Deck 11: Groups and Individuals: the Consequences of Belonging

Question 1

Cohesiveness consists of all the ________.

A)benefits of group membership minus all the costs of group membership
B)factors that cause group members to remain members of the group
C)factors within a group that lead members to overvalue decisions made by the group and undervalue decisions made by individuals who are not part of the group
D)factors that encourage group members to leave the group
E)factors within a group that work to minimize conflict between members

Answer 1

factors that cause group members to remain members of the group

Question 2

A collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit is ________.

A)intimate
B)a role
C)entitativity
D)a group
E)a family

Answer 2

a group

Question 3

According to Diener & Oishi (2005),among the very best predictors of level of happiness among the population is ________.

A)degree of connectedness to others
B)ability to compete for scarce resources
C)ability to cooperatively participate in group projects
D)being born into a fitting racial and gender group
E)being liked by high-status group members

Answer 3

degree of connectedness to others

Question 4

In collectivist cultures,people tend to work harder when in a group than they do when alone because ________.

A)men are more likely to be part of a work team
B)women are more likely to be part of a work team
C)the collective good is more highly valued than individual accomplishment
D)individual accomplishment is more highly valued than the collective good
E)there is greater concern for the welfare of others

Question 5

Norms are ________.

A)the behaviors that groups use to establish their relationship with other groups
B)the rules within a group that indicate how its members should or should not behave
C)one's position or rank within a group
D)the behaviors that individuals who occupy specific positions within a group are expected to perform
E)the rules that specify how a group is to become cohesive

Question 6

Ahmed belongs to his university's Student Senate,a group that is high in entitativity.It is likely that Ahmed feels that the Student Senate ________.

A)is unlikely to be stereotyped
B)is of great consequence to him
C)uses too much political jargon
D)cannot provide him with a very useful entry on his vita
E)is polarized in a conservative direction

Question 7

The primary strategy for survival among humans is ________.

A)interdependence
B)group sharing
C)inclusive fitness
D)genetic programming
E)group cooperation

Question 8

When individuals achieve higher status in a group,their behavior may become ________.

A)highly compliant
B)idiosyncratic
C)cohesive with others
D)more conforming
E)prototypical

Question 9

Members of a ________ group are linked by face-to-face interaction.

A)common-bond
B)common-identity
C)national
D)collectivist
E)friendship

Question 10

The set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform is ________.

A)reciprocity
B)a norm
C)a role
D)an entiative position
E)a position

Question 11

Entitativity refers to ________.

A)the factors that cause group members to remain in the group
B)the collection of goals and outcomes that is common to all group members
C)the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity
D)a psychological state marked by reduced self-awareness and reduced social identity
E)the extent to which group members are similar to one another in meaningful ways

Question 12

Cohesiveness causes group members to have ________ when there is a ________ from (in)an outgroup.

A)higher morality;gift
B)higher commitment;competitive threat
C)a higher inclusion of outsiders;lack of cohesiveness
D)lower attraction to ingroup members;competitive threat
E)higher commitment;cooperative offering

Question 13

Omri,in his professional association,serves informally as a kind of "father confessor," listening attentively to members of that group.This best reflects ________ in(of)the group.

A)his role
B)the status he has attained
C)an unstated norm
D)the emergent cohesiveness of an entitative group
E)an assigned task

Question 14

William joined a small fraternity at his college.The initiation he faced was quite severe and somewhat dangerous.Now,he's a senior member of the fraternity and the college is investigating the fraternity for possible violations of the college's hazing policy.As a result,William finds that ________.

A)fraternity members do not identify as strongly with the group as they once did
B)the fraternity's cohesiveness has substantially increased
C)the fraternity's cohesiveness has substantially decreased
D)William's status within the fraternity has declined sharply
E)recruitment for new members is becoming increasingly difficult

Question 15

People join groups and seek out group affiliation for a number of reasons.Which of the following is not a reason people seek to join groups?

A)Social comparison
B)When conditions are threatening or uncertain
C)Psychological security
D)Independence
E)Emotional connection

Question 16

University alumni associations,as a group,have ________ for many of its members.

A)considerable entitativity
B)mostly a monetary attraction
C)few obstacles to high status
D)little connectedness
E)little variation in content

Question 17

Personal attributes such as ________ appear to play a role in acquiring higher status.

A)height
B)size of forehead
C)usage of abstract words
D)shoe size
E)introverted personal style

Question 18

John has violated a norm in his ________ group,while Li Qing has violated one in her ________ group.We would more likely expect ________ for John,and ________ for Li Qing.

