Deck 9: Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others

Question 1

In one study,participants watched a videotape of a student talking about dropping out of college because she felt isolated and distressed.She was described as similar or dissimilar to the participants.Participants were then offered an opportunity to provide her with some advice.What did the findings show?

A)Participants who felt empathy gave more advice.
B)Participants who felt empathy gave less advice.
C)Participants who were similar to her and felt low levels of empathy gave the most advice.
D)Participants who felt empathy,were similar to her,and were told they would be given feedback about how effective their advice was,gave more advice.
E)Participants who felt empathy,were dissimilar to her,and were told they would be given feedback about how effective their advice was,gave more advice.

Answer 1

Participants who felt empathy,were similar to her,and were told they would be given feedback about how effective their advice was,gave more advice.

Question 2

In one study participants were shown a videotape of a teacher-student interaction and asked to write down what the people on the tape were feeling or thinking.Results show participants who

A)reported accurately what the people were feeling got along better with others.
B)reported accurately what the people were feeling were more intelligent.
C)were inaccurate about what the people thought were more likely to be bullies.
D)were inaccurate about what the people felt were more intelligent.
E)believe they were accurate were often inaccurate about what the people felt.

Answer 2

reported accurately what the people were feeling got along better with others.

Question 3

The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as ________.

A)reciprocal altruism
B)empathy-altruism hypothesis
C)implicit bystander effect
D)the negative-state relief model
E)empathic joy hypothesis

Answer 3

the negative-state relief model

Question 4

What are the three distinct components of empathy?

A)Emotional empathy,empathic accuracy,empathic concern
B)Emotional accuracy,sympathetic responding,self-regulation
C)Self-regulation,emotional empathy,empathic concern
D)Emotional accuracy,sympathy,empathic concern
E)Social adjustment,emotional accuracy,emotional empathy

Question 5

What are the current trends with regard to empathy?

A)Japanese college students are showing less empathy than in previous decades.
B)The current youth culture is showing more empathic accuracy than the generations before.
C)U.S.college students are showing less empathy than in previous decades.
D)Older generations show less empathy toward younger generations.
E)Generational differences in empathy are largely attributed to exposure to war.

Question 6

Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others is known as ________.

A)reciprocal prosocial behavior
B)self interest
C)kin selection
D)heroism
E)altruism

Question 7

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs.Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says,"Thank you.The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help,Raphael is motivated to help others later.This scenario is MOST consistent with the

A)inclusive fitness model.
B)empathy-altruism hypothesis.
C)negative state relief model.
D)empathic joy hypothesis.
E)genetic determinism.

Question 8

The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ________.

A)driven by our motivation to engage in any behavior that provides the greatest satisfaction to us
B)driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of genetic success
C)motivated by our desire to appear moral without our having to pay the costs involved in actually being moral
D)caused by the desire to reduce our own discomfort in the presence of negative emotions
E)motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need

Question 9

Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town.He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane.He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others,by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take,and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity.This is an example of ________.

A)altruism
B)self-interest
C)egoism
D)prosocial behavior
E)heroism

Question 10

Actions that benefit others without providing any direct benefit to the actor are known as ________. Social Psychology,13^th Edition

A)heroism
B)self interest
C)kin selection
D)prosocial behavior
E)reciprocal altruism

Question 11

Adolescents who are better at empathic accuracy are ____.

A)too sensitive to be able to help
B)more likely to be bullied
C)more liked and less likely to be bullied
D)bullied frequently and have few friends
E)have few friends but are less likely to be bullied

Question 12

The empathic joy hypothesis requires people to not only provide help but also be presented with an opportunity to ____.

A)know that helping produced a positive impact
B)reject the person we help at a later time
C)socially exclude a third person
D)demonstrate they are similar to the person helped
E)receive reciprocal help from that person in the future

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a reason your text lists for the current trends in empathy?

A)A focus on individual self-esteem
B)Reality shows
C)Social media
D)War
E)Violence portrayed in the media

Question 14

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene,including an interview with a man who is standing in knee deep water in his basement.Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist.The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will

A)keep driving because on a bad day like today he can't begin to deal with one more problem.
B)keep driving because the motorist is a member of his in-group.
C)stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings.
D)stop and try to help because he might as well wallow in his negative feelings.
E)stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded on the side of the road.

Question 15

Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused;he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help.This example illustrates the ________.

