Deck 6: The Causes, effects, and Cures of Stereotyping, prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

National surveys,in asking about how much progress there has been in moving toward racial equality,consistently find that White respondents perceive that ________.

A)there has been a lot of progress
B)there's been little if any progress
C)Black Americans are too demanding
D)Blacks are being catered to because they comprise a potent political force
E)there has been good economic progress for Blacks,but little real social equality

Answer 1

there has been a lot of progress

Question 2

In the march toward racial equality,Whites may perceive Black progress as a ________,while Blacks perceive it as a ________.If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________,then Whites should see ________ progress for Blacks than (as)Blacks see.

A)loss;gain;losses;gains;more
B)gain;loss;gains;losses;more
C)loss;gain;gains;losses;less
D)loss;gain;gains;losses;about the same
E)Humans generally see the loss of a dollar as a negative as much as they see the gain of a dollar as positive.

Answer 2

loss;gain;losses;gains;more

Question 3

While women are generally valued for ________,in business,these same supposed attributes appear to be more suited for ________.

A)communal traits;support roles
B)communal traits;clerical occupations
C)emotional warmth;nursing/medical careers
D)less agentic behavior;non-sales positions
E)child-care skills;retail/public positions

Answer 3

communal traits;support roles

Question 4

Providing members of a group with less favorable treatment because of their group membership is known as ________.

A)stereotyping
B)bias
C)prejudice
D)discrimination
E)tokenism

Question 5

Gender stereotypes include ________.

A)only positive traits of women and men
B)positive and negative traits of men and women
C)only negative traits of women and men
D)both positive and negative traits of men only
E)both positive and negative traits of women only

Question 6

In one study,when White participants were asked about perceptions of race relations at a university,progress was framed as either "minority gain" or "decrease in White students." White participants perceived the ________ as larger than the ________.

A)decrease;gain
B)gain;decrease
C)minority gain;minority loss
D)White student gain;estimated decrease given
E)Change in both conditions was perceived as equal by participants.

Question 7

Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager.She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs.Recently,Jessica has been passed over for several promotions.The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica.This situation probably represents ________.

A)shifting standards
B)the glass ceiling effect
C)benevolent racism
D)gender stereotypes
E)tokenism

Question 8

The usually negative affect (feelings)that people have about particular social groups is known as ________.

A)stereotype
B)minimal groups
C)incidental feelings
D)discrimination
E)prejudice

Question 9

After the election of President Obama,White Americans report _____.

A)more support for affirmative action policies
B)more support for policies that address racial inequality
C)less support for policies that address racial inequality
D)feeling more positively toward all African Americans
E)more need for further racial progress

Question 10

High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as ________ and ________.

A)low in warmth;high in competence
B)high in emotionality;low in accomplishment
C)low in self-confidence;high in leadership
D)high in friendliness;low in nonconformity
E)low in emotional stability;low in aggressiveness

Question 11

Differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as ________.

A)discrimination
B)minimal groups
C)incidental feelings
D)prejudices
E)stereotypes

Question 12

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________.

A)blocking women's progress in the workplace
B)blocking men disproportionately from technical careers
C)affecting women's status in the social world more generally
D)increasing the level of marital discord
E)having a subtle effect on religious participation

Question 13

The stereotype for women shows them as being relatively high on ________ and relatively low on ________.

A)warmth;competence
B)competence;warmth
C)self-confidence;friendliness
D)sensitivity;warmth
E)conformity;sensitivity

Question 14

Prejudice can be ________ or ________.

A)blatant;subtle
B)cognitive;subtle
C)affective;evaluative
D)affective;well-reasoned
E)implicit;non-conscious

Question 15

In general,people tend to feel somewhat more positively about ________ compared to ________,a finding described as the ________ effect.

A)men;women;"men are great"
B)women;men;"women are wonderful"
C)men;women;"social dominator"
D)men;women;"men should be in control"
E)women;men;"women actually rule the world"

Question 16

A social group that is perceived to be a threat to the high-status group is frequently characterized as ________ and ________.

A)low in warmth;high in competence
B)high in friendliness;high in accomplishment
C)low in nonconformity;low in kindness
D)low in emotional stability;high in self-confidence
E)high in warmth;low in competence

Question 17

Women are stereotyped as relatively warm but less competent than men.This stereotype is typical of groups who are ________ and ________.

