Deck 2: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

Question 1

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to experience information overload?

A)A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car
B)A person who is eating dinner while watching television
C)A person who is singing in the shower
D)A person who is dancing and talking at a party
E)A person who is chatting with his wife while dressing for work

Answer 1

A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car

Question 2

Judging individuals based on their similarity to typical members of a group is known as the ________.

A)availability heuristic
B)automatic priming
C)anchoring heuristic
D)representativeness heuristic
E)similarity heuristic

Answer 2

representativeness heuristic

Question 3

Blair watches the newscast each evening,with its usual diet of fires and other accidents.She often eats at Herby's Fried Snacks,a restaurant located in a brick building,despite the fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several times.She avoids the well-respected Korean restaurant,because the Korean restaurant is in a wooden building.Blair's eating habits are probably being guided by ________.

A)the availability heuristic
B)an anti-Korean prejudice
C)the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
D)an addiction to fried snacks
E)the representativeness heuristic

Answer 3

the availability heuristic

Question 4

Sabiha is left-handed,and prefers left-handed men.She is going to be introduced to Wilbur.Left-handers comprise about 10 percent of the population.She has been truthfully informed that Wilbur is either a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist or a left-handed used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the United States.If Sabiha makes good use of base rates,which of the following outcomes should she expect?

A)Wilbur is a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist.
B)Wilbur is a new car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S.
C)She has been misinformed about Wilbur's existence as a crude statistical prank.
D)Wilbur is a used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S.who also happens to be left-handed.
E)Wilbur is a Midwestern left-handed Chinese psycholinguist who works as a used car salesman in his spare time.

Question 5

The process during which we interpret,analyze,remember,and use information about the social world is known as ________.

A)encoding
B)automatic processing
C)social cognition
D)schemas
E)heuristics

Question 6

Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because ________.

A)they rely on our internal personal biases and unknown prejudices
B)they are effortful processes that require an expenditure of mental energy
C)they activate critical brain structures such as the amygdala
D)they allow us to process more information than would otherwise be considered
E)they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions

Question 7

Amanda has lost some money she needs for next semester's tuition.While betting on red,the roulette wheel has come up with five blacks in a row.To try to get her money back,Amanda is now doubling up her bet each time on red,believing that red will come up soon.She bases her belief on the (roughly)50/50 odds of red and black occurring over a large number of spins of the wheel.Amanda's strategy appears to be based on ________.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the advice of a successful gambler
C)a magical thinking perspective
D)the availability heuristic
E)the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 8

Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met.You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate and was interested in helping others;however,you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman.On the basis of the ________ heuristic,your friend would probably think that she is a ________.

A)availability;nurse
B)availability;businesswoman
C)representativeness;nurse
D)representativeness;businesswoman
E)priming;businesswoman

Question 9

One of the primary reasons why heuristics are employed as a strategy to process incoming information is that they can be executed ________.

A)rapidly
B)with considerable self-reflection
C)with considerable effort
D)slowly
E)in a methodical fashion

Question 10

Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences are known as ________.

A)heuristics
B)automaticity
C)anchoring and adjustment
D)schemas
E)priming

Question 11

Mental frameworks for organizing and processing social information are known as ________.

A)affective states
B)anchoring frameworks
C)schemas
D)heuristics
E)cognitive loads

Question 12

One way to manage information overload is to make use of ________.

A)mental shortcuts,such as heuristics
B)the anchoring and adjustment stratagem
C)automatic priming
D)the complexity schema
E)the planning fallacy

Question 13

Decisions made on the basis of the representativeness heuristic may be flawed because they tend to ignore information about ________.

A)base rates
B)schemas
C)rational processing schemes
D)automatic priming
E)the availability heuristic

Question 14

Juanita finds that she has been given too much information about different new cars and their relative merits and drawbacks.She is having a difficult time making a decision about which car to buy because she cannot process all the information she has gathered.This is an example of ________.

A)non-automatic processing
B)information overload
C)anchoring and adjustment
D)the representativeness heuristic
E)information availability

Question 15

High levels of stress and multiple,competing demands for our attention and abilities can reduce our mental processing capacity.These situations can lead to ________.

A)information overload
B)schema development
C)the representativeness heuristic
D)cognitive withdrawal
E)automatic processing

Question 16

Those things that are easier to recall tend to have a greater impact on subsequent judgments and decisions.This fact is known as ________.

A)automatic priming
B)the base rate heuristic
C)evaluative thinking
D)the recency effect
E)the availability heuristic

Question 17

When making judgments that involve factual information,we tend to rely on ________.