A)individualist;collectivist;approval;disapproval
B)individualist;collectivist;disapproval;admiration
C)cohesive;heterogeneous;admiration;disapproval
D)normative;deviant;higher status;lower status
E)risky;risk-averse;disdain;admiration

Question 19

To the extent that people ________ a role,they may come to feel that role-based behaviors reflect their ________ self.

A)internalize;authentic
B)resist;unacknowledged
C)affect;inauthentic
D)exhibit dramatic behavioral changes;erratic
E)fall easily into a role;trait-inconsistent

Question 20

One's position or rank within a group is one's ________.

A)situation
B)status
C)norm
D)office
E)authority

Question 21

When we feel that our group identity may become indistinguishable from other identities we tend to

A)favor policies that would reinforce separation between the two groups.
B)feel more at peace with others.
C)begin to see ourselves as part of a superordinate group.
D)favor the leaders of the competing group more than our own leaders.
E)attempt to reinforce our individuality.

Question 22

Joining and belonging to a group often has a strong positive effect on the status of,and hence the self-esteem of,people who are motivated by ________.

A)collective effort
B)other-transcendence
C)self-transcendence
D)other-enhancement
E)self-enhancement

Question 23

Group members who undergo severe initiations in order to join often find they are ___ than members of groups that have an open-membership policy.

A)more committed
B)less committed
C)more polarized
D)less politicized
E)less entitative

Question 24

Members tend to withdraw from a group when ________.

A)deindividuation occurs
B)entitativity is too low
C)identification with the group is too strong
D)dissent is not perceived as authentic
E)social loafing is identified

Question 25

One benefit of group membership is that belonging to a group increases our self-knowledge because group memberships ________.

A)help us reach important goals
B)place limits on our behavior
C)become part of our self-concept
D)increase our self-esteem
E)improve our status

Question 26

The effect on our performance that results from the presence of others is ________.

A)distributive
B)deindividuation
C)social polarization
D)social reciprocity
E)social facilitation

Question 27

The Church of England suffered a ________ due to policy changes regarding the ordination of women as priests.

A)schism
B)factionalizing
C)doctrinal dispute
D)conflict
E)membership decline

Question 28

When we are striving to create social change,groups may provide us with ________.

A)social clout
B)group polarization
C)self-enhancement
D)increased entitativity
E)more procedural justice

Question 29

In an experiment (Aronson and Mills,1959)people read out loud embarrassing material or non-embarrassing material as part of an initiation to get into a desirable group.People who read the embarrassing material were likely to ________.

A)show greater liking for the group when asked later
B)blame higher-status (more than lower status)members for their embarrassment
C)express a wish to engage in embarrassing future applicants for group membership
D)soon leave the group because of bitter feelings about their initiation
E)soon argue to group members that the embarrassing initiations should be stopped

Question 30

George has been asked to join a "secret society" (similar to a small fraternity)at his college.This group's initiation rituals are quite severe and somewhat dangerous.In addition,members tend to identify strongly with the group.If George decides to join,he can expect that ________.

A)the group is not very cohesive
B)members tend to leave the group shortly after being initiated as members
C)higher-status members tend to break away from the group more easily than do low-status members
D)members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined
E)members tend to belong to the group for a while,then drift away

Question 31

When people work on relatively simple,well-known tasks,an audience ________.

A)causes performance to suffer for most people
B)improves performance for most people
C)will cause performance to suffer for introverts but not extroverts
D)has no effect on the performance of most people
E)will cause improvement to performance for extroverts but not introverts

Question 32

According to recent research by Sani (2005,2009),groups splinter when current members perceive that the group has changed so much that it is no longer the same group they joined and that ________.

A)there is no chance of reversing the change that has occurred
B)the change is not detrimental to group cohesiveness
C)the change is about to be reversed dramatically
D)the change is not widely recognized
E)there is no chance of accelerating the change that has occurred

Question 33

The choice to withdraw from a group is based in part on the conclusion that other group members ________.

A)have withdrawn their support from the group
B)can no longer be included within the self-concept
C)have not changed sufficiently to maintain group cohesiveness
D)have violated important group norms concerning procedural justice
E)can no longer be accepted uncritically

Question 34

One benefit for group members of some groups is that group action can lead to ________ for group members.

A)deindividuation
B)status quo preservation
C)authentic dissent
D)distributive justice
E)better treatment

Question 35

According to social facilitation theories,people's thoughts,feelings,and behaviors can be affected by the(a)________.

