Deck 10: Aggression: Its Nature,causes,and Control

Question 1

According to the social learning perspective,people learn ________.

A)that aggressive behaviors are always rewarded with desirable outcomes
B)that some groups encourage aggression against their members
C)that aggressive behaviors are never acceptable
D)different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior
E)that aggressive behaviors are always punished in the long run,but rewarded in the short run

Answer 1

different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior

Question 2

Some support for an evolutionary explanation for aggression comes from gender differences that show

A)men are more aggressive towards other men than towards women.
B)women are more aggressive towards men than towards women.
C)women are more aggressive towards other women than towards men.
D)men are more aggressive towards women than towards other men.
E)women are much more aggressive than men.

Answer 2

men are more aggressive towards other men than towards women.

Question 3

In contrast to older models of aggression,modern theories tend to ________.

A)be less accepted by social psychologists
B)offer an incomplete picture of the origins of human aggression
C)provide a more accurate understanding of human aggression
D)be less complex
E)explain fewer forms of aggressive behavior

Answer 3

provide a more accurate understanding of human aggression

Question 4

The social learning perspective on aggression suggests that ________.

A)people acquire their aggressive behaviors from direct experiences or from observing aggressive models
B)frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive which is usually expressed in socially acceptable ways
C)frustration causes the activation of our fighting instincts
D)the motive to harm or injure others is an innate human drive that cannot be easily controlled or eliminated
E)people are born with aggressive tendencies which are displayed in some social settings

Question 5

Behavior that is intended to harm another is known as ________.

A)Type B behavior
B)Type A behavior
C)aggression
D)frustration
E)provocation

Question 6

Action taken by another individual that tends to trigger aggression in the recipient of that action is ________.

A)an aggression
B)a hostile attribution
C)frustration
D)bullying
E)a provocation

Question 7

According to the general aggression model,situational factors and personal factors can lead to aggressive behavior because of their influence on ________,________,and ________.

A)physiological arousal;affective states;cognitions
B)cognitions;affective states;frustration
C)affective states;cognitions;other people
D)affective states;physiological arousal;catharsis
E)catharsis;provocation;cognitions

Question 8

Drive theories of aggression suggest that ________.

A)a fighting instinct in human males underlies most forms of aggression
B)males aggress against other males in order to obtain access to females
C)our death wish is redirected outwards towards others,causing aggression
D)the motive to harm or injure others is an innate human drive that cannot be easily controlled or eliminated
E)external conditions arouse the motive to harm or injure others

Question 9

After watching wrestling on TV for an hour,five-year-old Samuel went outside to play.When five-year-old Jamie,who lives next door,came outside,Samuel shoved him and tried to get him in a head-lock.This situation can best be explained by ________.

A)the Type A behavior pattern
B)excitation transfer theory
C)instrumental aggression
D)the social learning perspective
E)classical conditioning

Question 10

Aggression is best explained by ___.

A)a wide range of social,cultural,personal and situational factors
B)situational factors
C)cultural factors
D)social and cultural factors
E)personal dispositions

Question 11

Thanatos is ________.

A)Baron's idea that evolution is one of several causes of human aggression
B)the basis underlying drive theories of aggression
C)Hilton's idea that males aggress against other males but less so against females
D)Lorenz's idea of a fighting instinct in human males
E)Freud's idea of a death wish that becomes redirected towards others as aggression

Question 12

According to the general aggression model,there are two broad categories of variables that influence aggressive behavior: ________ and ________.

A)situational factors;personal factors
B)situational factors;incompatible response factors
C)Type A factors;Type B factors
D)aggression factors;displacement factors
E)personal factors;displacement factors

Question 13

According to the social learning perspective,people learn ________.

A)which persons or groups are acceptable targets for aggression and what actions justify aggressive behavior
B)that aggressive behaviors are always punished in the long run,but rewarded in the short run
C)that some groups encourage aggression against their members
D)that aggressive behaviors are always unacceptable
E)that aggressive behaviors are always rewarded with desirable outcomes

Question 14

One current perspective on aggression suggests that aggressive behavior is triggered by a variety of situational and individual variables that influence affect,cognitions,and arousal.This perspective is known as ________.