A)the ease with which we can recall relevant information
B)the representativeness heuristic
C)the amount of relevant information we can recall
D)automatic processing of factual information
E)our intuitive feelings on the topic

Question 18

When making judgments that involve emotions or feelings,we tend to rely on ________.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)the ease with which we can recall relevant information
C)the amount of relevant information we can recall
D)automatic processing of emotional information
E)our intuitive feelings on the topic

Question 19

The frequency with which a given event or pattern occurs in the population is its ________.

A)recency effect
B)frequency ratio
C)representativeness
D)numeracy
E)base rate

Question 20

________ results when the demands on our cognitive system are greater than its capacity.

A)Information overload
B)Schema retrieval
C)Social miscognition
D)Heuristic misuse
E)Adjustment to our mental anchors

Question 21

The fact that experienced courtroom judges allowed judgments from either journalists,or even random sources,to significantly influence their opinions can be explained by ________.

A)the representativeness heuristic
B)rating and sliding
C)automatic modes of thought
D)automatic priming
E)anchoring and adjustment

Question 22

The term "cognitive load" refers to ________.

A)the strength displayed by a schema in activating memories
B)the amount of mental effort we are expending at a given time
C)the relatively rational and orderly process used in making social cognitions
D)the number of heuristics we are using at a given time
E)the automatic processing involved with the use of schemas

Question 23

If you were a convicted defendant facing sentencing for your crime,based on anchoring and adjustment research,what would you want the judge to do before she sentenced you?

A)Give a light sentence to another criminal for a similar crime.
B)Give a harsh sentence to another criminal for a more severe crime.
C)Read a treatise on the death penalty vs.life imprisonment.
D)Roll double sixes in a lunchtime game of monopoly with her bailiff.
E)Read a newspaper article about a crime in which the defendant received a harsh sentence.

Question 24

An increased availability of information due to exposure to specific stimuli is known as ________.

A)memory enhancement
B)the representativeness heuristic
C)anchoring
D)cognitive framing
E)priming

Question 25

A self-fulfilling prophecy is ________.

A)the process by which schemas sometimes influence the social world in ways to make the world consistent with the schema
B)the result of over-reliance on mental heuristics and memories
C)the widespread belief in the 1920s that banks were insolvent or bankrupt
D)the end result of having two or more schemas active in our cognitive processes at the same time
E)a prediction that is so circular in its reasoning that it only predicts itself

Question 26

One evening,after seeing a(n)________ at the Cineplex,you are on your way home.You drive into a store parking lot,where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted and were waiting for.You perceive the behavior as very ________.

A)violent movie;aggressive
B)comedy;aggressive
C)drama;meaningless
D)violent movie;funny
E)comedy;moving

Question 27

The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as ________.

A)the rating and sliding heuristic
B)the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
C)the representativeness heuristic
D)the priming heuristic
E)the availability heuristic

Question 28

Once it is activated,the status quo heuristic may have automatic effects on behavior.This can cause individuals to ________.

A)develop information overload and a temporarily diminished cognitive capacity
B)behave inconsistently with the schema without realizing the stress this puts on their mental frameworks
C)behave consistently with the schema without being aware of the reason for the behavior
D)subconsciously reject their own behavior and modify their opinions
E)notice information that is inconsistent with the schema more readily than consistent information

Question 29

Participants in one study by Eidelman,Pattershall,and Crandall (2010)found that people preferred a product that was ____ rather than ____ due to the status quo heuristic.

A)older;newer
B)newer;older
C)unique;common
D)cheap;expensive
E)expensive;cheap

Question 30

When you notice something and then remember it,you are involving the processes known as ________ and ________.

A)attention;encoding
B)retrieval;encoding
C)attention;retrieval
D)schematic confluence;attention congruity
E)response tendency;response acquiescence

Question 31

The academic performance of certain students dramatically improved when teachers were led to believe that those students were intellectually gifted,regardless of the true ability levels of the students.This result shows the importance of ________.

A)information overload
B)information processing and base rates
C)hard work without the expectation of after-school help
D)schemas and self-fulfilling prophecies
E)the in-group phenomenon

Question 32

Norman chronically buys and sells "things" on eBay.He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint,a sales price,an agreement about delivery time,shipping costs,whatever.The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with ________.

A)others' likely business judgments
B)knowing what the item likely sells for elsewhere
C)uncertainty
D)balancing likely costs with expected profit generation
E)frequent ups and downs in the market price

Question 33

Retrieval of information from memory is involved in social thought.When tested to see what information is more readily available from memory,individuals are more likely to respond with ________.

