Deck 3: Social Perception: Perceiving and Understanding Others

Question 1

There are ________ basic emotions that get represented on the human face.

A)five
B)seven
C)three
D)eight
E)ten

Answer 1

five

Question 2

Jason has been told that he should make sure to shake hands with the interviewer when he applies for a job,and that this handshake should be firm,vigorous,and last a long time.According to recent research (Chaplin et al. ,2000),if Jason follows this advice,the interviewer may think that Jason is ________.

A)slightly disagreeable but very outgoing
B)relatively shy and highly conscientious
C)outgoing and willing to try new things
D)a bit neurotic and somewhat outgoing
E)attempting to ingratiate himself with the interviewer

Answer 2

outgoing and willing to try new things

Question 3

Nonverbal cues are often deemed to be irrepressible because they are ________.

A)difficult to control
B)only useful when we are trying to determine if someone likes us
C)unrelated to our feelings
D)unimportant sources of information
E)consciously controlled

Answer 3

difficult to control

Question 4

Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat.When she showed it to her husband,she asked if he liked it.Without hesitation,her husband responded by saying,"Yes.It is beautiful." Before he spoke,however,a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second.This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as ________.

A)a macroexpression
B)a microexpression
C)a discrepant interchannel
D)a Freudian slip
E)a discounted attribution

Question 5

In general,we ________ in our detection of deception.

A)do only a little better than chance
B)don't perceive others as being trustworthy
C)feel the need to be polite
D)often confront people directly
E)often give up trying

Question 6

Body movements that carry specific meanings in a given culture,such as the "thumbs-up" motion (fist with an extended thumb pointing upwards),are known as ________.

A)macroexpressions
B)microexpressions
C)slogans
D)emblems
E)misleading gestures

Question 7

Erin's boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant.Erin notices that he can't seem to sit still during the meal,and is constantly rubbing his left knee,scratching an itch,or pulling his earlobe.This type of body language usually indicates ________.

A)emotional arousal
B)correspondent inference
C)nothing;it cannot be interpreted without more information
D)some sort of physical ailment
E)deception

Question 8

Certain facial expressions are recognized as representing ________ underlying emotions in ________ different cultures.

A)the same basic;many
B)different;many
C)overlapping/ambiguous;many
D)the same basic;less than 5
E)15;Western cultures

Question 9

What is the relevance of Aronoff,Woike,and Hyman's (1992)research on the dancing styles of key characters in classic ballet to the study of body language?

A)Large-scale body movements and postures often inform us about others' emotions or traits.
B)Body movements and postures tend to be informative only if we are within 10 feet of the person in question.
C)This research has no relevance to the study of body language.
D)Body movements must agree with verbal signals in order to be interpreted.
E)In most cases,we're able to make flawless judgments about others' intentions based on their body movements.

Question 10

Suppose we are trying to discern whether an individual is lying based on his or her verbal and nonverbal information and cues.Which of the following statements BEST describes how well we will be able to judge whether this individual is lying?

A)We are able to pay equal attention to the individual's verbal and nonverbal information and cues.
B)It is very unlikely that we could judge whether the individual is lying based on either verbal or nonverbal information or cues.
C)We cannot attend to both verbal and nonverbal cues at the same time without experiencing cognitive overload.
D)We are more likely to pay attention to his or her nonverbal cues and,thus,determine if he or she is lying.
E)We will probably pay more attention to her or his verbal cues and,in doing so,will have difficulty determining any deception.

Question 11

One indication of possible deception occurs when inconsistencies exist between different types of nonverbal cues,such as facial expression and posture.These inconsistencies are known as ________.

A)interchannel discrepancies
B)microexpressions
C)cultural inconsistencies
D)noncommon effects
E)expressive styles

Question 12

All of the following describe characteristics of a microexpression EXCEPT they ________.

A)are fleeting facial expressions lasting a few tenths of a second
B)appear on the face very quickly after an emotion-provoking event
C)are generally difficult to control
D)are difficult to suppress
E)usually do not reveal a person's true feelings

Question 13

The process whereby we seek to know and understand others is called ________,and frequently makes use of ________.

A)social awareness;not really caring about people
B)social attribution;impression management
C)social perception;nonverbal communication
D)social consistency;correspondence bias
E)social discovery;verbal communication

Question 14

On her way to work one morning,Samantha was cut off by a driver who was weaving in and out of traffic,tailgating slower moving cars,racing through yellow lights,and generally driving rather erratically.According to recent research,Samantha should probably ________ because ________.

