Deck 7: Interpersonal Attraction, close Relationships, and Love

Question 1

Which of the following professionals are MOST likely to utilize what is known about proximity in their work?

A)Accountants
B)Attorneys
C)Architects
D)Medical doctors
E)Biologists

Answer 1

Architects

Question 2

Angela and Becky are good friends.Carol greatly dislikes Angela but is not acquainted with Becky.Given this information,if Carol sees Angela and Becky interacting,Carol is MOST likely to react to Becky ________.

A)by having a negative reaction to her
B)by having a positive reaction to her
C)in an indifferent fashion since she is not acquainted with her
D)by trying to develop a friendship with her in order to anger Angela
E)by developing a level of intrigue about her

Answer 2

by having a negative reaction to her

Question 3

Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli,this offers evidence that there is ________.

A)no evolutionary rationale for why humans would show a high affiliation need
B)a decrease in affiliative behavior at the community level
C)a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate
D)not an automatic response to facial cues
E)a psychological basis for the need to affiliate that is present at a very early age

Answer 3

a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate

Question 4

Mark was eating a wonderful dinner one evening when Jeannine came into the restaurant and sat down next to him while he was finishing this dinner.Later,Mark found that he was attracted to Jeannine.This situation illustrates the operation of a(n)________ effect on attraction.

A)mediated variable's
B)an unintentional
C)associated
D)direct
E)correlational

Question 5

According to a classical conditioning model of attraction,if you saw a funny film with someone,you would ________.

A)like the person more
B)like the person less
C)think that the person was funny
D)like the film more
E)like the film less

Question 6

Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation.As such,he would likely ________.

A)show less emotional involvement in a relationship
B)not express a desire to marry right after college
C)avoid people with undesirable physical characteristics
D)prefer to spend as much time alone as possible
E)avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

Question 7

Lisa admired the dress that Shelly was wearing and told Shelly that she looked absolutely stunning in that dress.Shelly felt very positive feelings toward Lisa after that compliment and tended to like her in other circumstances.Lisa had ________ effect on the attraction Shelly felt for her.

A)an associated
B)a direct
C)a correlational
D)an indirect
E)an intentional

Question 8

Attraction toward another increases if ________ and decreases if ________.

A)the other person produces positive affect;the other person produces negative affect
B)the other person invades our personal space;the other person is overly pleasant
C)the other person provides punishment;the other person provides positive reinforcement
D)the other person produces negative affect;the other person produces positive affect
E)we provide positive reinforcement;we provide negative reinforcement

Question 9

When people are socially excluded,they demonstrate ___.

A)lower need for affiliation
B)increases in cognitive functioning
C)decreased sensitivity to interpersonal information
D)increased sensitivity to interpersonal information
E)no major decrements in cognitive functioning

Question 10

The associated effect that emotions have on attraction can best be explained by ________.

A)classical conditioning
B)the direct effect
C)nonconscious stereotyping
D)observational learning
E)operant conditioning

Question 11

Regarding the affect-attraction relationship on social influence,an ad agency is primarily concerned with ________ in order to sell a product.

A)mentioning the unique aspects of their product
B)arousing positive feelings
C)highlighting a company's business record
D)providing a balanced view about their product to customers
E)associating the product with a particular sound

Question 12

Individuals can vary in their strength of their need for affiliation as a function of ________.

A)environmental factors only
B)either their traits or temporary states
C)temporary states only
D)their traits only
E)absolutely nothing,since people do not differ in terms of their strength of their need for affiliation

Question 13

Regardless of the factors leading up to one liking or disliking another individual,those likes and dislikes are determined by one's immediate ________.

A)proximity
B)affective state
C)need for affiliation
D)interpersonal relationship
E)attitude balance

Question 14

Proximity is important to attraction because ________.

A)it allows negative attitudes to dissipate over time
B)repeated exposure tends to produce favorable evaluations
C)areas of similarity can be discovered more easily
D)areas of dissimilarity are less likely to exist
E)observable characteristics become more pronounced

Question 15

Which of the following is true about individuals with a dismissing avoidant attachment style?