A)relatively high in status;are perceived as a threat to the high-status group
B)relatively low in status;are perceived as a threat to the high-status group
C)relatively high in status;not perceived as a threat to the high-status group
D)perceived as increasing in status;not perceived as a threat to the high-status group
E)relatively low in status;not perceived as a threat to the high-status group

Question 18

Beliefs about the shared traits social groups have that serve as a cognitive framework for processing social information are known as ________.

A)stereotypes
B)discrimination
C)prejudices
D)minimal groups
E)incidental feelings

Question 19

Gender stereotypes are ________.

A)beliefs about the characteristics of women and men
B)inaccurate categorizations of women only
C)inaccurate categorizations of women and men
D)inaccurate and accurate beliefs about women
E)inaccurate categorizations of men only

Question 20

Barriers based on attitudes or organizational biases that may prevent qualified women from reaching high-level positions in the workplace are known as ________.

A)gender stereotypes
B)tokenism
C)shifting standards
D)benevolent sexism
E)the glass ceiling

Question 21

When rating scales are used in the absence of objective measures,shifting standards may ________.

A)mask stereotyping effects
B)hinder efforts to minimize biases
C)help raters avoid the effects of stereotypes
D)reveal stereotyping effects
E)help raters overcome unintentional biases

Question 22

Garcia (2005)demonstrated that complaining about discrimination may be perceived by the complainer's in-group members as suggesting to ________ members that the ________ is given to ________.

A)out-group;in-group;unjustified griping
B)in-group;out-group;unjustified griping
C)out-group;out-group;acting unjustifiably superior
D)in-group;in-group;justifiably griping
E)out-group;in-group;legitimate concern

Question 23

Promoting one,or a very few women,into high-status positions in an organization has the result of ________.

A)not causing the promoted women to suffer a loss of confidence
B)causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted
C)causing the promoted women not to be identified as "token" promotions
D)not causing the promoted women to be viewed as less competent
E)showing that the organization is genuinely free of discrimination

Question 24

When participants were presented with two equally qualified applicants,one male and one female,they were more likely to select the _____ candidate for a leadership position when the positions was _____.

A)male;risky
B)male;uncertain
C)male;paid less
D)female: paid more
E)female;risky

Question 25

Changing the comparison group when judging members of different groups is known as ________.

A)benevolent sexism
B)shifting standards
C)between-group comparison
D)social creativity
E)within-group comparison

Question 26

Approximately what percentage of American Adults are single?

A)10%
B)25%
C)40%
D)50%
E)60%

Question 27

Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state.Given stereotypes about the most appropriate jobs for females,her two best shots for winning would be ________ or ________.

A)comptroller;attorney general
B)education dept head;human services director
C)comptroller;education dept head
D)attorney general;human services director
E)education dept head;lieutenant governor

Question 28

________ often refers to the practice of hiring one,or a small number,of individuals from a particular group,in order to demonstrate that no discrimination is being directed toward that group.

A)Reverse discrimination
B)Shifting standards
C)Hostile sexism
D)Tokenism
E)Benevolent sexism

Question 29

The glass cliff experienced by women who break through the glass ceiling refers to ____.

A)women being selected for leadership positions that are risky,precarious or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure.
B)women being selected for a leadership position,negatively evaluated,and fired.
C)men sexually harassing women who have more power than they do.
D)women serving as figureheads while men continue to make all of the important decisions.
E)women being selected for a leadership position only after a company has had a large financial success.

Question 30

One result of tokenism is that it ________.

A)increases the likelihood of minority group protests
B)helps to improve the self-esteem of women and minority group members
C)damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
D)increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits
E)helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

Question 31

Regarding women as mere bodies that exist for the pleasure of others is referred to as ____.

A)glass cliff effect
B)glass skirt effect
C)objectification of females
D)subjective exposure of females
E)mere exposure effect

Question 32

One result of tokenism is that it ________.

A)can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individuals
B)increases the likelihood of minority group protests
C)increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits
D)damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
E)helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is unfair

Question 33

Which list of traits is attributed to single people?

A)Kind,happy,independent
B)Loving,unhappy,mature
C)Insecure,unhappy,ugly
D)Unhappy,honest,lonely
E)Independent,stable,self-centered

Question 34

Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company.She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates.She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand,preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns.Joyce holds a comparable position with another company.Unlike Trina,Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates.Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?