A)stare the other driver down;she will become more aggressive towards others unless she confronts the true source of her discomfort
B)slow down in front of the driver,if this can be done safely;this will allow the driver time to calm down and begin driving more safely
C)pretend to call the police on her cell phone;she will be able to intimidate the other driver
D)stare the other driver down;the driver will eventually turn his attention elsewhere
E)avoid making eye contact with the driver;the driver might interpret Samantha's eye contact as an act of aggression

Question 15

Emblems convey ________.

A)that the person is ill-at-ease
B)a specific meaning within a given culture
C)a specific meaning across different cultures
D)a low level of emotional arousal
E)that a person is cognitively aroused

Question 16

Many times,attempts at deception are thwarted because of ________ facial expressions.

A)irrepressible
B)basic channel
C)stereotypical
D)irrelevant
E)stylized

Question 17

There are five basic channels of nonverbal communications.These are ________.

A)facial expressions,eye contact,body movements,posture,and touching
B)touching,eye contact,body movements,vocal tone,and facial expressions
C)body movements,facial expressions,posture,attributions,and vocal tone
D)body movements,posture,facial expressions,eye contact,and attributions
E)posture,facial expressions,eye saccades,body stillness,and touching

Question 18

When touching is considered appropriate,it often produces ________ reactions in the person being touched.

A)positive
B)surprise
C)hostile
D)negative
E)neutral

Question 19

The process we use to try and understand other people is known as ________.

A)attribution
B)impression management
C)nonverbal communication
D)social perception
E)field awareness

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of a basic channel of nonverbal communication?

A)Hand and body movements
B)Posture
C)Eye contact
D)Talking
E)Facial expression

Question 21

Which statement BEST describes the attribution process?

A)The process by which we seek to understand the causes of the behavior of others and ourselves.
B)The process by which we focus attention inward for reflection.
C)The process by which we combine information about others into unified impressions of them.
D)The process by which we attempt to shift blame away from ourselves.
E)The process by which we seek to understand our own feelings,traits,and motives.

Question 22

Jerome is playing poker with his buddies and is losing badly.It seems that everyone at the table knows when he is bluffing,just by watching his eyes.Jerome needs to learn to monitor his ________ and his ________ when he plays poker.

A)exaggerated expressiveness;microexpressions
B)interchannel expressions;frequency of microexpressions
C)interocular movements;interchannel expressions
D)interchannel expressions;rate of blinking
E)rate of blinking;frequency of eye contact

Question 23

Typically,information about others tends to be most informative when there is (are)________.

A)only one distinct reason supporting its occurrence
B)no apparent reason supporting its occurrence
C)the number of reasons supporting its occurrence doesn't matter
D)many reasons supporting its occurrence
E)inconsistent information coming from two or more channels of communication

Question 24

The process by which individuals seek to understand why others behave as they do is known as ________.

A)causal misdirection
B)impression management
C)attribution
D)social precision
E)nonverbal communication

Question 25

One reason for the correspondence bias is that we tend to ________.

A)focus our attention on the situation faced by an individual rather than on the individual and his/her behaviors
B)use a self-serving bias in explaining others' actions
C)weight situational factors more heavily than individual factors when trying to understand someone's behavior
D)focus our attention on the individual and his/her behaviors,not on the situation that the individual is in
E)think heuristically about external causes of behavior and rationally about internal causes of behavior

Question 26

Participants in an experiment who were exposed to someone who lies in an interview were ________ to ________ in a later conversation.

A)more likely;lie
B)less likely;lie
C)more likely;blame the interviewee
D)more likely;find fault with lies of exaggeration
E)less likely;speak without making mistakes

Question 27

Jen and all of her friends are afraid of her neighbor's dog.However,Jen is not afraid of any other dog.The attribution that follows from this information is ________.

A)a mixed one (Jen's behavior stems from internal and external causes)
B)a specific one
C)unable to be determined based on the information given
D)an external one (about the dog)
E)an internal one (about Jen)

Question 28

Jackie took longer to reply to certain questions and the pitch of her voice rose considerably;these aspects of her ________ gave away that that she was lying.

A)linguistic style
B)nonverbal cue
C)lack of affect
D)choice of proper nouns
E)logical coherency

Question 29

Noncommon effects ________.