A)schema-incongruent
B)schema-congruent
C)memory-impoverished
D)a description of the schema itself
E)depending on the situation,either schema-incongruent or schema-congruent

Question 34

One way that schemas influence social thought is by ________.

A)ensuring that inconsistent information is stored in our memories and retrieved rapidly
B)increasing our cognitive load by activating more information from our long term memory stores
C)activating the availability heuristic and enabling automatic priming
D)acting as a filter to direct our attention towards some information and away from other information
E)changing to meet the demands of a changing social world

Question 35

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behaviors or thoughts consistent with priming?

A)After finishing a romantic novel,Natalie passionately embraces her boyfriend and tells him how much she loves him.
B)After watching a horror film,Jane comments on the fact that she did not find the film to be 'scary' at all.
C)Hector,a medical school student,realizes that his sore throat is probably the sign of a mild cold and not a serious illness.
D)Isaac,a psychology graduate student,decides to take his best friend to the hospital emergency room when he discovers that his friend has overdosed on a certain drug.
E)George,a business student,decides that the fastest way for him to become wealthy is to start his own business while still a student.

Question 36

Schemas affect our use of stored memories by ________.

A)making it easier to retrieve information that is consistent with the schema
B)increasing the cognitive load on our reasoning abilities,making it more difficult to search our memories
C)deactivating the anchoring and adjustment process whereby we make social judgments
D)not allowing the use of memories to reduce cognitive load
E)making the schema itself weaker and less useful in accessing such memories

Question 37

The storing of information in memory involves the process known as ________.

A)storage
B)attention
C)retrieval
D)cognitive load
E)encoding

Question 38

If you would like for your student government to pass a bill putting more lights along major walkways,how could you use ease of retrieval to persuade them?

A)Ask them to generate 10 instances in which the lack of lighting led to student harm.
B)Ask them to think of 2 instances in which the lack of lighting made them or someone they know feel fearful while walking on campus after dark.
C)Ask them to come up with 3 good reasons not to fund the project.
D)Have them generate 6 newspaper stories in which students were harmed on campus at night.
E)Give them one instance in which someone was afraid walking home at night,but include many details.

Question 39

Angelique comes to class,avidly looking forward to her professor's lecture on east Ecuadoran carpet-weaving.Instead,the professor whips out a deck of cards and starts doing close-up magic for the class.Angelique will most likely ________.

A)encode this as memorable information that is inconsistent with her professor schema
B)remind herself that this is,after all,a carpet-weaving lecture
C)revise her professor schema
D)revise her Ecuadoran professor schema
E)be amazed due to mood-congruent recall

Question 40

In a study,participants who were allowed to "express the influence of a prime," during a first task,were ________ by that prime during a second similar task.

A)less influenced
B)more influenced
C)influenced at about the same level
D)unable to complete the second task due to a strong influence
E)so suspicious that there ceased to exist any influence at all

Question 41

Where schemas are concerned,the perseverance effect is ________.

A)schemas' resistance to change even in light of contradictory information
B)one way that schemas shape our social reality
C)the cause of self-fulfilling prophecies
D)the persistence of memories because of schemas
E)the difficulty associated with suppressing unwanted thoughts and images

Question 42

Five students are preparing to take a mid-term exam in Political Science.Going in to the exam who would be most likely to suffer from the overconfidence barrier?

A)This is Ronald's first political science course and first semester of college.
B)Greg is a junior and a political science major.
C)Linda is a straight "A" student who is in her 7^th year of college.
D)Hope is a graduate student taking the course for "fun."
E)Michele is a sophomore who hasn't missed a class and thinks the professor is interesting.

Question 43

The fact that we can make judgments and evaluations about different aspects of the world in either a controlled,reflective way or an automatic way suggests ________.

A)we have several different evaluative systems that operate relatively independently of each other and generally address different aspects of the world
B)we have only one system for evaluating the social world,but this system can be controlled or operated in two different ways
C)our reasoning abilities can overcome most of our automatic processes if we pay attention to the judgments we are making at any particular time
D)we have two systems for evaluating the social world which may be located in different areas of the brain
E)we have two systems for evaluating the social world,but they generally work together so that it is difficult to distinguish between the two

Question 44

The automatic processing of social information involves ________.