A)They do not benefit from relationships with others.
B)They have very high need for affiliation.
C)Just like everyone else their self-esteem rises when they are accepted by others.
D)They are incapable of having relationships with others.
E)They are so needy when it comes to relationships they push others away.

Question 16

Joshua happened to be sitting next to Brittany when the professor returned term papers to the class.Brittany received an unexpectedly high grade and the teacher's comments were very flattering to her.Brittany now finds herself liking Joshua a bit more than before.This occurrence is best explained by the ________.

A)need for affiliation
B)similarity-dissimilarity effect
C)associated effect of emotions
D)power of proximity
E)affect-attraction relationship

Question 17

Karen and James are taking the same social psychology class.Karen happened to be standing next to James in the college post office when he received a letter from home that contained an unexpected $50.00.A short time later,James was asked to evaluate Karen as part of a class project.His evaluation of Karen is higher than it otherwise might have been because of the ________.

A)similarity-dissimilarity effect
B)power of proximity
C)associated effect of emotions
D)need for affiliation
E)affect-attraction relationship

Question 18

Individuals who are in stressful situations frequently experience an increase in their need to affiliate with others in a similar situation.This may be because ________.

A)affiliation with others in similar situations may increase our sense of belongingness
B)such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons
C)affiliation with others in similar situations may increase our sense of isolation
D)others who are in similar situations may better know what to do
E)such affiliations may provide us with improved coping strategies

Question 19

The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships is known as ________.

A)the affiliation need
B)the affect-centered model of attraction
C)the proportion of similarity
D)an adaptive response
E)the aversion hypothesis

Question 20

When your feelings are negative about something in your environment,and another person just happens to be with you,you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms,illustrating the impact of ________ on attraction.

A)a correlational effect
B)an associated effect
C)a direct effect
D)an unintentional
E)an indirect effect

Question 21

According to Zajonc (2001),we generally respond to a stranger with ________ the first time we encounter that person.

A)concern for our personal safety
B)at least mild discomfort
C)open friendliness
D)curiosity
E)a mixture of discomfort and friendliness

Question 22

Suppose Jamie lives in an apartment building.She has the BEST chance to become acquainted with the person who lives ________.

A)directly above her
B)in any of these locations
C)at the end of the hall on her floor
D)directly across from her
E)directly below her

Question 23

Since George,a college student,prefers privacy,he should choose to sit ________.

A)in an area that is not isolated
B)in the back of the room,away from others
C)as close to where the professor is as possible
D)anywhere he likes,since location in the room will not affect his privacy
E)where there are students on both sides of him

Question 24

Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all.Shortly thereafter,this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle,and the song was played over and over,so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song.You would expect Bob to ________ for the song.

A)decrease his liking
B)at first decrease his liking,then increase his liking
C)become neutral in his evaluation
D)increase his liking
E)reevaluate his feelings

Question 25

According to Zajonc (2001),repeated encounters with a stranger generally allow ________ to decrease and ________ to increase.

A)beneficial consequences;harmful consequences
B)positive emotions;negative emotions
C)positive emotions;feelings of familiarity
D)feelings of familiarity;feelings of uncertainty
E)negative emotions;positive emotions

Question 26

Based on Langlois' work with composite faces,you might say that an attractive face is perceived as ________ than an unattractive one.

A)more familiar
B)more motherly/fatherly
C)less comforting
D)less familiar
E)more discomforting

Question 27

The finding that frequent contact with a mildly negative,neutral,or positive stimulus results in increasingly positive evaluations of that stimulus is known as ________.

A)an adaptive response
B)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
C)the repeated exposure effect
D)the proportion of similarity
E)the affect-centered model

Question 28

Tomas is beginning his first year of college.Since one of his goals is to meet people and make new friends in his classes,Tomas would be well-advised to ________.