A)are effects that can be caused only by a combination of two or more factors
B)are effects that can be caused by only one specific factor
C)are effects that can be caused by one of several different factors
D)are unusually weak indicators of underlying personality traits
E)cannot be explained by correspondent inferences

Question 30

Miller and Maner (2010)had men smell t-shirts worn by women and found that

A)men's testosterone levels went up after smelling shirts worn by ovulating women.
B)men's testosterone levels dropped after smelling shirts worn by non-ovulating women.
C)men's testosterone levels did not change when smelling shirts worn by women.
D)men reported detecting strong differences in the smell of the t-shirts worn by ovulating women.
E)men reported that only the shirts worn by non-ovulating women had a detectable odor.

Question 31

The theory of correspondent inference suggests that ________.

A)behaviors that are freely chosen are better indicators of our underlying personality traits than are behaviors that are caused by external factors
B)inconsistent behaviors indicate our underlying personality traits
C)all behaviors,whether freely chosen or caused by external factors,show something of our underlying personality traits
D)to show our underlying personality,our behaviors must be both indistinct and inconsistent
E)behaviors that are inconsistent with our stated goals and objectives are caused by our underlying personality traits more than by external factors

Question 32

Mr.Nguyen,a 53-year-old accountant,has just been rejected for a job at a small bank that he believes he was qualified for.He later hears from a friend that the hiring manager was biased against older job applicants.Mr.Nguyen's self-esteem is likely to ________.

A)first increase,then decrease because of several possible external and internal attributions that can be used to explain his rejection
B)increase slightly because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection
C)decrease slightly because he can make an internal attribution as to the cause of his rejection
D)remain unchanged because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection
E)first decrease,then increase because of several possible external and internal attributions that can be used to explain his rejection

Question 33

The theory of ________ describes how we use others' behavior as a basis for inferring their stable dispositions.

A)causal inference
B)correspondent inference
C)implicit personality
D)causal attribution
E)attributional inference

Question 34

Although Sarah could afford any car she wants,she drives an ageing Volkswagen.Sam,Sarah's friend,thinks that this choice says something about Sarah's personality.Sam clearly agrees with ________.

A)the theory of augmenting and discounting
B)the theory of correspondent inference
C)social comparison theory
D)Kelley's theory of causal aspirations
E)the theory of social desirability

Question 35

In support of the facial feedback hypothesis,participants in one study reported weaker emotional responses to positive and negative video clips than participants in a control condition.What methodology was used to draw this conclusion?

A)Participants were injected with a placebo and told that it would enhance or inhibit their emotional experience.
B)Participants were injected with Botox or Restylane and then asked to view the video clips.
C)Participants completed a scale that asked them to report their level of empathy with others.
D)Participants were asked to try to imagine they were the characters in the video clips.
E)Participants were given mild electrical shock every time a computer registered a facial expression.

Question 36

We are MOST likely to believe that the behaviors of others are suggestive of their ________ when it is seen to ________.

A)stable traits;be socially desirable
B)external influence;have occurred in the presence of others
C)socially undesirable traits;have occurred without choice
D)stable traits;be socially undesirable
E)socially desirable personality;have occurred outside the presence of others

Question 37

Research on the facial feedback hypothesis had individuals either enhance or suppress muscle tension in their facial expressions while imagining positive and negative scenarios.The results indicate that:

A)Participants reported similar emotions regardless of whether they enhanced or suppressed their expressions.
B)Participants who were asked to suppress their expressions reported less intense emotions.
C)Participants who were asked to enhance their expressions reported less intense emotions.
D)Participants in the suppressed expression condition reported they were easily able to imagine the scenarios.
E)Participants in the enhanced expression condition reported they had difficulty imagining the scenarios.

Question 38

Imagine that you see a friend arguing with a sales clerk in a store.You have never seen your friend argue with anyone in public before.Therefore,you think that the clerk did something to cause the argument.The theory that most directly explains how you reached this conclusion is ________.

A)the theory of discounting and augmenting
B)the inferential correspondence effect
C)the actor-observer effect
D)the theory of consensus consistency
E)the theory of correspondent inference

Question 39

The extent to which different people react to a given situation in the same general way is known as ________.

A)noncommon effects
B)consistency
C)consensus
D)distinctiveness
E)self-monitoring

Question 40

An example of interchannel discrepancy during deception would be ________.