A)the thanatos hypothesis
B)the frustration-aggression model
C)the Type A - Type B hypothesis
D)the general aggression model
E)the excitation transfer theory

Question 15

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that ________.

A)frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive
B)both frustration and aggression are innate human drives that cannot be easily controlled or eliminated
C)males aggress against other males in order to obtain access to females
D)frustration causes the activation of our fighting instincts
E)internal states arouse the motive to harm or injure others

Question 16

Samantha is frustrated after waiting in a long line for an hour and ultimately shouts at the person in front of her.According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,Samantha is showing aggression due to ________.

A)the fact that frustration always leads to aggression
B)Samantha's inherent aggressive tendencies
C)the negative affect emanating from her frustration elicited by the person in front of her
D)obvious provocation from others
E)the fact that Samantha was still somewhat excited about something that had happened earlier in the day

Question 17

James and William are discussing the last presidential election.James,a Democrat,has made some very negative comments about Republicans and the way in which the campaign was conducted.William,a life-long Republican,has told James to tone it down,but this seems to encourage James to make even more negative comments.Eventually,William pushes James away and starts to throw a punch.This situation might best be seen as a case of ________.

A)bullying
B)catharsis
C)provocation
D)incompatible responses
E)instrumental aggression

Question 18

Janice tends to become aggressive whenever anyone slights her or insults her.Her friend Joline,however,never seems to become upset or angry at the same kinds of provocations and is generally not an aggressive person.The ways in which these two people might react to the same provocation is best explained by ________.

A)the Type A - Type B hypothesis
B)the thanatos hypothesis
C)the frustration-aggression model
D)the general aggression model
E)the excitation transfer theory

Question 19

Paul is studying for a test in biology.He is somewhat concerned about his ability to master the material and is trying to concentrate as much as he can.Sam,his brother,has interrupted his studies several times,causing Paul to become frustrated and angry.When Sam again enters Paul's room,Paul pushes Sam hard,and threatens to punch him.This situation illustrates ________.

A)the fighting instinct
B)thanatos
C)the catharsis hypothesis
D)hostile aggression
E)the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 20

According to the general aggression model,repeated exposure to aggressive models in films or video games may increase a person's level of aggressiveness by ________.

A)weakening the effects of constraining factors on aggressive behaviors
B)encouraging behavioral patterns involved with competitiveness,time urgency,and hostility
C)strengthening knowledge structures such as beliefs,attitudes,and schemas that are related to aggression
D)limiting the availability of incompatible responses
E)increasing the level of physiological arousal to the point at which people tend to seek catharsis

Question 21

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that ________.

A)the effects of TV are minimal to non-existent
B)media depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression levels in viewers
C)TV programs often constitute an outlet for aggressive affect
D)since TV programs generally lack a frustrating conclusion,it cannot be said that they contribute to aggression
E)research on the effects of TV violence is inconclusive and we can't draw any firm conclusions without additional research

Question 22

The "Bobo Doll" studies found that children who were exposed to an aggressive adult model ___.

A)were less likely to aggress because they were not adults
B)were more likely to aggress than children who did not see this footage
C)showed a slight increase in aggression,but didn't aggress in any of the same ways the adult did
D)showed a slight increase in aggression,but didn't think it was acceptable behavior
E)showed a slight decrease in aggression,but eventually stopped aggressing altogether

Question 23

________ studies track the same participants over a long period of time.

A)Longitudinal
B)Cross-cultural
C)Experimental
D)Correlational
E)Split-plot

Question 24

The idea that physiological arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional responses in a different situation is known as ________.

A)the hostile attributional bias
B)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
C)the provocation theory
D)the excitation transfer theory
E)the catharsis hypothesis

Question 25

Exposure to violence on TV or in movies has been shown to ________.

A)increase aggressive behavior in children,but not in adults
B)increase the probability of aggressive behavior in people who watch them
C)increase aggressive behavior for a short time only
D)have no long-term effects on aggressive behavior
E)decrease aggressive behavior because of the catharsis effect

Question 26

After learning that another participant had refused to work with them,participants are more likely to complete the letter sequence "R _ P E" with what letter?

