Deck 3: Transmission of Genes from Generation to Generation

Question 1

Phenotype is ____.

A) only expressed in a heterozygous organism
B) an observable property or expression of a trait in an organism
C) the specific genetic constitution of an organism
D) the variation of genes
E) cannot be determined by knowing genotype

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Pedigrees ____.

A) are usually constructed using the phenotypic information of one generation
B) cannot determine whether a trait has a dominant or recessive pattern
C) use squares to represent females and circles to represent males on their diagrams
D) are not useful in deducing the genotypes of parents
E) provide information on the patterns of inheritance of a trait

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In codominant inheritance,____.

A) there is partial phenotypic expression of one member of a gene pair in the homozygous condition
B) there is full phenotypic expression of both members of a gene pair in the heterozygous condition
C) the interaction of two or more non-allelic genes controls a single phenotype
D) two recessive alleles interact and express themselves as a single dominant trait 
E) the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate to those of the parents

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Mendel chose to study pea plants because they have a long life cycle that offers ample time for analysis.

Question 5

Recessive traits are expressed only in the homozygous state.

Question 6

Independent assortment means that the ____.

A) phenotypes are often a blending of two independent genotypes
B) segregation of one gene pair depends on the segregation of another gene pair
C) gametes produced must be heterozygous in all cases
D) segregation of one gene pair occurs as if no other gene pair was present
E) phenotypic ratio in F2 will be the same for dihybrid and monohybrid crosses

Question 7

In a monohybrid cross with complete dominance,the F2 offspring should contain ____.

A) two different phenotypes and two different genotypes
B) two different phenotypes and three different genotypes
C) three different phenotypes and two different genotypes
D) three different phenotypes and three different genotypes
E) two different phenotypes and one genotype 

Question 8

Alternate forms of a gene are called ____.

A) homologues
B) loci
C) alleles
D) homozygous
E) heterozygous

Question 9

People with albinism carry two copies of the dominant allele (AA)and cannot make a pigment called melanin.

Question 10

Gregor Mendel was a completely self-trained scientist and never attended university.

Question 11

When analyzing a cross involving two traits,each trait is analyzed separately,and then the frequencies of each are combined to yield the observed phenotypic ratios.

Question 12

In a P1 cross involving incomplete dominance,____.

A) the dominant phenotype is expressed in the F1
B) the recessive phenotype is expressed in the F1
C) Mendelian inheritance does not apply
D) the phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio in the F1 are identical
E) heterozygotes will express the parental phenotype

Question 13

Chi-square tests are used to determine whether a cross has been correctly constructed and analyzed.

Question 14

A locus is ____.

A) an alternate form of a gene
B) the chromosome location of the centromere
C) the location of a gene on a chromosome
D) a mutation of a gene to an alternate state
E) the site of crossing over

Question 15

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA)is caused by the inability to metabolize amino acids and fats.

Question 16

In his monohybrid crosses,Mendel deduced that one trait was recessive because that trait was ____.

A) not present in the F1 and did not reappear in the F2
B) present in the F1 and in the F2
C) not present in the F1 and reappeared in the F2
D) present only in the parents
E) present only in the F2

Question 17

Incomplete dominance is the expression of a phenotype that is intermediate to those of the parents.

Question 18

Pedigree construction can be a difficult task.

Question 19

In a cross between a true-breeding plant bearing the dominant traits of smooth,yellow seeds and a true-breeding plant bearing the recessive traits of wrinkled,green seeds,the offspring (F1)are all smooth and yellow and their genotype is ____.

A) SSYY
B) ssyy
C) SsYy
D) ssYY
E) SSyy

Question 20

If a dihybrid cross is begun with a P1 generation of a true-breeding plant that produces smooth and yellow peas (smooth and yellow are both dominant traits),crossed with a plant that produces wrinkled green peas (wrinkled and green are both recessive traits),the F1 plants will all be smooth and yellow.

Question 21

Mendel called crosses involving two traits ____________________ crosses.

Question 22

In crosses involving complete dominance,the F2 genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 and is expressed as a phenotypic ____________________ ratio (express as x:x).

Question 23

Some forms of methylmalonic acidemia can be ____.

A) caused by ethylene glycol exposure
B) caused by tainted baby formula
C) caused by type O blood transfusions
D) cured if the condition is detected early in life
E) treated successfully if the condition is detected early in life

Question 24

Pure-breeding individuals always have the ____________________ genotype.

Question 25

Mendel analyzed his pea plant data using the principles of ____.

A) nomenclature
B) physics
C) Aristotle
D) cellular dynamics
E) probability

Question 26

Symptoms of methylmalonic acidemia are similar to those seen in ____________________ poisoning.

Question 27

Ockham's razor could also be called the principle of ____.

A) parsimony
B) selectivity
C) identity
D) homogeneity
E) exceptionalism

Question 28

The inheritance of human traits is predictable because the genes controlling them exhibit the principles of both ____________________ and ____________________ during meiosis.