A)blinking very often
B)showing one expression quickly followed by another
C)smiling more frequently and broadly than would be expected in a given situation
D)managing one's facial expressions well while not making much eye contact
E)using pronouns such as "I" or "we" very frequently

Question 41

When I consider the extent to which this person reacts in the same way to this same stimulus on other occasions,I am basing my attribution on ________.

A)consensus
B)distinctiveness
C)correspondent inference
D)consistency
E)causal analysis

Question 42

Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps,and thinks to herself,"What a clumsy person!" Five minutes later,though,Mary trips on the same flight of steps,and says to an onlooker,"It's very icy today!" This is an illustration of the ________.

A)actor-observer effect
B)self-serving bias effect
C)blame avoidance principle
D)categorization principle
E)projection principle

Question 43

We might think that a waiter who flirts with a customer does so because he likes to flirt if we notice that other waiters avoid flirting with that customer.This best represents the concept of low________.

A)noncommon effect
B)consensus
C)consistency
D)distinctiveness
E)controllability

Question 44

The "fundamental attribution error" refers to our tendency to ________.

A)overestimate the role of situations in causing our own behavior
B)assume that we can do no wrong
C)overestimate the role of dispositions in causing others' behavior
D)overestimate the role of others in causing our own behavior
E)overestimate the role of situations in causing others' behavior

Question 45

Chelsea and Anita are both required to give a speech supporting a woman's right to abortion on demand in a public-speaking class.Anita believes that Chelsea gave her speech because she is a strong supporter of the right-to-choose movement.Anita is neutral on the topic and only gave her speech because it was assigned.Anita's belief about Chelsea is probably a result of ________.

A)explicit theory formation
B)the actor-observer effect
C)the discounting principle
D)implicit theory formation
E)base rate bias

Question 46

The extent to which a person's reaction to a particular event differs from their reaction to similar other events is an indication of ________.

A)distinctiveness
B)consistency
C)consensus
D)self-serving bias
E)noncommon effects

Question 47

Our tendency to perceive the actions of others as caused by their dispositions or personality rather than perceiving the cause of their actions as the situation they are in is known as ________.

A)a self-serving bias
B)perceptual salience
C)correspondence bias
D)the consistency effect
E)the actor-observer effect

Question 48

The concept of complex causality is

A)the idea that everything is caused by fate.
B)the idea that people always have complete control over their own outcomes.
C)the idea that many causes play a part in an event and no one cause is essential.
D)incongruent with most Asian ways of thinking.
E)predominantly a Western way of thinking about causality.

Question 49

We might think that a waiter who flirts with a customer does so because he likes to flirt if we observe this waiter flirting with several different customers while we eat.This best represents the concept of ________.

A)controllability
B)deviousness
C)consistency
D)distinctiveness
E)consensus

Question 50

We tend to adjust our attributions to take account for situational constraints on our own behavior ________.

A)not at all - we don't adjust our attributions.
B)to a lesser extent than we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior
C)to about the same extent as we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior
D)sometimes more and sometimes less than we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior
E)to a greater extent than we take account of situational constraints on others' behavior

Question 51

Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work,and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly,outgoing person.In fact,Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time,but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank's customers periodically.Abbie's perception of Kayla is mistaken because of ________.

A)a discounting error
B)the correspondence bias
C)idiosyncratic behavior
D)her perceptual salience
E)impression formation errors

Question 52

Research has found that the correspondence bias operates more ____ for ________.

A)strongly,women
B)weakly,westerners
C)weakly,women
D)strongly,men
E)strongly,collectivists

Question 53

Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to recognize more of the situational determinants of behavior than are members of individualistic cultures.As a result,members of collectivist societies are ________.

A)somewhat less likely to make the fundamental attribution error
B)a great deal more likely to make the fundamental attribution error
C)unaware of the fundamental attribution error
D)somewhat more likely to make the fundamental attribution error
E)able to avoid the fundamental attribution error completely

Question 54

Christine has been charged with murder because,after years of physical and mental abuse,she shot and killed her boyfriend.Her attorney has advised Christine against accepting a plea-bargain deal offered by the prosecution because he thinks Christine's jury will probably include several people who have emigrated from Japan and China - strong collectivist societies.Christine,a student of social psychology,agrees with her attorney because members of ________.