A)E
B)O
C)I
D)A
E)U

Question 27

A person who has experienced an arousing event ________.

A)experiences collateral frustration
B)tends to seek out that situation,or similar situations
C)always reduces the tension through aggression
D)tends to avoid that situation and similar situations
E)may transfer that arousal to another situation

Question 28

Research indicates that most people perceive ____ as ____ and therefore are more likely to respond ____.

A)teasing;hostile;aggressively
B)teasing;benign;without malice
C)condescension;benign;aggressively
D)condescension;hostile;without malice
E)teaching;playful;aggressively

Question 29

Widespread effects of media violence appear to be from exposure to media defined as ________.

A)television,video games,news programs,and song lyrics
B)books,video games,television,and song lyrics
C)video games,television,nursery rhymes,and song lyrics
D)books,television,news programs,and song lyrics
E)television dramas,song lyrics,and,reality TV

Question 30

The effect of media violence on aggression is similar in effect size to the effect of ____.

A)aspirin on heart attacks
B)forgiveness on peace of mind
C)nudity on weight loss
D)studying on exam performance
E)exclusion on self-efficacy

Question 31

Miller has been watching a very exciting adventure movie at the theater.His heart rate is still a little elevated as he leaves the cinema.Just as he reaches his car in the parking lot,he sees someone accidentally bump his car as they back out of another parking space.Miller becomes extremely agitated and excitedly begins yelling and pounding on the other person's car fender.This extreme reaction to a relatively minor annoyance can best be explained by ________.

A)the excitation transfer theory
B)a hostile attributional bias
C)the catharsis hypothesis
D)the provocation theory
E)the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 32

The effects of excitation transfer are especially pronounced when people ________ that they are aroused,but ________ the source of arousal.

A)misinterpret;identify
B)do not know;misinterpret
C)do not know;are unaware of
D)are concerned;like
E)realize;misinterpret

Question 33

Violent video games have impacts on aggressive thoughts,feelings,and behaviors,but surprisingly these games also

A)persist for only short periods of time.
B)increase prosocial behavior.
C)increase empathic responding.
D)decrease empathic responding.
E)decrease response times in cognitive tasks.

Question 34

Provocation is usually met with ________.

A)retaliation
B)frustration
C)flight
D)thanatos
E)catharsis

Question 35

Playing violent video games seems to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)decrease prosocial behavior.
B)increase aggressive cognitions.
C)increase prosocial cognitions.
D)increase aggressive feelings.
E)reduce empathic responding.

Question 36

Condescension is ________.

A)relieved by catharsis
B)a relatively minor cause for aggressive behavior
C)involved with all occurrences of aggression
D)expressions of arrogance or disdain on the part of others
E)an underlying cause of Type A behavior

Question 37

After participants were told they would likely spend the future alone,they were asked to rate the person in the story on a variety of traits.Compared to participants told they would be closely connected to others in the future,participants in the social exclusion condition were more likely to say the character in the story was _______.

A)intelligent
B)kind
C)dislikable
D)a potential friend
E)Type B

Question 38

Research on aggression and social exclusion indicates that people who are rejected are more likely to complete words in ways in that show

A)a hostile cognitive mindset.
B)a prosocial mindset.
C)priming of cooperative words.
D)priming of neutral words.
E)attempts to make new friends.

Question 39

Sarah was driving home after a particularly difficult day at work when someone cut her off and almost caused her to wreck her car.Still shaken from her near miss,she arrived home to find that her spouse had not yet started dinner,as he had promised to do.Sarah angrily accused him of being "a lazy bum" and started an argument with him.This situation can best be explained by ________.

A)the frustration-aggression hypothesis
B)a hostile attributional bias
C)the excitation transfer theory
D)the provocation theory
E)the catharsis hypothesis

Question 40

Participants were told they were likely to spend much of their future alone,they then read a story about someone and were asked to rate this person,finally they were asked if this person was suitable to work as a research assistant.Findings show that participants

A)were in great need of friends and rated the person quite positively.
B)were likely to give a neutral rating because they didn't really know the person's qualifications
C)were more likely to ask for more evidence about the person before making a decision
D)rated the applicant quite negatively.
E)rated the applicant quite positively.