Question 29

The offspring (F1)resulting from the cross between two red flowered plants are 3/4 red and 1/4 white.The most likely genotype of both red flowered parental plants (P1)is ____.

A) codominant recessive
B) incomplete dominant
C) incomplete recessive
D) heterozygous
E) homozygous recessive

Question 30

When two traits are analyzed separately,then the frequencies of each are combined to yield the observed phenotypic ratios,this confirms the principle of ____________________.

Question 31

The topic of ____,the idea of the fundamental unit of living organisms,raised several questions in Mendel's mind about inheritance.

A) evolution
B) cosmology
C) cell theory
D) DNA
E) blood typing

Question 32

When members of the gene pair carried by an individual are not alike,the individual is said to be ____________________.

Question 33

Although phenotypes may not follow predicted ratios,genotypes do obey the principles of ____________________.

Question 34

Mendel selected pea plants for his experiments because ____.

A) the offspring are infertile
B) others were also using pea plants for their experiments and this would allow data sharing
C) male and female flowers are on separate plants
D) they can be self-fertilized or artificially fertilized by hand
E) he was told by his superior that only pea plants were suitable for experimentation

Question 35

In humans,hair texture is an incompletely dominant trait.Curly is the dominant genotype,wavy is heterozygous,and straight hair is recessive.What is the probable phenotypic ratio for a cross between a man with wavy hair and a woman with curly hair?

A) All wavy hair
B) 3/4 wavy hair; 1/4 straight hair
C) 1/2 wavy hair; 1/2 curly hair
D) All curly hair
E) 1/4 curly hair; 1/2 wavy hair; 1/4 straight hair

Question 36

In spite of the benefits offered by genetic screening for newborns,critics charge that patients' ____________________ rights are violated because the programs are mandatory.

Question 37

In a pedigree,a person whose symbol is filled in and who is associated with the Roman numeral II is ____.

A) affected by the trait and in the second generation
B) not affected by the trait and in the second generation
C) affected by the trait and is the second-oldest child in the family
D) not affected by the trait and is the second-oldest child in the family
E) affected by the trait and has an identical twin

Question 38

In genetics,a chi-square test can be used to determine ____.

A) whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous
B) whether an allele exhibits complete or incomplete dominance
C) what the predicted outcome of a dihybrid cross will be
D) how closely actual results of a cross match the expected results
E) whether a trait is determined by one gene or many genes

Question 39

The first genetic trait described in humans was ____.

A) albinism
B) dwarfism
C) Marfan syndrome
D) multiple sclerosis
E) brachydactyly

Question 40

The offspring of a parental cross (P1)are called the F1,or ____________________.

Question 41

Before Mendel began his pea plant experiments he wondered if traits in offspring result from blending of parental traits or it they are inherited as ____________________ units.

Question 42

Explain how Mendel compensated for the fact that he was unable to analyze mathematically how well the observed outcome of his cross fulfilled his predictions.

Question 43

Define Ockham's razor and provide an example.

Question 44

Explain why Mendel choose seven different varieties of pea plants for his experiments.

Question 45

The genotypes of two F1 plants are SsYy,with S and Y alleles dominant to s and y.If fertilization occurs at random ____________________ (number)genotypes and ____________________ (number)phenotypes will result in the F2 generation.

Question 46

People with albinism carry two copies of the ____________________ allele (aa)and cannot make a pigment called ____________________ which is the principal pigment in skin,hair and eye color.

Question 47

Explain how the resulting phenotypic ratios from Mendel's dihybrid cross assisted him in framing his Second Law.

Question 48

Figure 3.15

Interpret the pedigree in the accompanying figure by describing each symbol and number.How might the information from this pedigree be used by clinicians and researchers?

Question 49

In humans,the gene for blood type has ____________________ (number)alleles and the A and B alleles are ____________________.

Question 50

The fusion of gametes during fertilization restores the ____________________ number of chromosomes.

Question 51

An example of ____________________ occurs in a rare condition called the Bombay phenotype,where a mutation in an unrelated gene prevents expression of the A and B blood phenotypes,making those with this condition phenotypically blood type ____________________

Question 52

In Mendel's pea plant experiment,the trait of pea shape was represented by the two variations ____________________ and ____________________.

Question 53

Identify the contribution of Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri to the science of genetics and explain its importance.

Question 54

Explain Mendel's conclusion that traits passed from parents to offspring are not blended,but are instead inherited as if they are separate units.

Question 55

Easily observable examples of incomplete dominance in human are rare,but ____________________ is one example.

Question 56

Why is it unethical to use humans in experimental genetics? Explain your reasoning.

Question 57

The separation of members of a gene pair from each other during gamete formation is called ____________________.

Question 58

Should states have mandatory screening programs that test every newborn for genetic disorders? Explain your reasoning.

Question 59

The first affected family member who seeks medical attention for a genetic disorder is called the ____________________.

Question 60

Explain the circumstances that led to a debate about whether all inheritance cases could be explained by Mendelian inheritance or whether there might be another,separate mechanism of inheritance that did not follow the laws of segregation and independent assortment.Summarize the outcome of that debate.