A)collectivist societies tend to give greater weight to situational causes of behavior and less weight to dispositional causes
B)collectivist societies tend to give less weight to situational causes of behavior and greater weight to dispositional causes
C)individualistic societies tend to give greater weight to situational causes of behavior and less weight to dispositional causes
D)individualistic societies tend to give less weight to situational causes of behavior and greater weight to dispositional causes
E)collectivist societies tend to be more lenient on women than are members of individualistic societies

Question 55

We might think that waiters who all flirt with a particular customer do so because the customer welcomes the attention if we notice that the waiters do not also flirt with other customers while we eat.This best represents the concept of ________.

A)consistency
B)noncommon effect
C)consensus
D)distinctiveness
E)controllability

Question 56

The tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from dispositions even in the presence of clear situational causes is called the ________.

A)correspondence bias
B)availability bias
C)correlational bias
D)heuristic bias
E)representative bias

Question 57

Our tendency to believe that our own behavior reflects external causes and that other people's behavior reflects internal causes is known as ________.

A)the actor-observer effect
B)explicit theory formation
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)implicit theory formation
E)the correspondence bias

Question 58

People from cultures with strong beliefs in causal complexity are more likely to attribute important events to _____.

A)intelligence
B)personality
C)fate
D)free will
E)actors

Question 59

We are likely to attribute another person's behavior to internal causes when consensus is ________,consistency is ________,and distinctiveness is ________.

A)low;high;low
B)high;high;low
C)low;low;low
D)high;high;high
E)high;low;high

Question 60

According to Kelley's theory,behaviors that arise because of an individual's traits,motives,or intentions are ________ caused,while those behaviors that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are ________ caused.

A)ambiguously;distinctively
B)genetically;environmentally
C)externally;internally
D)internally;externally
E)consensually;externally

Question 61

One possible explanation for the self-serving bias is the motivational model,which states that the self-serving bias is caused by our ________.

A)expectations of failure in any given situation
B)expectations of success in any given situation
C)rational thought processes
D)correspondence bias
E)need to protect and enhance our self-esteem,or our social desirability bias

Question 62

The relationship between how accurate first impressions are and how confident people are in their impressions of others is _________.

A)positive and linear
B)strong and negative
C)strong and positive
D)curvilinear
E)nonexistent

Question 63

Research evidence tends to indicate that social perception ________.

A)is sometimes accurate and sometimes flawed because of our implicit theories
B)has very restricted accuracy,because there are just too many attributional errors
C)can be quite accurate,despite attributional errors
D)is not at all accurate,because of the many attributional errors
E)will never be very accurate until all attributional errors are eliminated

Question 64

Bernard watched a brief video of Samantha being interviewed for a job.He reports his impression of Samantha and indicates he is not at all confident in his ratings of her.According to research,how accurate is Bernard's impression?

A)Bernard is probably right on target as accuracy is not related to confidence in judgments.
B)Bernard is probably not very accurate as he is not very confident about his impression of her.
C)Bernard is probably accurate given that people with low confidence in their impression underrate their performance.
D)Bernard's impression is probably as accurate as anyone else's regardless of their confidence level.
E)Bernard will lie and indicate he was not confident to be modest,so he's probably accurate.

Question 65

Trista's teacher just returned student essays to the class.Trista's teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper and given Trista an A+ on the assignment.Trista is likely to believe her grade reflects ________ because of ________.

A)an error on the teacher's part;the fundamental attribution error
B)both her ability level and her teacher's ability;rational thinking
C)the true quality of her work;the self-serving bias
D)her true ability level;the correspondence bias
E)her teacher's skills as a teacher;the actor-observer effect

Question 66

People who suffer from depression tend to attribute their failures to ________ and their successes to ________.

A)lasting external causes;lasting external causes
B)temporary external causes;lasting internal causes
C)lasting internal causes;lasting external causes
D)lasting internal causes;temporary external causes
E)temporary internal causes;lasting internal causes

Question 67

Our personal beliefs about the way that certain traits occur together are known as ________.

A)explicit trait theories
B)implicit personality theories
C)peripheral trait theories
D)conceptual personality theories
E)central trait theories

Question 68

Asch defined "central traits" as those traits that were ________.

A)located near the middle of our cognitive structure for attitudes
B)located near the middle of a list of traits
C)crucial for making cognitive decisions about the other traits
D)formed by our implicit personality theories
E)crucial in shaping the overall impression of a stranger

Question 69

Jeremy has always been a very eloquent speaker and speech-writer.For his college oratory class,Jeremy was recently required to write and deliver a speech in support of capital punishment.Although Jeremy is strongly opposed to the death penalty,he wrote and delivered a very powerful speech in support of the death penalty.As a result,his professor and several students now believe Jeremy actually supports the death penalty.Why might this be the case?