A)Joyce is more likely to report gender discrimination.
B)Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination.
C)Both are equally likely to experience gender discrimination.
D)Neither is likely to experience gender discrimination.
E)This cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 35

Use of subjective measurement scales when making comparisons between members of different groups can result in ________.

A)within-group comparisons
B)social creativity
C)benevolent sexism
D)shifting standards
E)between-group comparisons

Question 36

In a study,participants were told an African-American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper,and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility.Participants evaluated the student ________ in the ________ condition than in the ________ condition.

A)more negatively;complaint;responsibility
B)more positively;complaint;responsibility
C)about the same;complaint;responsibility
D)more stereotypically;complaint;responsibility
E)using a much harsher standard;responsibility;complaint

Question 37

The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be later used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment.This is known as ________.

A)hostile sexism
B)shifting standards
C)reverse discrimination
D)benevolent sexism
E)tokenism

Question 38

Rudman and Fairchild (2004)found that when participants performed ___ on a gender ____ test they were ____ likely to hide their performance from others.

A)poorly;congruent;more
B)poorly;congruent;less
C)well;congruent;equally
D)well;incongruent;more
E)well;incongruent;less

Question 39

Juan,the head of human resources at a large company,has been instructed to make sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit.This practice represents ________.

A)shifting standards
B)reverse discrimination
C)hostile sexism
D)benevolent sexism
E)tokenism

Question 40

Participants in a study who were exposed to female video game avatars that were dressed either suggestively or conservatively and either had a high or low gaze.Their results show that

A)men but not women were more likely to score high on rape myth acceptance when exposed to the high gaze suggestively clad avatar.
B)both men and women were more accepting of rape myths when viewing the high gaze suggestively clad avatar and the low gaze conservatively dressed avatar.
C)only men reported hostile sexism.
D)only women reported benevolent sexism.
E)only the suggestively dressed avatar resulted in differences.

Question 41

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviors that try to ________.

A)camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
B)avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
C)harm the out-group directly
D)protect the in-group's status position
E)avoid contact with the out-group

Question 42

________ people are generally viewed ________ than ________ people.

A)Poor;more positively;rich
B)Married;more positively;single
C)Convicted felons;more positively;honest hard-working people
D)Health-care workers;more negatively;cab drivers
E)Couples living together;more positively;couples in long-distance relationships

Question 43

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from envy may result in behaviors that try to ________.

A)camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
B)protect the in-group's status position
C)harm the out-group directly
D)avoid contact with the out-group
E)avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group

Question 44

Groups of individuals that are created on the basis of some minimal criteria are known as ________.

A)criteria groups
B)focus groups
C)irrelevant groups
D)prejudicial groups
E)minimal groups

Question 45

Cognitive frameworks for organizing,interpreting,and recalling information are known as ________.

A)stereotypes
B)schemas
C)in-group differentiation
D)subtypes
E)out-group homogeneity

Question 46

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups;each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground.What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?

A)The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.
B)The campers will be equally likely to have friends in all three groups.
C)The campers will become bored with their own group and,consequently,will seek out friends in the other two groups.
D)The campers will be inclined to develop friendships with their own group only if the camp counselor director encourages them to do so.
E)The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and will develop close friendships with members of the other groups.

Question 47

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from guilt may result in behaviors that try to ________.

A)avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
B)harm the out-group directly
C)protect the in-group's status position
D)avoid contact with the out-group
E)camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible

Question 48

In Sherif's (1961)Robber's Cave experiment,researchers were able to reduce the tension between two groups by ________.

A)allowing friendships to form between members of different groups
B)ignoring the taunts and attacks made against each group
C)giving the groups a goal that required cooperation to be achieved
D)encouraging competition between the groups for desirable prizes
E)praising each group and telling the group members they were the superior group

Question 49

The idea that part of our self-esteem stems from identifying with the social groups to which we belong is part of ________.

A)implicit associations theory
B)realistic conflict theory
C)social learning theory
D)social identity theory
E)minimal groups theory

Question 50

The tendency to divide the social world into separate groups,including our in-group and a number of different out-groups is known as ________.

A)social categorization
B)in-group differentiation
C)contact hypothesis
D)out-group differentiation
E)social identity formation

Question 51

Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group.From this perspective,prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that try to ________.