A)presence of others
B)presence of attractive others
C)presence of higher-status others
D)time limit on a social interaction
E)sudden presence of a stranger

Question 36

We may value belonging to a highly selective group because it allows us to

A)engage in self-enhancement.
B)reject the high power group.
C)easily leave our current group memberships.
D)focus on the collective good.
E)engage in realistic conflict with others.

Question 37

As a result of recognizing shared grievances,members of devalued groups can develop a(n)________ and ________.

A)politicized collective identity;win better treatment for their group
B)thick skin;reduce their collective resentment
C)organized approach;improve group entitativity
D)appeal to sympathetic allies;seek appropriate funding
E)reach out to other stigmatized groups;form coalitions with them

Question 38

Part of what makes a group entitative is the similar philosophical and political values,i.e. ,________,of its members.

A)norms
B)ideology
C)traditions
D)social identity
E)personal identity

Question 39

When provided with the opportunity to join one of many groups we are most likely to choose the group that

A)is cohesive.
B)engages in groupthink.
C)matches our goal orientation.
D)engages in procedural but not distributive justice.
E)discourages self-enhancement.

Question 40

One of the costs of group membership is ________.

A)reducing the group's bargaining power
B)limiting members' personal freedom
C)limiting individual satisfaction with group outcomes
D)exacerbating conflict
E)inducing the likelihood of groupthink

Question 41

Jason,Paul,and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class.Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing.If Jason is accurate in his perception,Paul is engaging in ________.

A)distraction-conflict action
B)social loafing
C)reciprocity
D)deindividuation
E)social facilitation

Question 42

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by ________.

A)stressing the cooperative nature of,and open-ended scheduling built into,the project
B)ensuring that each member of the group contributes something that is different from the contribution of each other team member
C)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
D)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
E)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper

Question 43

Social loafing is ________.

A)a disincentive for being part of a highly cohesive group
B)an increase in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group
C)avoided when individual-level accountability for group performance is absent
D)a reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group
E)a reward for being part of a highly cohesive group

Question 44

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by ________.

A)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
B)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
C)holding periodic "pep rallies" for themselves in which each group member becomes increasingly committed to the project and its outcome
D)stressing the cooperative and relaxed nature of the project
E)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper

Question 45

Additive tasks are tasks for which ________.

A)the group product is less than the combination of the individual members' efforts
B)the group as a whole can be held accountable but individual members cannot
C)the group product is the sum of the individual members' efforts
D)the group product is more than the combination of the individual members' efforts
E)group members can be held individually accountable

Question 46

If it is shared by several people,the task of pushing a stalled car is a(n)________.

A)deindividuating task
B)individual-level task
C)interactional task
D)additive task
E)multiplicative task

Question 47

According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation,an audience increases our level of physiological arousal.This,in turn,increases the likelihood that ________.

A)dominant responses will occur
B)recessive responses will occur
C)social responses will occur
D)any responses will occur
E)nondominant responses will occur

Question 48

Social loafing is reduced when ________.

A)the group is composed of both male and female members
B)each participant's effort is blended with other people's efforts in such a way that any participant's effort is indistinguishable from that of others
C)group members' commitment to the group's success is increased
D)two or more group members can make the same contribution to the task
E)the apparent value of the task is minimized

Question 49

Distraction-conflict theory and the drive theory of social facilitation are examples of the ________.

A)learning theoretic perspective
B)evolutionary perspective
C)psychoanalytic perspective
D)socio-biological perspective
E)cognitive perspective

Question 50

Dominant responses are responses that are ________.

A)incorrect for a specific situation
B)most likely to occur in specific situations
C)least likely to occur in a given situation
D)most likely to occur in a given situation
E)least likely to occur in specific situations

Question 51

The idea that the presence of other people is arousing and increases the tendency to perform dominant responses is known as the ________.

A)distraction-conflict theory
B)collective effort model
C)social decision scheme
D)collective effect model
E)drive theory of social facilitation

Question 52

John is learning to play the guitar.He is in the process of mastering several new songs.From the perspective of Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation,John should ________.

A)practice when others are present until mastery is achieved
B)practice and perform only in the presence of others
C)practice alone until partial mastery is achieved,then practice in the presence of others
D)attempt to become unaware of the presence of others
E)practice alone until mastery is achieved,and then perform in the presence of others

Question 53

Social loafing is reduced when ________.