A)selective altruism model
B)empathy-altruism hypothesis
C)empathic joy hypothesis
D)negative state relief hypothesis
E)genetic determinism model

Question 16

Emily,who is always slightly depressed,helps a little boy find his mom at the mall.Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved.This is likely because

A)helping a person often relieves a negative mood.
B)helping a person can lead to a reward.
C)empathy led Emily to help the child.
D)the child was able to articulate how much he was helped.
E)the child's mom was not a relative of Emily's.

Question 17

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene,including an interview with a man who is standing in knee deep water in his basement.Walter decides to go to the store,and on his way sees a stranded motorist.The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will

A)keep driving because on a bad day like today he can't begin to deal with one more problem.
B)keep driving because the motorist is a member of his in-group.
C)stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings.
D)stop and try to help because he might as well wallow in his negative feelings.
E)stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded on the side of the road.

Question 18

Ruth volunteers at a homeless shelter two days a month.She finds that she looks forward to her volunteer days because she feels good when helping others.Her mood is elevated before she reaches the shelter and for a few days afterwards.This situation best represents the ________.

A)altruistic personality
B)implicit bystander effect
C)empathy-altruism hypothesis
D)empathic joy hypothesis
E)negative-state relief model

Question 19

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet.She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way.This example most clearly illustrates the

A)empathic joy hypothesis.
B)negative state relief model.
C)empathy-altruism model.
D)defensive helping.
E)kin selection.

Question 20

The empathic joy hypothesis suggests we ________.

A)help others because of genetic attributes that evolved in response to natural selection pressures
B)help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors
C)help others because we expect to be helped by them or someone similar at some time in the future
D)help others solely because we want to help someone in need
E)sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from other causes

Question 21

Which statement BEST describes the decision making model of helping behavior developed by Latane and Darley?

A)Fallacies in our thinking make it difficult for us to make rational decisions regarding prosocial behavior.
B)People are more likely to help during an emergency when there are relatively few bystanders.
C)The person confronted by an emergency situation must make five crucial decisions before helping.
D)Whether we perform prosocial behavior depends on whether we have been primed to do so.
E)Diffusion of responsibility is the reason that helping is inhibited in groups.

Question 22

In one study,students from one school were asked to help students at another school.When the school to be helped had scored higher than the school of students asked to help,students offered more help to the school that was doing better than they were.This is called _______.

A)kinship selection
B)reciprocal altruism
C)competitive altruism
D)defensive helping
E)empathic joy

Question 23

As the number of bystanders who are present at an emergency increases,the probability that any one bystander will help ________,and the length of time that passes before help occurs ________.

A)increases;remains the same
B)decreases;decreases
C)decreases;increases
D)increases;decreases
E)increases;increases

Question 24

Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle.When will Carl most likely receive help?

A)Between class periods when the halls are filled with students rushing to class.
B)After the last class period of the day as students are getting ready to go home.
C)During the lunch hour when only a few students are in the hallway.
D)Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway.
E)After many people see him and continue walking by someone will help.

Question 25

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater.First,Mark says he's going to donate $5,000,and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that.Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000.What is this called?

A)Competitive altruism
B)Empathy-altruism
C)Altruism
D)Negative-state relief
E)Empathic joy

Question 26

One day you are out biking on a relatively deserted trail.You see a fellow cyclist on the side of the trail with the bike's wheels in the air.When will you be most likely to help?

A)When you know nothing about bikes but can offer moral support
B)When you know a great deal about bikes and work at a bicycle repair shop
C)When the cyclist seems to know more about bikes than you do
D)When you have just finished your trail ride
E)When you are in a rush to get to an important appointment

Question 27

A professor,two students,and the president of the student government are all on an elevator.When one of the students passes out,who is most likely to be seen as having the responsibility to help?

A)The other student
B)The president of the student government
C)The professor
D)All of the people on the elevator have an equal amount of responsibility to help
E)No one,only an EMT could be expected to provide help

Question 28

The inhibiting effect of multiple bystanders to an emergency is lessened if the group of bystanders are ________.

A)friends
B)unlikely to encounter each other again
C)certain that an emergency exists
D)casual acquaintances
E)strangers

Question 29

Based on Burnstein's research,if a person were confronted with rescuing a person or animal in a burning building,s/he would more likely rescue a ________ than a(n)________.