A)a relatively quick,effortless way of reaching conclusions
B)combining affective state with schemas and cognitions
C)encoding of new social information for later retrieval
D)information overload and counterfactual thinking
E)effortful cognitions,heuristics,and inferences

Question 45

The area of the brain that is most clearly involved in automatic evaluations is ________.

A)the medial prefrontal cortex
B)the hypothalamus
C)the pons
D)the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
E)the amygdala

Question 46

The relatively effortful and conscious processing of social information is known as ________.

A)controlled processing
B)subliminal processing
C)heuristic processing
D)automatic processing
E)irrational thought

Question 47

In an experiment,researchers had participants unscramble words that were "rude" words (e.g. ,"hostile")or "polite" words (e.g. ,courteous).Soon after,participants were more or less likely to interrupt the experimenter (who was talking to an accomplice).This is a demonstration of ________.

A)the occurrence of priming without conscious awareness of the priming stimulus
B)our memory for factual information and its relationship to other information already stored in memory
C)the effects of priming on asocial thought processes
D)the process by which easily available information affects our judgments
E)exposure to subliminal stimuli

Question 48

The tendency for people to believe they can accomplish more in a given period of time than they can actually accomplish is known as ________.

A)the planning fallacy
B)the narrative mode of thought
C)the Buehler effect
D)the future orientation
E)defensive optimism

Question 49

Despite the fact that Lance has had to overcome many obstacles in his life and that things don't always turn out the way he wants them to,Lance still thinks that his future is very bright and that things will turn out for the best in the long run.This is an example of ________.

A)counterfactual thinking
B)the negativity bias
C)the optimistic bias
D)the narrative mode of thought
E)automatic priming

Question 50

Tracy encounters a member of a certain political group whose views and attributes are inconsistent with her schemas about that group.Due to a strong perseverance effect,what is the MOST likely conclusion that Tracy will make?

A)Tracy will completely change her schema about the group.
B)Tracy will continue to believe that most members of that group fit her schemas.
C)Tracy will decide the member is lying about her political affiliation.
D)Tracy will suppress conscious awareness of this conflicting information,but it will exert an influence on her behavior without her awareness.
E)Tracy will not lose confidence in her ability to create schemas.

Question 51

The area of the brain that is most clearly involved in controlled evaluations is ________.

A)the prefrontal cortex
B)the amygdala
C)the hypothalamus
D)the left temporal lobe
E)the pons

Question 52

One study primed participants with metaphors by having them recall a social situation in which they were excluded or included socially.Participants who recalled a social exclusion event felt the room was ____ than those recalling a social inclusion event.

A)smaller
B)larger
C)warmer
D)colder
E)darker

Question 53

Social thought is not always completely rational because ________.

A)rational thought cannot completely overcome the effects of unpleasant memories
B)social thought is never automatic and heuristic
C)thinking about the social world often puts demands on limited cognitive resources
D)base rates are always relied upon
E)social thought never involves emotional states,a source of rationality

Question 54

Automatic mental processes have the positive effect of ________.

A)increasing the effort needed for understanding the social world
B)focusing on information that may be useful at some future time
C)priming our memories for related situations or events
D)reducing the level of bias in our judgments and decisions
E)reducing the effort needed for understanding the social world

Question 55

People frequently fall prey to the planning fallacy because ________.

A)they tend to assume an external locus of control when they are successful
B)they tend to try to plan for too many contingencies that may never arise
C)they tend to engage in magical thinking when contemplating future tasks
D)they focus more strongly on the past than on the future
E)when planning a task,they focus more strongly on the future than on the past

Question 56

The tendency displayed by many people to expect things to turn out well in the long run is known as ________.

A)logical positivism
B)the pessimism bias
C)the negativity bias
D)the optimism bias
E)the positivism predisposition

Question 57

In thinking about a major assignment that is due in one week,Jacey focuses on the tasks to be accomplished and how she thinks she will approach each task.She does not spend much time thinking about how long similar tasks have taken her in the past.As a result,Jacey is likely to underestimate the amount of time needed for the assignment.This is probably because Jacey has ________.

A)fallen prey to the negativity bias
B)activated an inappropriate schema
C)engaged in magical thinking
D)entered a planning or narrative mode of thought
E)never attempted a similar type of assignment in the past

Question 58

Elliott,a 43-year-old engineer,has volunteered to teach a group of middle-school students some hands-on engineering basics,hoping to get them oriented toward a math-science career path.Performance of the 1/3 of the group,who are girls,is lower than average.What is one likely cause for this effect?