A)The professor and students must have been persuaded to support capital punishment by Jeremy's speech.
B)The professor and students implicitly believe that only someone who really hold a particular opinion can persuasively write or speak about it.
C)The professor and students themselves must strongly support capital punishment and see Jeremy as a potential ally in their beliefs.
D)Eloquence and persuasiveness are fundamental aspects of Asch's central and peripheral traits theory.
E)The theory of correspondent inference suggests that most people will not accept Jeremy's position as his own.

Question 70

In one study participants played a game in which their partners could divide a monetary reward in any way they chose.Participants in the unfavorable distribution condition received less than half of the money,while participants in the favorable condition received a generous portion.Participants were then asked whether they thought they were playing with a computer or a human partner.What did participants in the unfavorable condition report?

A)Clearly a computer.
B)50% of respondents said it was a computer and 50% said it was a human partner.
C)Participants reported they had no basis to give an answer or form such an impression.
D)More participants in the unfavorable condition believed their partner was human.
E)More participants in the unfavorable condition believed their partner was not playing the game.

Question 71

Impression formation is the process by which ________.

A)we regulate our own behavior in order to achieve a particular goal
B)particular facial expressions are used by particularly effective public speakers
C)we attempt to make favorable first impressions on others
D)we form impressions of others
E)implicit personality theories are recognized

Question 72

The self-serving bias tends to be ________.

A)stronger in Western cultures that emphasize individual accomplishments
B)weakest in Western cultures that emphasize individual accomplishments
C)unrelated to cultural factors such as are found in collectivist or individualistic societies
D)stronger in cultures that emphasize group harmony and group outcomes
E)limited by gender differences in socialization

Question 73

Our tendency to attribute our own positive outcomes to internal causes and negative outcomes to external causes is known as ________.

A)noncommon effects
B)implicit personality theory
C)the self-serving bias
D)the actor-observer effect
E)explicit personality theory

Question 74

We tend to perceive our own behavior as stemming largely from ________ factors;we tend to perceive the behavior of others as stemming largely from ________ factors.

A)dispositional;situational
B)situational;situational
C)situational;dispositional
D)external;external
E)dispositional;dispositional

Question 75

A motivational model for the self-serving bias suggests that we attribute success to internal factors because we ________.

A)tend to repress thoughts of failure
B)are boosting our self-esteem
C)generally expect to fail and attribute expected outcomes to internal factors
D)are less aware of external influences on our own actions
E)are limiting our self-esteem

Question 76

Early research conducted by Solomon Asch suggests the presence of central traits,which are ________.

A)relatively unimportant characteristics that interact with each other to determine our overall impression of another person
B)clusters of traits that we use to try to understand and explain the behavior of another person
C)traits that strongly encourage the self-serving bias
D)traits that strongly color the way we interpret other aspects of another person
E)traits that have a relatively weak effect on our overall impression of another person

Question 77

One possible explanation for the self-serving bias is the cognitive model,which states that the self-serving bias is caused by our ________.

A)need to protect our self-esteem
B)expectations of failure
C)social desirability bias
D)expectations of success
E)rational thought processes

Question 78

_____ refers to small amounts of information about others we use to form first impressions of them.

A)Microsecond impressions
B)Micro-expressions
C)Insufficient information
D)Thin slices
E)Small bits

Question 79

The self-defeating pattern of attributions exhibited by many depressed individuals can successfully be treated by therapies that encourage people to ________.

A)blame themselves for all negative outcomes and to avoid taking credit for successful outcomes and to avoid
B)take credit for significant others' accomplishments and to blame themselves for negative outcomes
C)examine the roots of their depression that can be found in their repressed urges,inner conflicts or traumatic childhood events
D)view some successes and failures as due to external factors that they can control to some extent
E)take credit for successful outcomes and to avoid blaming themselves for all negative outcomes

Question 80

One therapy that is based on changing attributions of depressed people involves ________.

A)channeling negative emotion into positive emotion
B)changing the way that depressed people make attributions about success and failure
C)the client transferring depressive affect from themselves to the therapist
D)channeling negative emotion from depression into action
E)understanding the underlying childhood events that lead to the depression