A)each group member makes a unique contribution to the task
B)the group is composed of both male and female members
C)group members' commitment to the group's success is decreased
D)each participant's effort is blended with other people's efforts in such a way that any participant's effort is indistinguishable from that of others
E)the apparent value of the task is minimized

Question 54

The idea that social facilitation stems from the conflict that occurs when individuals simultaneously attempt to pay attention to other people and to the task they are performing is expressed as ________.

A)collective effort model
B)social facilitation theory
C)social dilemma model
D)drive theory of social facilitation
E)distraction-conflict theory

Question 55

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by ________.

A)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
B)having each team member initial the parts of the paper she or he completed
C)emphasizing the group nature of the project,and encouraging a relaxed cooperative approach to the task
D)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper
E)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class

Question 56

Social loafing is reduced when ________.

A)two or more group members can make the same contribution to the task
B)group members' commitment to the group's success is decreased
C)the apparent value of the task is maximized
D)the group is composed of both male and female members
E)each participant's effort is blended with other people's efforts in such a way that any participant's effort is indistinguishable from that of others

Question 57

Social loafing is reduced when ________.

A)two or more group members can make the same contribution to the task
B)group members' commitment to the group's success is reduced
C)each participant's effort is readily identifiable
D)the apparent value of the task is minimized
E)the group is composed of both male and female members

Question 58

According to Distraction-Conflict Theory,the presence of others produces increased arousal because ________.

A)of the mere physical presence of the audience
B)of our desire to be evaluated positively by others,causing evaluation apprehension
C)of our efforts to pay attention to both the audience and the task being performed
D)an audience widens the focus of our attention
E)of our uniquely human cognitive abilities

Question 59

According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation,an audience will ________.

A)have no effect on highly skilled individuals and improve the performance of less skillful individuals
B)improve the performance of less skillful individuals and have no effect on the performance of less skillful individuals
C)improve the performance of less skillful individuals and interfere with the performance of highly skilled individuals
D)improve the performance of highly skilled individuals and have no effect on the performance of highly skilled individuals
E)improve the performance of highly skilled individuals and interfere with the performance of less skillful individuals

Question 60

Zajonc and others (1969)found that cockroaches would run a simple maze faster when other cockroaches are present.This finding suggests that ________.

A)the type of audience one has is less important than the fact that one has an audience
B)all organisms experience some form of evaluation apprehension when others are present
C)the presence of an audience may lead to cognitive load,causing actors to narrow their attention to the most important parts of a task to be performed
D)divided attention is harmful to task performance because it allows individuals to over-think their actions
E)the best performances will occur when an audience is present but the performers are unaware of the audience or their reactions

Question 61

A competitive orientation towards social dilemmas involves a preference for ________.

A)ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are at least equal to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
B)ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are superior to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
C)maximizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma
D)minimizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma
E)maximizing an individual's own outcomes in the dilemma

Question 62

A cooperative orientation towards social dilemmas involves a preference for ________.

A)ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are superior to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
B)maximizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma
C)ensuring that an individual's own outcomes are at least equal to those of other individuals involved in the dilemma
D)maximizing an individual's own outcomes in the dilemma
E)minimizing the joint outcomes received by all individuals involved in the dilemma

Question 63

Conflict is ________.

A)a situation in which two or more individuals or groups are attempting to obtain the same goal that only one can achieve
B)a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will take actions that are incompatible with their own interests
C)a situation in which the goals of one individual or group are incompatible with the goals of another individual or group
D)a process that leads to a situation in which individuals' goals are incompatible with others' goals
E)a process that leads to a situation in which one group's goals are incompatible with another's goals

Question 64

Deindividuation is a psychological state that is ________.

A)marked by decreased self-awareness and increased social identity brought on by internal conditions
B)characterized by increased self-awareness and increased social facilitation brought on by external conditions
C)characterized by decreased self-awareness and increased social isolation brought on by internal conditions
D)characterized by increased self-awareness and strengthened social identity brought on by internal conditions
E)marked by decreased self-awareness and increased influence of the social norms of the group

Question 65

Distributive justice refers to individuals' judgments ________.

A)about the individuals who decide which group members receive rewards and the ways in which those rewards are presented
B)about whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
C)concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards to group members
D)about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members
E)about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous

Question 66

Paul,Sarah,Deborah,and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class.They can reduce social loafing by ________.

A)emphasizing a cooperative and relaxed approach to the project
B)ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
C)acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
D)discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper
E)ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members

Question 67

Cooperation is behavior in which ________.