A)avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
B)protect the in-group's status position
C)camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
D)avoid contact with the out-group
E)harm the out-group directly

Question 52

Goals that can only be reached by cooperation between groups are known as ________.

A)intrapersonal goals
B)interpersonal goals
C)superordinate goals
D)subordinate goals
E)unachievable goals

Question 53

Many experts suggest that stereotypes can be changed when ________.

A)the relationships between groups change
B)the lower-status group points out the higher-status group's stereotypes
C)one group willingly agrees to share power (and status)with the other group
D)the higher-status group recognizes the negative effects of stereotypes
E)stereotypes are shown to be inaccurate

Question 54

Automatically-triggered connections between group membership and evaluative (like/dislike)responses are known as ________.

A)minimal groups
B)incidental feelings
C)implicit associations
D)illusory correlations
E)social norms

Question 55

Negative feelings toward an individual because of that individual's group membership is known as ________.

A)bias
B)prejudice
C)discrimination
D)stereotyping
E)tokenism

Question 56

Advantaged groups show the most prejudice toward out-groups when the ________.

A)disadvantaged group acts to minimize the impact of prejudice
B)disadvantaged group's image or interests are threatened
C)disadvantaged group has developed strong leaders
D)advantaged group's leadership is threatened
E)advantaged group's image or interests are threatened

Question 57

Incidental feelings are ________.

A)potentially an effective means of changing prejudice on a large scale
B)those that give rise to prejudices because of their association with judgments about an out-group
C)irrelevant to the group being judged,even though they can have an effect on the judgments being made
D)the underlying foundation for prejudice and discrimination in Western societies
E)pertinent to the group being judged,but irrelevant to the group that is making judgments about another group

Question 58

We tend to identify with groups to which we belong and this identification with a group raises our self-esteem.As a result,we frequently see other groups as being ________ to our own group.

A)equivalent
B)unimportant
C)superior
D)irrelevant
E)inferior

Question 59

The idea that prejudice is caused by direct competition between social groups for scarce resources is known as ________.

A)superordinate goals theory
B)social identity theory
C)ultimate attribution error
D)realistic conflict theory
E)contact hypothesis

Question 60

Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women.He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft." Mike recently met Karen,an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer.In most other respects,Karen fits Mike's ideas about women.Rather than revise his stereotype of women,Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n)________.

A)aberration
B)schema
C)recategorization
D)subtype
E)implicit association

Question 61

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

A)decreased contact between group members is necessary for the reduction of prejudice
B)contact between members of different social groups has no long-lasting effect on the level of prejudice experienced by group members
C)increased contact between members of different social groups may increase the degree of prejudice between the groups
D)increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups
E)prolonged contact with prejudiced members of society will increase one's own level of prejudice

Question 62

Participants were asked to rate a series of pictures and were assigned randomly to a group,but were told that the others in their group shared a preference for either Klee or Kandinsky paintings.When given an opportunity to distribute money to others in the experiment,participants _____.

A)split the money equally among both in group and out group members
B)kept all of the money for themselves
C)gave more money to the out group to compensate for collective guilt
D)gave less money to their in group if it meant they could maximize the difference between the amount given to the in group and the amount given to the out group
E)gave more money to their in group if it meant they could decrease the inequalities between their group and the out group

Question 63

One strategy that White people use to avoid appearing racist is to attempt to be color-blind.When participants were asked to describe a person to a partner as part of a game in a lab setting,White participants were _____ to use race descriptors when their partners were ____.

A)more likely;black
B)less likely;white
C)less likely: black
D)more likely;white
E)both C and D.

Question 64

One emotional response that can be experienced when individuals become aware of harmful wrongdoing by members of their own in-group is ________.

A)collective guilt
B)empathy
C)benevolent racism
D)respect
E)hostile sexism

Question 65

In Western societies,overt racism has ________ in public life;automatic prejudice has ________.

A)continued;decreased
B)decreased;continued
C)decreased;decreased
D)increased;increased
E)increased;continued

Question 66

The perspective that prejudice is acquired through direct and indirect experiences is known as the ________.

