question 47

According to data from the Human Genome Project,98.9% of the human genome is composed of ____________________ DNA sequences.

Question 48

Explain how breast cancer diagnosis and treatment has benefited from proteomics and genomic analyses.

Question 49

Explain why annotation is an important step in genomic sequencing projects,in the context of the percentage of the human genome composed of coding regions.

Question 50

Discuss the relationship between genetic distance and physical distance between two linked genes.

Question 51

Individuals suffering from Crohn disease or irritable bowel syndrome may benefit from ____________________.

Question 52

The ____________________ provides protection from discrimination based on one's genetic information.

Question 53

Linkage between two genes can be determined by studying inherited traits in multi-generational families; however,when this data is not available,the probability of linkage is estimated by the ____________________.

Question 54

Diet supplements that promote the growth and metabolic activity of beneficial bacteria are known as ____________________.

Question 55

Discuss three issues associated with the Human Genome Project and genetic testing that might have either ethical,legal,or social implications in the future.

Question 56

Data from the Human Genome Project revealed that humans,considered among the most complex of all organisms,have fewer genes and less DNA than some "simpler" organisms. Explain how a species can be more complex than another even though it possesses fewer genes.

Question 57

____________________ molecules are responsible for the phenotype of an organism.

Question 58

The field of ____________________ involves the identification of disease biomarkers and protein targets for drug development.

Question 59

One goal of the Human Genome Project was to sequence the ____________________ (number of)chromosomes in the human genome,including all autosomes and the sex chromosomes.

Question 60

The genes associated with color blindness and hemophilia are located on the X chromosome. If the recombination frequency between these genes is 25%,what is the genetic map distance between them? Explain how you arrived at your answer,and why calculating recombination frequencies are an important step in creating genetic maps.