A)the girls have supported Elliott's belief that girls cannot perform as well as boys in engineering
B)the girls did not engage in self-stereotyping
C)Elliott did not call on the boys more than the girls when he asked questions in the class
D)when one girl did well on a board problem,Elliott did not act surprised
E)the guys were not more highly motivated to please Elliott

Question 59

The relatively effortless processing of social information in a non-conscious and unintentional way is known as ________.

A)supraliminal processing
B)rational introspection
C)automatic processing
D)interpersonal dialog
E)planned behavior

Question 60

One type of schema that can be activated non-consciously and automatically by physical features associated with a particular group is known as ________.

A)a primed framework
B)a representativeness heuristic
C)a physical schema
D)a social cognition
E)a stereotype

Question 61

Information that is consistent with our current affective state is more easily retrieved than is information that is inconsistent with our current affect.This is known as ________.

A)the mood congruence effect
B)affective state determined retrieval
C)affect-cognition feedback
D)the Ebbinghaus effect
E)mood dependent memory

Question 62

Jack recently had a job interview that seemed to go exceedingly well by all objective standards.However,Jack noted that his interviewer seemed to be in a bad mood that day.To what extent should Jack be concerned about the latter piece of information?

A)He should be aware that he will likely be viewed less favorably by the interviewer than if the interviewer was in a good mood.
B)He should be very concerned about the interviewer's bad mood unless something happened immediately after the interview to improve the interviewer's mood.
C)He should assume there is virtually no chance he will be offered the position due to the interviewer's negative mood.
D)He should not be concerned at all since the interviewer's mood should have no bearing on how he or she evaluates Jack.
E)He should feel encouraged about his job prospects since the interviewer's bad mood will prompt him or her to give Jack the benefit of the doubt.

Question 63

Gabriel and Jim were involved in a car accident and they both suffered a broken bone.Gabriel told Jim,"Hey at least we only broke a few bones - we could've died!" Jim's response to Gabriel was "Yes,but I'm now thinking about how I can be a better driver so that I never get in an accident again." Gabriel's statement reflects a(n)________ counterfactual and Jim's response reflects a(n)________ counterfactual.

A)lateral;lateral
B)downward;upward
C)upward;downward
D)upward;upward
E)downward;downward

Question 64

Andrew saw a TV commercial for a new video game that he had been wanting.The game was on sale for 50% off,but the store was set to close in two hours.Andrew was fifteen minutes late getting to the store and missed the sale.To ease his distress about missing the sale,Andrew reasoned that he never really had a chance to get to the store before it closed because traffic was too heavy,even though he could have taken a different,quicker route.This is an example of ________.

A)affective shifting
B)contra-affective cognition
C)affective heuristics
D)wishful thinking
E)counterfactual thinking

Question 65

We tend to remember facts and other information better when we are in the same mood as we were in when we learned the information.This is known as ________.

A)affective state determined retrieval
B)mood dependent memory
C)the Ebbinghaus effect
D)the mood congruence effect
E)affect-cognition feedback

Question 66

One adaptive purpose served by counterfactual thinking is to ________.

A)decrease the positive affect associated with success
B)postulate "what if" scenarios to aid in committing the planning fallacy
C)increase the negative affect associated with failure
D)decrease motivation to work harder towards our goals
E)make disappointments and tragedies more bearable

Question 67

Research by Sweeny and Shepperd (2010)had students predicting their grades and measured their emotions during the prediction and after the actual grades were known.Their findings indicate:

A)Optimistic students remained positive and upbeat even when their actual scores were lower than they had predicted.
B)Pessimistic students felt good about their accurate predictions and even showed positive emotions when predicting their own poor performance.
C)Optimistic students reported more positive emotions when making their predictions and also felt much worse when their actual scores were lower than their predictions.
D)Pessimistic students reported more negative emotions throughout regardless of their scores indicating that their attitude is not impacted by performance.
E)Realistic students were the most positive,both when making predictions and viewing their grades,because their accuracy provided an emotional boost.

Question 68

On September 11,2001,the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked by terrorists.Suppose,on that day,Pedro said to his friend,"I can't believe it! For a long time I thought there'd be a serious attack on the United States,and it just happened!" The principle of magical thinking that this would illustrate is ________.

A)the principle that thinking about an event can make it happen
B)failure to consider moderating variables
C)thought suppression
D)the law of contagion
E)the law of similarity

Question 69

Molly and Emily are members of a girls' basketball team who are responsible for helping to organize fundraising efforts for their team.Molly is extremely motivated to complete this task;in contrast,Emily only shows a mild interest in completing the required task.Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the likelihood that Molly and Emily will complete their tasks?