A)individuals work in parallel with others to achieve common goals
B)groups of people work together to achieve shared goals
C)groups of people are persuaded to work towards a single goal
D)groups of people work together to achieve one individual's goals
E)individuals work in succession to others to achieve common goals

Question 68

Two brothers have inherited a small plot of land from their parents.One brother wants to sell the land and divide the money with his brother.The other wants to use the land as collateral for a business loan.This is an example of ________.

A)a social dilemma
B)cooperation
C)social construction
D)social loafing
E)conflict

Question 69

Amy is always trying to defeat others in all types of situations,even as inconsequential as seeing who can brush their teeth the fastest.Amy probably has a(n)________ personal orientation toward social dilemmas.

A)combative
B)cooperative
C)collaborative
D)competitive
E)individualistic

Question 70

Two neighbors are working together to build a stone fence through a field.They both help each other move the larger rocks.This is an example of ________.

A)conflict
B)a social dilemma
C)social loafing
D)social construction
E)cooperation

Question 71

Bargaining is a process in which ________.

A)opposing sides exchange offers,counteroffers,and concessions,either directly or through representatives
B)one individual or group attempts to strengthen its relatively weak position by offering a concession to the dominant individual or group
C)opposing sides exchange token gifts in order to facilitate negotiations
D)opposing sides attempt to resolve conflicts by maximizing the rewards received by both sides,either directly or through representatives
E)opposing sides attempt to argue for the other's position in order to develop more effective counterarguments

Question 72

When individuals feel anonymous,they experience ________.

A)a reduction in self-awareness and a reduction in their social identity
B)a reduction in self-awareness and an increase in their social identity
C)a reduction in self-awareness and no change in their social identity
D)an increase in self-awareness and a reduction in their social identity
E)an increase in self-awareness and an increase in their social identity

Question 73

The prisoner's dilemma involves a situation in which ________.

A)cooperation between two people results in large losses,but competition results in small losses or gains
B)neither competition nor cooperation can lead to large gains,but may lead to losses
C)neither competition nor cooperation can lead to losses,but one or the other may lead to large gains
D)cooperation between two people results in large gains,but if they both compete,they both lose
E)competition between two people results in large gains,but cooperation results in small gains or losses

Question 74

Being part of a large crowd and experiencing deindividuation ________.

A)increases the probability that crowd members will follow the norms of the crowd
B)decreases the probability that individual crowd members will engage in wild or unruly behavior
C)increases the probability that individual crowd members will engage in altruistic behavior
D)decreases the probability that crowd members will follow the norms of the crowd
E)increases the probability that individual crowd members will engage in negative,destructive behavior

Question 75

A social dilemma is a situation in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by ________.

A)acting in one way,but at the expense of other persons
B)acting in a selfish manner,but if most persons do so,the outcomes experienced by all are reduced
C)working against other persons when they attempt to cooperate with each other
D)competing with other persons but not by cooperating with them
E)cooperating with other persons but not by competing with them

Question 76

Integrative agreements ________.

A)satisfy the major requirements of both groups without concern for minor or less-important differences
B)attempt to transform win-lose negotiations into win-win situations
C)provide greater joint benefits than simple compromise
D)merge the positions of two or more individuals or groups,thereby minimizing conflict
E)bring dissenting groups together for negotiations

Question 77

When individuals are part of a large crowd,they tend to ________.

A)become increasingly aware of their individuality
B)act as if they were in a much smaller group
C)restrain many impulsive behavioral urges that arise
D)lose their individuality
E)do the same things they do when alone

Question 78

Superordinate goals are goals that ________.

A)both sides to a conflict seek and that tie the two sides' interests together
B)are so important to one or another group that compromise is not possible
C)individual group members think are more important than their group's overall goals
D)can only be satisfied through nonspecific compensation
E)are ordinarily achieved by bridging

Question 79

Roger,Sabiha,Emily,and George are working on a group paper for a class.How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging social loafing?

A)Convince Emily that her contribution is unique.
B)Have Sabiha confront Emily about her performance.
C)Limit Emily's input into group decision-making processes.
D)Ask Emily to demonstrate her competence to complete the task.
E)Convince Emily to quit worrying about the eventual quality of the paper.

Question 80

One primary goal in negotiating with an individual or a group is to ________.

A)reduce the opposing side's aspirations
B)provide misleading information to an opponent
C)maximize the gains for one side while minimizing the gains for the opposition
D)find common ground on which both sides can initially agree
E)interfere with the opposition's support and information networks