Question 41

Sexual jealousy is a particularly powerful determinant of aggression in ________.

A)all cultures equally
B)cosmopolitan societies
C)mercantile cultures
D)agrarian societies
E)cultures of honor

Question 42

People who frequently played violent video games tend to show ____ event-related brain potential (P300 activity)when viewing violent images compared to those who rarely played such games.

A)decreased
B)desensitized
C)increased
D)equally balanced
E)high

Question 43

After braiding a rope or a mannequin's hair,men were given a choice of task.What did they choose?

A)Men who braided rope chose to punch a punching bag.
B)Men who braided hair chose to work on a puzzle.
C)Men who braided hair chose to punch a punching bag.
D)Men who braided rope and hair chose to work on a puzzle.
E)Men chose to work on a puzzle regardless of condition.

Question 44

Cultural norms that support aggressive responses to insults to one's honor developed in response to ________.

A)the strain associated with large numbers of people not being able to improve their standing in life
B)covert matriarchal power structures underlying the society
C)the stresses of an agrarian style of life
D)wealth being concentrated in forms that could easily be stolen
E)the need to defend large territories against potential invaders

Question 45

Repeated exposure to violent media content leads people to ________.

A)revert to more immature behavioral patterns
B)develop strong knowledge structures related to aggression
C)engage in behaviors that may escalate into violence
D)develop powerful hand-eye coordination capabilities
E)commit particularly aggressive acts

Question 46

One result of desensitization to violence is that individuals who are desensitized to violence are likely to be ____.

A)less aggressive to others
B)more aggressive to others
C)respond more quickly to aggressive situations
D)have stronger reactions to violence
E)react more quickly when things turn violent

Question 47

Mate-retention behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT

A)close surveillance.
B)threats of punishment for infidelity
C)refusing to care for offspring.
D)showing affect and care.
E)public signals of possession.

Question 48

The hostile expectation bias is ________.

A)an expectation that other people will behave aggressively
B)anticipated hostility towards others
C)an incompatible response
D)a Type B behavior pattern
E)an expectation that we will become more aggressive

Question 49

Exposure to media violence may increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior because it creates ________.

A)displaced aggression
B)decreased arousal states
C)a desire for direct action
D)Type A behavior patterns
E)a hostile expectation bias

Question 50

Research on desensitization showed that individuals who ___ watch violent films showed ____ as measured by _____.

A)rarely;less arousal;heart rate
B)rarely;less arousal;skin conductance
C)frequently;more arousal;skin conductance
D)frequently;less arousal;heart rate
E)frequently;less arousal;skin conductance

Question 51

After playing a particularly violent video game for a few hours,Tom became involved in a heated discussion with his roommate.When his roommate suddenly stood up to go to another room,thereby ending the discussion,Tom believed that his roommate was about to attack him.This misinterpretation of his roommate's actions is probably due to ________.

A)a Type A behavior pattern
B)a hostile expectation bias
C)a Type B behavior pattern
D)an incompatible response
E)catharsis

Question 52

Why are violent videogames so popular according to your text?

A)These types of games are exciting.
B)These types of games are enjoyable.
C)These types of games provide a sense of autonomy.
D)These types of games provide a sense of incompetence.
E)These types of games allow people to lose control.

Question 53

In the US,___ of nonfatal violence against women and ___ of female homicide victims are killed by an intimate partner.

A)20%;30%
B)40%;50%
C)70%;90%
D)75%;20%
E)90%;70%

Question 54

When asked how a man might lose his "manhood," people provide a long list that includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)letting others done.
B)losing face.
C)winning the lottery.
D)being unable to support his family.
E)losing his job.

Question 55

In one study male participants were asked to braid either rope or the hair of a female mannequin.They were then given the opportunity to punch a punching bag.Findings show that braiding

A)rope primed masculinity and led to more forceful blows.
B)rope led to more forceful blows.
C)hair primed femininity and led to less forceful blows.
D)hair led to more forceful blows.
E)in general led to less aggression.

Question 56

James' fiancée,Ruth,told him that she wants to visit her ex-boyfriend.James became very upset with Ruth and they argued loudly about her planned visit.During the argument,James slapped Ruth and stormed out of the house.James' behavior is likely to be most acceptable if he and Ruth live in ________.