A)spend as much time as possible interacting with the instructor
B)sit between other students in his classes whenever possible
C)sit in the back of the room so he can take notes quietly during class
D)sit at the front of the room and on the end of a row
E)periodically cut class and spend the time alone in a nearby park

Question 29

Suppose Diane and Mark,as college freshmen,are assigned dorm rooms right next door to each other.Shortly thereafter,they begin dating,and after college,they wed.The factor that would be MOST responsible for their initial acquaintance is ________.

A)need for affiliation
B)shared attitudes and beliefs
C)repeated exposure due to proximity
D)physical attraction
E)adaptive responses

Question 30

The repeated exposure effect is LEAST likely to generate positive evaluations when the ________.

A)individual being exposed has a relatively strong need for structure
B)stimulus initially generates strong negative affect
C)individual is consciously processing information about the stimulus
D)individual is not aware that exposure has taken place
E)repeated exposures cannot be avoided

Question 31

People perceive attractive faces as more _____ than unattractive faces.

A)similar to their own
B)familiar
C)average
D)socially unresponsive
E)emotional

Question 32

Repeated exposure can lead to negative views of the stimulus if ________.

A)propinquity effects are not present
B)the repeated exposure occurs without conscious awareness
C)the repeated exposure occurs randomly
D)the need for affiliation is low
E)the stimulus originally evokes negative emotions

Question 33

The vast majority of the stereotypes based on appearance are mostly ________.

A)inaccurate
B)inaccurate for younger people but relatively accurate for older people
C)accurate for men and women
D)accurate for females
E)accurate for males

Question 34

A stereotype based on appearance that is largely accurate is that,in contrast to less attractive people,more attractive people tend to ________.

A)be less likely to self-disclose
B)be somewhat shallow and boring
C)possess higher levels of intelligence
D)have better interpersonal skills
E)be more sensual

Question 35

Jessica considers herself to be a private individual.Although she is taking college courses and working towards her degree,she doesn't enjoy interacting with her fellow students very much.In order to minimize interactions in the classroom,Jessica should ________.

A)spend as much time as possible interacting with the instructor
B)sit at the front of the room and near the center of a row whenever possible
C)sit in the back of the room,and either in a corner or at the end of a row whenever possible
D)sit as close to the center of the room as possible
E)make frequent eye contact with her fellow students in order to indicate her lack of interest

Question 36

Research shows that attractive defendants are ___.

A)more likely to be found guilty than unattractive defendants
B)less likely to be found guilty than unattractive defendants
C)more likely to be offered a plea bargain
D)less likely to testify on their own behalf
E)less likely to receive the death penalty once found guilty

Question 37

The principle of proximity suggests that the ________.

A)distance between individuals determines which of their physical characteristics are most likely to be noticed
B)distance between individuals indicates whether one individual is attracted to another
C)physical closeness between individuals helps determine the probability that repeated contact will be experienced
D)distance between individuals determines who can interact with whom
E)physical closeness between individuals is an indication of mutual attraction

Question 38

Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town.They attended the same school and went to the same college,where they took many of the same classes.At first,they were not particularly interested in each other romantically,but over time,they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married.This is best explained by the ________.

A)similarity-dissimilarity effect
B)proportion of similarity
C)repeated exposure effect
D)affect-centered model of attraction
E)attitude similarity effect

Question 39

The observation that repeated exposure to a new stimulus results in increasingly positive evaluations of the stimulus is known as the ________.

A)proportion of familiarity
B)affect-centered model of attraction
C)attitude familiarity effect
D)mere exposure effect
E)similarity-dissimilarity effect

Question 40

People respond _______ to attractive infants compared to unattractive infants.

A)more quickly
B)less quickly
C)more thoroughly
D)more positively
E)less positively

Question 41

Dave has just been shown a composite face of 20 women.He will likely rate this face as ________ in attractiveness.

A)average
B)exceptionally below average
C)below average
D)above average
E)none of the above

Question 42

Men tend to view women as attractive if they ________.