A)common in-group identity model
B)social learning view
C)recategorization view
D)social norms perspective
E)contact hypothesis

Question 67

In one study examining identity fusion,researchers found that

A)people who are fused to their group are more likely to sacrifice themselves to save in group members.
B)people who are not fused with their group were more likely to kill a terrorist to save in group members.
C)people who are not fused with their group were more likely to kill a terrorist,but not if they had to die to do so.
D)people who are fused with their group were more likely to sacrifice themselves to save others,but not if they had to kill a terrorist to do so.
E)people's identity with their group did not impact their willingness to help others,but did impact their willingness to kill a terrorist.

Question 68

The belief that minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve and a denial that discrimination influences outcomes for minority members is ________.

A)illusory correlations
B)shifting standards
C)implicit associations
D)modern racism
E)reverse discrimination

Question 69

Alice's friend,Zoë,is very concerned and troubled about many of Alice's prejudices.Although she has pointed this out to her many times,Alice's views have not been altered.Another possible effective strategy that Zoë might use to convince Alice (who has two children)to change her views would be to ________.

A)point out shared group memberships with disliked others (e.g. ,we are all human).
B)ask her to explain when and where she acquired her prejudices
C)tell her that,if she alters her views,she may show a decrease in anxiety and anger-even though these emotions are justified
D)inform her that she will likely see an immediate boost to her self-esteem if she changes her views
E)inform her that she and her children are not able to enjoy everyday activities and life to the fullest due to her prejudices

Question 70

Fred,Ted,Barry,and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure.After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face,each was shown the word "bad." The number of seconds it takes for Fred,Ted,Barry,and Larry to respond to the word "bad" is 5.2,3.8,2.1,and 4.4,respectively.On the basis of this information,which of these individuals MOST likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes towards Hispanics?

A)Ted
B)Larry
C)Fred
D)Barry
E)All are equally prejudiced.

Question 71

Exposing a person to some stimulus or event will make related information held in memory more available to him or her.This is known as ________.

A)a bona fide pipeline
B)a bogus pipeline
C)the superordinate memory effect
D)category activation
E)priming

Question 72

Wilma,who is White,will likely show a greater care not to act in a prejudiced manner if ________.

A)her parents do not hold prejudicial attitudes
B)she had contact with,but no real interaction with,Black persons during high school
C)her parents showed fairly indifferent attitudes about racial issues
D)she had unpleasant interactions with Black persons during elementary school
E)her parents admonish her about prejudice even though they sometimes act in prejudicial ways themselves

Question 73

College students perceive that some prejudices are legitimate or acceptable.Which of the following groups do college students feel that it is not legitimate to be prejudiced toward?

A)Racists
B)Pregnant women who drink alcohol
C)Male nurses
D)Rapists
E)Terrorists

Question 74

Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude)frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings.This technique or type of research is known as ________.

A)a bogus pipeline
B)category activation
C)the superordinate memory effect
D)the bona fide pipeline
E)implicit racism

Question 75

Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as ________.

A)stereotyping
B)tokenism
C)prejudice
D)bias
E)discrimination

Question 76

One technique that can be used to reduce feelings of collective guilt is to ________.

A)perceptually magnify the amount of harm done by the ingroup to the outgroup
B)increase one's level of inherent prejudice
C)repress the awareness of the injustice
D)distance oneself further from the out-group
E)blame the victims

Question 77

Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them.Her brother says that dishes are women's work,which makes their father smile.Her brother sees the smile and walks away.This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of ________.

A)social learning
B)social assimilation
C)incidental feelings
D)social discrimination
E)compunction

Question 78

Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings towards homosexual people;in fact,whenever he encounters a gay man,he is likely to make more negative,cynical,disgusted comments than he normally would (although none directly related to homosexuality or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to).This example illustrates that prejudice is often ________ in nature.

A)planned
B)implicit
C)subliminal
D)superficial
E)confused

Question 79

Attributing bigoted opinions to sources other than prejudice and/or expressing biased attitudes in some "safe" areas but not publicly is a part of ________.

A)modern racism
B)reverse discrimination
C)shifting standards
D)recategorization
E)implicit associations

Question 80

Jason has just seen five faces from different individuals of varying races - Native American,White,Black,Hispanic,and Asian - via the use of priming stimuli.After being presented with a certain "target" word,his response time after each of these five faces (in the order presented above)was 1.7,.98,2.1,.76,and 1.3 seconds,respectively.Which of the following faces is Jason MOST likely associating with the "target" word?

A)Native American
B)Asian
C)White
D)Black
E)Hispanic