A)Canada
B)Japan
C)England
D)the Northeastern United States
E)the Southern United States

Question 57

Men are more likely to engage in ______ when their partner is _____ and ____.

A)kinship selection;older;attractive
B)mate-retention behaviors;younger;less attractive
C)mate-retention behaviors;older;more attractive
D)mate-retention behaviors;younger;more attractive
E)kinship selection;younger;more attractive

Question 58

A culture of honor is one in which ________.

A)wealth is heavily concentrated among an elite group of leaders
B)militarism is an accepted way of life
C)wealth is easily converted to many different forms
D)cultural norms indicate that aggressive behavior is appropriate and acceptable if one's honor has been insulted
E)honor is the only thing of value for most people

Question 59

One finding regarding whether we believe someone will be aggressive has shown that people with faces that have

A)low width-to-height ratios are perceived as more aggressive.
B)high width-to-height ratios are perceived as less angry.
C)low width-to-height ratios are perceived as more angry.
D)high width-to-height ratios are perceived as more aggressive.
E)high width-to-height ratios are perceived as less aggressive.

Question 60

One study found that we perceive people with certain width-to-height face ratios to be aggressive,and further research shows that

A)our perceptions are founded.
B)this perception has no basis in reality.
C)the ratio is not predictive of any actual behavior.
D)the ratio may predict aggression but only when we are desensitized to other cues.
E)the reverse is actually true.

Question 61

What is the relationship between gender and aggression?

A)Women are more likely than men to engage in any kind of aggressive behavior.
B)Men are more likely to engage in direct aggression;women are more likely to engage in indirect aggression.
C)Both genders are equally likely to engage in direct aggression,but women are more likely to engage in direct aggression.
D)Men are more likely than women to engage in any kind of aggressive behavior.
E)Both genders are equally likely to engage in direct aggression,but men are more likely to engage in indirect aggression.

Question 62

The TASS model theorizes that

A)personality factors have a clear and strong effect when situational cues are weak.
B)personality factors always overwhelm situational expectations.
C)situational factors have to be sufficiently strong to trigger a dispositional tendency.
D)situational factors are frequently overwhelmed by personality traits.
E)predispositions make us particularly sensitive to relevant situations.

Question 63

Gender differences in aggression tend to shrink or disappear in situations where ________.

A)provocation is absent
B)males provoke females
C)females provoke males
D)provocation is present
E)males dominate

Question 64

Laboratory studies of the relationship between temperature and aggression have demonstrated that ________.

A)low temperatures reduce aggression
B)very high temperatures reduce aggression
C)neither high nor low temperatures influence aggression
D)low temperatures increase aggression
E)moderately high temperatures reduce aggression

Question 65

Jessie is a Type B person.Jim is a Type A person.Both work out regularly at the gym and are in excellent physical condition.Both have been invited to be contestants on a new reality TV show in which contestants compete for a new car.One of the competitions involves a boxing match.Assuming that all other factors are equal and based on what is known about Type A and Type B personalities,who is most likely to become a contestant on this program?

A)Jessie,because Type B persons are more aggressive than are Type A persons.
B)Jim,because Type A persons are more aggressive than are Type B persons.
C)Both are equally likely to become contestants.
D)It cannot be determined from the information given.
E)None of the above.

Question 66

Instrumental aggression ________.

A)occurs when the primary objective is to inflict harm on another individual or group
B)is more frequently used by Type A personalities
C)is sometimes useful in achieving a particular goal or objective
D)is more common among Type B personalities
E)is the result of a strong hostile attributional bias

Question 67

Jason is a relatively easy-going person who never seems to be in a hurry.He tends to avoid direct competition with others,preferring to set and meet goals and standards for himself without considering what others are doing or achieving.He is always patient with those who move more slowly than he does or who get in his way.Jason probably has a ________.

A)Type C personality
B)Type A personality
C)holistic approach to aggression
D)non-hostile attributional bias
E)Type B personality

Question 68

The Type A behavior pattern ________.