A)a non-relative;distant relative
B)young male;young female
C)dog;young male human
D)young female close relative;middle-age female close relative
E)young male non-relative;older female close relative

Question 30

The consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol ________ the probability that people will try to help in an emergency because ________.

A)does not effect;alcohol has no effect on anxiety level
B)decreases;bystanders who have consumed alcohol are impaired in their judgment
C)increases;alcohol reduces anxiety about the reactions of others
D)decreases;alcohol increases anxiety about the reactions of others
E)sometimes increases and sometimes decreases;alcohol has mixed effects on anxiety levels

Question 31

The first step involved in deciding whether or not to offer assistance in an emergency is to ________.

A)assess one's ability to take needed action
B)determine whether one will benefit from acting
C)interpret the situation as an emergency
D)assume responsibility for the outcome of the situation
E)notice that something unusual is happening

Question 32

The bystander effect is ________.

A)an exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare
B)the relatively equal sharing of responsibility to help by all of the bystanders present during an emergency
C)a helpful action that benefits other people without necessarily providing direct benefit to the bystanders
D)the observation that the probability of a prosocial response to an emergency is influenced by the number of bystanders present
E)cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals that provides benefit to both individuals

Question 33

A basic ________ with kin selection theory is that we ________ help people ________.

A)advantage;do;we are not related to
B)problem;don't;we are related to
C)problem;do;we are not related to
D)advantage;don't;older than our oldest parent
E)advantage;don't;we are related to

Question 34

When there are many bystanders during an emergency,the probability of receiving help is reduced.This is because of ________.

A)the diffusion of responsibility that occurs
B)selective altruism
C)inclusive fitness
D)the empathy-altruism hypothesis
E)moral hypocrisy

Question 35

Bystanders frequently fail to respond to an emergency because no one else is responding.We tend to rely on what others say and do when we are not sure of the nature of the situation or of what behaviors to engage in.This is known as ________.

A)diffusion of responsibility
B)the altruistic personality effect
C)pluralistic ignorance
D)selective altruism
E)the implicit bystander effect

Question 36

A common factor that increases the likelihood of helping behavior irrespective of the bystander's emotional state is a(n)________.

A)interesting or fun quality to the helping task
B)sense of independence and control
C)unambiguous need for help
D)sense of power
E)feeling of being personally responsible for one's own mood

Question 37

Kin selection refers to the idea that ________.

A)natural selection favors those who engage in prosocial behavior and disfavors those who do not
B)natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes
C)behavior is based on both our genetic endowment and our past learning experiences
D)behavior is driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhance the probability of transmitting one's genes to future generations
E)cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals may sometimes enhance the probability of transmitting one's genes to future generations

Question 38

Allen is running late for his social psychology class.He is hurrying across campus and is thinking about the instructor's reaction to his tardiness on an exam day.He passed by a small group of students clustered around someone who is lying on the ground,clutching his chest and gasping for breath.Allen did not stop to help because he simply was not aware of what was happening at the time.This failure to engage in prosocial behavior was probably due to Allen's ________.

A)assumption that other bystanders would help
B)not paying attention to the situation
C)lack of training in emergency medical procedures
D)desire to remain uninvolved with others' problems
E)incorrectly interpreting the situation

Question 39

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent.No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor,and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen.Wayne's uncertainty,combined with the observation that others were not taking action,means that Wayne will probably ________.

A)quietly suggest to Cheryl that they leave immediately
B)ask the people at nearby tables if they have noticed an odor
C)do nothing
D)ask a waiter to check on the smell
E)scream "Fire!" and run for the door

Question 40

Before offering help,a bystander must decide that she or he has a responsibility to provide help.This is UNLIKELY to occur if ________.

A)the emergency represents a clear danger to the bystander
B)there is only one bystander present
C)the emergency is relatively severe or serious
D)an authority figure,or emergency personnel,is present
E)a family relationship exists between the bystander and the person in need of help

Question 41

When we thank someone for helping us,they are more likely to help us again.This is because gratitude ____.

A)increases their self-efficacy
B)increases their self-worth
C)decreases their self-efficacy
D)decreases their self-esteem
E)is a polite and respected response

Question 42

A bystander may ultimately decide not to help when confronted with an emergency situation if the ________.

A)bystander believes the person who needs help is not responsible for the situation
B)person who needs help has the same facial expression as the bystander
C)bystander likes the person who needs help
D)bystander was in a particularly positive mood before encountering the emergency
E)bystander fears potential negative consequences of trying to help

Question 43

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road.The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood.She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road.After considering helping for a bit,Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist.Why?