A)do not have prominent cheekbones
B)have "childlike"-but not mature-features
C)have mature-but not "childlike"- features
D)do not have a small nose and chin
E)have either "childlike" or mature features

Question 43

Researchers have digitally combined multiple faces to create a composite image.This "averaged" face is typically rated as ________.

A)average in terms of attractiveness
B)less attractive than the faces used to create it
C)unrecognizable
D)either more or less attractive,depending on the faces used to create it
E)more attractive than the faces used to create it

Question 44

The proportion of similarity is an indication of ________.

A)the strength of the similarity-dissimilarity effect
B)the affect-centered model of attraction
C)the frequency of agreeable communications
D)the likely level of attraction between two people
E)average population level of agreement on selected topics

Question 45

Attraction between two people is enhanced when ________.

A)the need for affiliation is particularly strong
B)privacy is of lesser concern to both individuals
C)areas of dissimilarity cause feelings of discomfort
D)areas of similarity outweigh areas of dissimilarity
E)physical proximity cannot be altered

Question 46

Individuals with a thin and angular body shape are perceived as _______.

A)narcissistic
B)intelligent
C)extroverted
D)disciplined
E)easygoing

Question 47

The concept of attitude similarity includes similarity of ________,________,________,and ________.

A)activities;beliefs;attitudes;interests
B)attitudes;beliefs;values;interests
C)attitudes;beliefs;values;behaviors
D)attitudes;backgrounds;values;interests
E)backgrounds;activities;interests;attitudes

Question 48

Which of the following people would be perceived most positively?

A)Meredith who walks carefully down the stairs.
B)Gregory who walks slowly but directly to his destination down the hall.
C)Susan who walk briskly but stooped over down the hallway.
D)Gretchen who walks briskly down the hall with an upright posture.
E)Earl who walks slowly and stooped over down the hallway.

Question 49

Research in bars indicates that people are perceived as more attractive by members of the opposite sex at later times of the evening than at earlier times.This is due to ________.

A)increases in the number of available potential partners
B)less attractive people tend to arrive at social functions at earlier times
C)decreases in the number of available potential partners
D)incremental effects of the alcohol consumed
E)more attractive people tend to arrive at social functions at later times

Question 50

Our evaluations of strangers tend to be higher when ________.

A)there are indications that the stranger's attitudes and beliefs are different from ours
B)there are indications of differences in attitudes and beliefs but similarities in behaviors
C)we know that some beliefs are dissimilar but some attitudes are similar to ours
D)we know that they share attitudes and beliefs that are similar to ours
E)we know that some attitudes are dissimilar but some beliefs are similar to ours

Question 51

Physical attractiveness is ________.

A)not at all influenced by our prior learning experiences
B)characteristics that are evaluated as the opposite of unattractive
C)generally unrelated to grades,evaluations,or other external measures of capability
D)adjudged based on precise cues that are not easy to identify
E)characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful/handsome only

Question 52

People who share similar attitudes and beliefs are ________ to like each other.

A)less likely
B)unlikely
C)more likely
D)neither more nor less likely
E)either more or less likely,depending on other factors

Question 53

Which of the following people would receive the most positive response from others?

A)Ann who is very animated in her speech and talks about herself all of the time.
B)Brenda who is very modest and does not become too animated when speaking.
C)Charlene who is very animated in her speech and also very modest.
D)Danielle who is very proud of her accomplishments and is never overly expressive.
E)Earnest who speaks very quietly and without much emphasis and only about himself.

Question 54

Research on the color red has demonstrated that____.

A)men but not women viewed against a red background are perceived as more sexually attractive
B)men but not women who wear red shirts are thought to be more angry and aggressive
C)men perceived women wearing red as more sexually appealing than women wearing other colors
D)women perceived anyone wearing red as more sexually appealing than men did
E)women were thought to be more attractive when they were not wearing red

Question 55

A firm handshake communicates which of the following personality traits _______.

A)introversion
B)extroversion
C)neuroticism
D)narcissism
E)conscientiousness

Question 56

Individuals with a round body build are thought to be ________.