A)exists primarily in female members of cultures of honor
B)consists primarily of low levels of competitiveness,time urgency,and hostility
C)consists primarily of instrumental aggressiveness and time urgency
D)consists primarily of high levels of competitiveness,hostility,and time urgency
E)exists primarily in male members of cultures of honor

Question 69

Bill,a seventh-grader,is on the playground.Bill has started pushing another student around and has punched him twice when a teacher intervenes.Bill tries to explain his aggressiveness by saying,"I was just having fun." This is an example of ________.

A)instrumental aggression
B)hostile aggression
C)Type B personality
D)Type A personality
E)hostile attributional bias

Question 70

Narcissism refers to holding ________.

A)others accountable to a higher standard of behavior than oneself
B)a deflated view of another person's virtues or accomplishments
C)a deflated view of one's own virtues or accomplishments
D)an inflated view of one's own virtues or accomplishments
E)an inflated view of another person's virtues or accomplishments

Question 71

Lee just punched a stranger in the face in order to prove to his peers that he was "manly." This is an example of ________.

A)the Type A behavior pattern
B)displaced aggression
C)the Type B behavior pattern
D)hostile aggression
E)instrumental aggression

Question 72

Mike,a seventh-grader,is on the playground.Mike has started pushing another student around and has punched him twice when a teacher intervenes.Mike tries to explain his aggressiveness by saying,"I wanted his coat - I was cold." This is an example of ________.

A)hostile attributional bias
B)Type B personality
C)Type A personality
D)instrumental aggression
E)hostile aggression

Question 73

Jason always feels like he's pressed for time.As a result,he's chronically in a hurry.He is competitive with others,feeling a strong need to "prove himself" and win at everything he tries.He also tends to be somewhat irritable and aggressively impatient with those who move more slowly than he does or who get in his way.Jason probably has a ________.

A)Type A personality
B)Type B personality
C)Type C personality
D)hostile attributional bias
E)holistic approach to aggression

Question 74

Suppose Cindy shows a Type A behavior pattern but her husband,Bert,shows a Type B behavior pattern.Given this information,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Cindy is more likely than Bert to show hostile and instrumental aggression.
B)Cindy and Bert are equally likely to show hostile and instrumental aggression.
C)Cindy is less likely than Bert to show instrumental aggression only.
D)Cindy is more likely than Bert to show instrumental aggression only.
E)Cindy is more likely than Bert to show hostile aggression only.

Question 75

Hostile aggression occurs when ________.

A)the hostile attributional bias is too strong
B)the aggression is used to achieve some other goal
C)the primary goal is to inflict harm on the victim
D)catharsis is not achieved
E)a Type A person encounters a Type B person

Question 76

The Type B behavior pattern is ________.

A)marked by the absence of Type A characteristics
B)composed primarily of instrumental aggressiveness and time urgency
C)composed primarily of high levels of competitiveness,hostility,and time urgency
D)found primarily in female members of cultures of honor
E)found primarily in male members of cultures of honor

Question 77

Gender differences in aggression show that for indirect forms of aggression

A)women are largely more aggressive in this way.
B)the gender difference is present in children but not for adults.
C)men are largely more aggressive than boys.
D)girls are largely more aggressive than men.
E)the gender difference is negligible.

Question 78

Gender differences for direct aggression seem to be disappearing in large part because

A)men are becoming less aggressive.
B)men are becoming more aggressive.
C)men are becoming less aggressive and women are becoming more aggressive.
D)women are becoming more aggressive.
E)women are becoming less aggressive.

Question 79

Recent research indicates that there is a relationship between temperature and aggression.As temperatures increase ________.

A)nonviolent crimes,such as burglary and car theft,decrease
B)violent crimes,such aggravated assault and homicide,decrease
C)nonviolent crimes,such as burglary and car theft,also increase
D)crimes such as rape at first increase,then decrease
E)violent crimes,such as aggravated assault and homicide,also increase

Question 80

People who tend to think of themselves as being superior to other people in terms of their abilities or qualities,and as being more deserving of respect than others,tend to react strongly to negative feedback,in part because ________.

A)they believe a different,more stringent set of standard applies to them
B)positive feedback may threaten their self-image
C)negative feedback may threaten their self-image
D)negative feedback may bolster their self-image
E)they believe a different,more relaxed set of standard applies to them