A)Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.
B)Emily is not sure she will be able to help.
C)Emily thinks there probably isn't really anything wrong.
D)Emily thinks that someone else will come along to help soon.
E)Emily does not want to offer inappropriate help.

Question 44

Negative emotions in bystanders can increase the probability of helping behaviors if the emergency is not ambiguous,________,and ________.

A)empathy for the person needing help is relatively weak;the helping behaviors are relatively easy to perform
B)the negative emotions are partially offset by positive emotions;empathy for the person needing help is relatively weak
C)the helping behaviors are relatively simple,not requiring much thought;the individual who needs help is relatively interesting
D)the negative emotions are strongly felt;the helping behaviors are relatively uninteresting
E)the negative emotions are not too intense;the helping behaviors are relatively interesting and satisfying

Question 45

In one study participants were asked to help another person with a cover letter.Participants were then thanked for their help or simply told that the help had been received.Those who were thanked were __.

A)more likely to help the person revise a second cover letter
B)less likely to help the person revise a second cover letter
C)equally likely to help the person revise a second cover letter
D)less likely to feel an increase in self-worth
E)more likely to feel an increase in self-efficacy

Question 46

Prosocial video games encourage people to be more prosocial because

A)players think about helping others.
B)players learn strategies and techniques for how to help.
C)these games provide a variety of situations in which help is needed.
D)players develop skills that make them more proficient at providing instrumental aide.
E)players develop more empathy for "live" human beings when they are deprived of such contact for long periods of time.

Question 47

Your friend Gretchen is notoriously rude to her partner.She never says anything nice or complimentary and frequently embarrasses her partner in front of others.Gretchen calls and leaves a very distressed message for you letting you know that her partner has dumped her and she really needs someone to talk to about it.Will you call Gretchen back?

A)Yes you will because you are the only one that can help.
B)Yes you will because you want to hear how Gretchen is suffering at this loss.
C)No because you feel Gretchen is responsible for her own predicament.
D)No because we prefer not to help if it requires emotional effort.
E)No because you have never been dumped before and cannot muster any empathy.

Question 48

In general,people doing volunteer work tend to help AIDS victims ________.

A)if they have fundamentalist religious training
B)irrespective of how the victim contracted the disease
C)if the victim contracted the disease due to drug use as opposed to sexual practices
D)regardless of their political views
E)with a greater degree of willingness if the victim contracted the disease as a result of a blood transfusion

Question 49

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean.Since he does not know how to swim,Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself.This example illustrates that people ________.

A)often fail to recognize emergency situations as such
B)usually want to be left alone and not deal with others' predicaments
C)often do not help others when they are alone
D)who are poor swimmers should not go to the beach alone
E)often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do

Question 50

A bystander can offer effective direct help only if the ________.

A)person in need of help accepts the offer of assistance
B)bystander has the knowledge and or skills to act in a helpful way
C)person in need of help asks the bystander for assistance
D)bystander and the person in need of help are related in some way
E)bystander is part of a larger group of helpful individuals

Question 51

Frank is a young musician who sometimes earns extra money by playing guitar on a downtown street corner during the lunch hour.He sometimes puts a dollar and a few coins in his open guitar case before he starts playing.Frank does this because he ________.

A)thinks the presence of the money will encourage those who are unwilling to donate to walk away more quickly
B)believes this will influence the way his listeners perceive his music
C)feels the money in the guitar case is an incentive to encourage him to give better performances than he otherwise might
D)believes the money will increase the number of people who are attracted to the music he is playing
E)believes the presence of the money will act as a model for prosocial behavior for his audience

Question 52

When people are thanked for helping someone,they are ___.

A)more likely to help that person again,but not others.
B)more likely to help that person or even someone else again.
C)less likely to help in the future because they have fulfilled their need to help.
D)more likely to help anyone but the person they have already helped.
E)less likely to help in the future because being thanked for their efforts was insufficiently rewarding.

Question 53

David sees a homeless person and thinks that "this guy has no one to blame but himself." Thus,David appears to believe that this homeless man's misfortunes are ________.

A)tied to external factors
B)uncontrollable
C)controllable
D)the end result of chance factors
E)the end result of a just world

Question 54

Children who play prosocial video games are ________.