A)easygoing
B)selfish
C)introverted
D)intelligent
E)energetic

Question 57

When people rate the attractiveness of a number of faces,two categories generally emerge.These are ________ and ________.

A)childlike features,with well-groomed hair and an elongated neck;childlike features,with a broad nose and large pupils
B)mature features,with prominent cheekbones and a somewhat pointed chin;mature features,with a slightly open mouth and a somewhat pointed chin
C)childlike features,with large widely spaced eyes and small nose and mouth;mature features,with high eyebrows,large pupils and a big smile
D)childlike features,with large widely spaced eyes and small nose and mouth;childlike features,with relatively small eyes and a larger nose and mouth
E)mature features,with high eyebrows,large pupils and a big smile;mature features,with prominent cheekbones and a somewhat pointed chin

Question 58

Of the following famous sayings,the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity-attraction relationship is ________.

A)a penny saved is a penny earned
B)too many cooks spoil the broth
C)a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
D)opposites attract
E)birds of a feather flock together

Question 59

The idea that opposites attract is called ________.

A)complementarity
B)similarity
C)dissimilarity
D)attraction determinacy
E)mutual reinforcement

Question 60

Why would participants in Langlois' experiments rate the average of multiple faces as more attractive than the faces from which they were created?

A)The average face elicits a self-comparison from the participant.
B)The average face is perceived as closer to our schemas of women and men.
C)The average face avoids the stereotypes of any extreme face.
D)The average face is perceived as a whole,whereas the extreme face is perceived in parts.
E)The average face is more likely to have mature features.

Question 61

The degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships is referred to as her or his ________.

A)attachment style
B)mother-infant bonding
C)basic attitudes toward interactions
D)introjected caregiver information
E)level of misanthropy

Question 62

When indications of similar views on various topics are measured,the proportion of similarity is ________.

A)the ratio of similar views to previously expressed similarity expressed by two people
B)the ratio of total views of similarity and dissimilarity to similar views divided by dissimilar views expressed by two people
C)the ratio of similar views to total views (similar + dissimilar)expressed by two people
D)the number of times two people agree with each other divided by the number of times they disagree with each other
E)the ratio of similar views to dissimilar views expressed by two people

Question 63

A person with a preoccupied attachment style is said to have a _______ self-image and _________ interpersonal trust.

A)negative;high
B)positive;low
C)negative;negative
D)positive;high
E)extremely high;extremely low

Question 64

Information about dissimilar attitudes and beliefs has ________ effect on attraction than does the same amount of information about similar attitudes.

A)a slightly weaker
B)a slightly stronger
C)a very much weaker
D)the same
E)a very much stronger

Question 65

Flattery often works with respect to attraction because of the rule of ________.

A)reciprocity
B)ingratiation
C)similarity
D)complementarity
E)implicit evaluation

Question 66

When researchers asked students to say which traits were most important for their ideal person to have,across a spectrum of different types of relationships,they named ________ and ________ as the two most important.

A)trustworthiness;cooperativeness
B)extraversion;trustworthiness
C)intelligence;humor
D)ambition;physical attractiveness
E)kindness;physical attractiveness

Question 67

On the basis of the proportion of similar attitudes,of the following individuals,the person we would like the MOST would be the one with ________.

A)6 similar attitudes and 10 dissimilar attitudes
B)10 similar attitudes and 10 dissimilar attitudes
C)20 similar attitudes and 4 dissimilar attitudes
D)12 similar attitudes and 20 dissimilar attitudes
E)9 similar attitudes and 8 dissimilar attitudes

Question 68

Suppose that during a conversation with one of your best friends,you discover that she dislikes social psychology and your professor.You,on the other hand,like both of these things very much.Under these conditions,your relationship with your friend can be described as ________.

A)balanced
B)rebalanced
C)unbalanced
D)nonbalanced
E)imbalanced

Question 69

According to balance theory,balance is achieved when ________.