A)Molly's motivation will likely cause her to predict that she will finish her task quickly;however,this will have no effect on whether she actually completes her task quicker than Emily.
B)Molly will definitely complete the task in a prompt manner due to her high level of motivation;Emily might not complete the task at all due to her lack of motivation.
C)Molly's level of motivation should not have any effect on how she thinks about proceeding with this task;consequently,Molly and Emily should complete the task at about the same time.
D)Molly's motivation will probably cause her to become overly optimistic which,in turn,will cause her to not complete the task at all;Emily's lack of motivation will likely cause her to complete the task,surprising even herself.
E)Molly's motivation will probably cause her to become overly optimistic which,in turn,will cause her to not complete the task at all;similarly,Emily might not complete the task at all due to her lack of motivation.

Question 70

When individuals mentally compare their current outcomes with more favorable possible outcomes,they are engaging in ________.

A)downward counterfactuals
B)upward counterfactuals
C)motivating counterfactuals
D)dissatisfaction counterfactuals
E)mitigating counterfactuals

Question 71

Bob tends to wait until the "last minute" to buy Christmas gifts.Unfortunately,this year,by the time he tried to purchase a gift for his wife,the store had closed.He convinced himself that everything in the store was overpriced anyway,so he decided to make a gift for his wife himself.Arguably,Bob is using a type of ________ in order to convince himself that he "never had a chance" to purchase the gift.

A)magical thinking
B)mood congruent memory
C)moderating variables
D)counterfactual thinking
E)thought suppression

Question 72

Shortly before being interviewed for a job she really wants,Meredith finds that the Human Resources Director was involved in a minor traffic accident during lunch.Should Meredith be concerned that the traffic accident may have a negative influence on the outcomes of the job interview?

A)Yes - research indicates that even experienced interviewers are influenced by their current moods.
B)Maybe - it depends on how much experience the Director has in interviewing job applicants.
C)No - other factors,such as the strength of the applicants who have already been interviewed will strongly outweigh any lingering effect of the Director's mood.
D)Yes - but only if Meredith mentions the accident in a way that accentuates the Director's presumed bad mood.
E)No - research indicates that experienced interviewers are not influenced by accident-related current moods.

Question 73

Magical thinking ________.

A)makes compelling assumptions that are not completely rational
B)is the end result of using heuristics
C)can be caused by inappropriate priming
D)makes rational assumptions appear to be compelling
E)is governed by the laws of physics

Question 74

During finals week,Jonah tells his friend that he'll be able to write four term papers over the next few days.Jonah is shocked and upset when he is barely able to complete two of these four papers.Jonah's behavior is consistent with ________.

A)counterfactual thinking
B)the pessimistic bias
C)the negativity bias
D)the planning fallacy
E)the brace for loss effect

Question 75

The tendency to imagine outcomes in a situation other than what actually occurred is known as ________.

A)magical thinking
B)counterfactual thinking
C)reminiscence thinking
D)mitigation thinking
E)counterintuitive thinking

Question 76

When people engage in magical thinking,they tend to ________.

A)resist suggestions to suppress unwanted thoughts
B)experience mood congruence effects very strongly
C)overuse the representativeness heuristic
D)make compelling assumptions that are not rational
E)create or notice self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 77

Ralph has been severely depressed for about six months and has difficulty remembering when he was not depressed.He is illustrating the effects of ________.

A)mood-congruent memory
B)mood-assimilation memory
C)mood-related memory
D)mood-discongruency memory
E)mood-dependent memory

Question 78

Affect includes ________.

A)our anticipated emotions and thoughts
B)the ways we process,store,and use information
C)current emotions and moods
D)the interaction between moods and thoughts
E)memories of past moods associated with a given situation

Question 79

Greg has just stopped his car to allow a funeral procession to pass by.The cars in the procession all have stickers from his alma mater and are similar to the car he is driving.At this point he realizes that he too will certainly die at some point.Based on the concept of terror management which of the following is Greg likely to do next?

A)Buy funeral insurance
B)Commit suicide
C)Reconfirm his belief in supernatural powers
D)Begin to eat healthier
E)Become an atheist

Question 80

The law of similarity suggests that ________.

A)things that resemble each other also share other basic properties
B)similarities in two individuals' thought processes will cause them to physically resemble each other over time
C)some stereotypes may be relatively accurate
D)similarity in origins usually leads to similarity in outcomes
E)things that share fundamental basic properties must also resemble each other