A)neither more nor less likely to help in other situations
B)more likely to help in other situations
C)confused by what they see on TV in many cases
D)less likely to help in other situations
E)more likely to help only in situations that are similar to the ones depicted on TV

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding playing prosocial video games?

A)The positive effects on prosocial behavior are relatively short-lived.
B)Players are only able to provide more help if the situation requiring help is similar to a situation in a video game.
C)Players show long lasting effects such that even several months after playing such a game players are more likely to have helped another person.
D)Players are more willing to help in virtual environments (online,email)but not in ways that demand physical contact.
E)Players tend to be desensitized to situations in which others need help and therefore are less likely to help than non-players.

Question 56

Jeanette's best friend,Ellen,notices that Jeanette's right eye is badly bruised.When Jeanette tells her that her boyfriend hit her,Ellen offers to provide help.This example BEST illustrates that ________.

A)the five step bystander intervention process often does not explain why a person decides to help
B)only women are inclined to help others
C)people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger
D)people - both males and females - are more likely to help females than males
E)people tend to realize the importance of helping domestic abuse victims

Question 57

Research has indicated that individuals are more likely to help a ________ victim as compared to a ________ victim.

A)unattractive;attractive
B)dissimilar;attractive
C)crime;non-crime
D)dissimilar;similar
E)similar;dissimilar

Question 58

Suppose Roger,a religious fundamentalist,is told that three individuals - a gay man,an unwed mother,and a college student - are in need of aid due to employment problems.Roger would be MOST likely to believe that aid should go to ________.

A)all three individuals equally
B)the college student
C)none of these three individuals
D)the gay man
E)the unwed mother

Question 59

Jenny,a five year old,may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________.

A)a prosocial video game
B)a violent video game
C)a logical video game
D)no video games
E)any video game

Question 60

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road.On the next block,they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street.Elaine says,"We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________.

A)decreased the diffusion of responsibility
B)due to self-monitoring effects
C)helped increase other directed affect
D)acted as a prosocial model
E)acted as a boost to egocentrism

Question 61

During the Nazi Holocaust,it was more likely for non-Jewish German ________ to help rescue Jews.This fact is ________ with contemporary gender differences of empathy.

A)men;inconsistent
B)women;inconsistent
C)families;inconsistent
D)men;consistent
E)women;consistent

Question 62

The text authors speculate that one reason your pet might prefer not to go to the vet is

A)because it is distressing to hear other animals crying out in pain and fear.
B)not clear because animals do not experience emotional empathy.
C)not clear because animals cannot mimic the facial expressions of others.
D)because it is uncomfortable to be constrained when around other animals.
E)because if there are non-human primates there they feel outnumbered.

Question 63

Bad feelings can come from being socially excluded.When this happens,people are more likely to ________.

A)make themselves feel better by helping others
B)not feel much empathy for others
C)feel empathy only for those people who had previously excluded them
D)feel empathy for others who were similarly rejected
E)become extremely helpful toward person of lower status

Question 64

If people help in order to receive praise from others then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

A)People would be equally likely to help others.
B)People would be less likely to help others.
C)People would not be able to feel empathy.
D)People would feel empathy but not be able to carry out any meaningful help.
E)People would be more likely to help others without fear of embarrassment.

Question 65

Empathy develops from ________.

A)biological factors only
B)several different aspects of our personality
C)a combination of biological and environmental factors
D)environmental factors only
E)adolescent learning experiences

Question 66

One study asked participants to keep track of their time in terms of billable hours and other participants were simply asked to keep track of their activities without any mention of billing.Research found that participants were ____ likely to help when they were in _____ condition.

A)less;the billable hours
B)less;the activity tracking
C)more;the billable hours
D)equally;either
E)more;either

Question 67

Women are more likely than men to help in all of the following ways except

A)volunteering for Peace Corps.
B)volunteering for Doctors of the World.
C)donating kidneys.
D)Carnegie Medal winners in the US.
E)non-Jews rescuing Jews during the Holocaust.

Question 68

If a bystander is in a particularly good mood for some reason,that bystander is ________ to offer help in an ambiguous situation because the bystander may ________.