A)two people like each other and discover they are similar in some way
B)two people dislike each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
C)two people dislike each other and discover they are similar in some way
D)two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
E)one person likes the other and discovers a similarity between himself and another person without checking to see if his perception is shared

Question 70

Information about other people's attitudes are processed by the perceiver ________ to produce the proportion of similarity effect.

A)by multiplying positive affective responses and subtracting negative ones
B)by adding and subtracting positive and negative affective responses
C)in unknown ways
D)by adding positive affective responses,subtracting negative responses,and dividing by total responses
E)in a surprisingly imprecise mathematical way

Question 71

The matching hypothesis would say ____.

A)Matt is seeking the most attractive partner he can find,preferably someone more attractive than he is
B)Mary is seeking the least attractive partner she can find,preferably someone less attractive than she is
C)Carl is seeking a partner that is less attractive than he is
D)Charles is seeking a partner that is about at attractive as he is
E)Dave is seeking a partner that is more attractive than his last partner

Question 72

According to balance theory,balance results in ________,while imbalance results in ________,and nonbalance results in ________.

A)a positive emotional state;indifference;a negative state
B)a negative emotional state;a positive state;indifference
C)indifference;a positive emotional state;a negative state
D)a negative emotional state;indifference;a positive state
E)a positive emotional state;a negative state;indifference

Question 73

According to balance theory,nonbalance exists when ________.

A)two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
B)two people discover they are dissimilar in some way but neither like nor dislike each other
C)one person likes the other and the other person dislikes the first
D)two people dislike one another
E)one person likes the other and the other person is neutral towards the first

Question 74

Consistent with the repulsion hypothesis,if you meet someone with whom you share one similar and one dissimilar attitude,you will be MOST likely to ________.

A)ignore the information about your similar and dissimilar attitudes until you have an opportunity to ask your other friends if they know this individual
B)determine whether you like or dislike the person on the basis of the relative importance you assign to the dissimilar/similar attitudes
C)show increased liking for the person even though you may have some concern about your point of dissimilarity
D)focus on the dissimilarity as a basis to not like the individual in question
E)like the person,but only as a casual acquaintance

Question 75

According to balance theory,imbalance exists when ________.

A)two people like each other and discover they are similar in some way
B)two people like each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
C)two people dislike each other and discover they are dissimilar in some way
D)one person likes the other and the other person dislikes or is neutral towards the first
E)one person dislikes another person,but perceives that person as being similar to a third person whom the perceiver does not like

Question 76

Festinger's (1954)social comparison theory states that people compare their attitudes and beliefs with each other because this ________.

A)increases the likelihood of finding others who share those attitudes and beliefs
B)helps to avoid states of imbalance or nonbalance
C)is the only way we can evaluate our accuracy and normality
D)produces conservational validation
E)is a necessary step towards achieving balance

Question 77

The proportion of similarity is predictive of the degree of attraction between two people ________.

A)when discussions are between females and females
B)when discussions are between males and females
C)regardless of the importance of the topics they discuss
D)when discussions are of topics that are important to the individuals
E)when discussions are between males and males

Question 78

One of the few ways ________ works well is between a ________ with respect to ________ interactions.

A)complementarity;male and female;dominance/submission
B)similarity;female and female;management styles
C)complementarity;male and female;athletic/non-athletic
D)complementarity;male and male;extraversion/introversion
E)similarity;female and female;views on fairness

Question 79

Different cultures have varying expectations regarding the parent-child relationship.In the United States ____.

A)children are expected to care for their parents
B)parents are expected to care for their children only until the age of 18
C)children are only responsible for their parents until they move out of the house
D)parents are expected to care for their children often into adulthood
E)children are expected to care for their parents until their parents pass away

Question 80

The research finding that people tend to respond positively to indications that another person shares their attitudes,beliefs,and interests while they respond negatively to indications that another person differs from them in terms of attitudes,beliefs,and interests is known as ________.

A)the proportion of similarity
B)the repeated exposure effect
C)the similarity-dissimilarity effect
D)the affect-centered model
E)balance theory