A)more likely;have their good mood amplified by verbal requests for assistance
B)more likely;interpret the situation as a more immediate emergency
C)less likely;interpret the situation as a nonemergency
D)less likely to help if the person needing help is markedly different from the bystander;the lack of interpersonal attraction outweighs the effect of our moods
E)neither likely nor unlikely;the strength of the mood does not influence how we respond to emergencies

Question 69

In one study participants were told about a person in need of help who was either a member of their group or another group.The more empathy participants felt increased the chances they would help this person.What is the other result of this study?

A)Participants were more likely to help the person who was a member of the other group.
B)Participants were more likely to help the person who was a member of their own group.
C)Participants were equally likely to help regardless of group membership.
D)Participants with low levels of empathy were more likely to help the in-group member.
E)Participants with low levels of empathy were more likely to help the out-group member.

Question 70

In one study students were made to experience social exclusion or social inclusion by being told they would likely be alone in later life or that they would have a future rich in personal relationships.Results indicate participants who were

A)told they would be alone were less willing to help a fellow student.
B)already guaranteed a future rich in personal relationships did not bother to help a fellow student because they did not need any more friends.
C)told they would be alone were more willing to help a fellow student to try to make a friend.
D)already guaranteed a future rich in personal relationships were unable to experience empathy for someone who needed help.
E)already guaranteed a future rich in personal relationships were empathic but unwilling to help their fellow student.

Question 71

One component of empathy involves perspective taking.One type of perspective taking involves imagining how ________.

A)you would behave if you were in the other person's position
B)another person perceives an event and feels about it as a result
C)the other person might resolve the problem that they are facing
D)you would feel if you were the cause of the other's distress
E)the other person would behave if they were in your position

Question 72

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

A)sympathizing with another person;the presence of aggressive tendencies
B)sympathizing with another person;belief in a just world
C)an internal locus of control;not being egocentric
D)taking another's perspective;sympathizing with another person
E)taking another's perspective;mistrust of other people

Question 73

After seeing a motion picture where the lead character is tragically killed,Sharon feels a deep amount of sorrow for him.This is an example of the ________.

A)self-interest perspective
B)"imagine other" perspective
C)"imagine self" perspective
D)fantasy perspective
E)feeling sympathetic process

Question 74

People who imagine how another person both perceives an event and how that person must feel as a result tend to be ________.

A)motivated by generativity
B)motivated by the emotional responses of fictional characters
C)motivated by self-interest
D)motivated to perform prosocial behaviors
E)somewhat more egocentric

Question 75

Samantha is watching a movie on TV.The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident.Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them.This situation illustrates the type of perspective taking involved with ________.

A)a cognitive understanding of how others must feel in a particular situation
B)an emotional reaction to the emotions experience by a close significant other individual
C)imagining how friends of yours would feel if you were in the same situation as another individual
D)imagining how another individual perceives an event
E)feeling empathy for - and identifying with - a fictional character

Question 76

In one study on social behavior,Zhong,Bohns,and Gino (2010)found that participants in a dark room or wearing dark sunglasses were

A)more likely to exaggerate their scores to help their teammates win a prize.
B)less likely to exaggerate their scores because there was no shame in doing poorly if you were anonymous.
C)more likely to exaggerate their scores because they felt relatively anonymous.
D)less likely to exaggerate their scores because of the empathy altruism hypothesis.
E)less likely to exaggerate their scores compared to those in a brightly lit room or those not wearing dark sunglasses.

Question 77

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress - even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch.The taxi driver probably intervened due to ________.

A)pure stupidity
B)the absence of the bystander effect
C)the fact that he is a New Yorker
D)his feelings of empathy
E)a high level of egoism

Question 78

Paul,an active two-year-old,has developed a very secure attachment to his mother.In addition,his parents encourage Paul to watch TV shows such as Barney.As a result,Paul is likely to grow up to ________.

A)have a relatively low need for achievement
B)feel a strong need to control his environment
C)be somewhat more aggressive than other people
D)be slightly mistrustful of others and cynical
E)be a kind,empathetic person

Question 79

Marian,who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume,has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance.The fact that she is wearing perfume should ________.

A)increase her likelihood of receiving help
B)not affect whether she receives help or not
C)decrease her likelihood of receiving help from other women only
D)increase her likelihood of receiving help from men only
E)decrease her likelihood of receiving help

Question 80

Empathic responses to the needs of others are more common in children who have ________.

A)emotionally cold,distant mothers
B)fathers who use anger to control their children's behavior
C)friends who feel alienated
D)a secure attachment style
E)families that avoid discussion of emotions