Deck 1: Introducing Social Psychology

Question 1

Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people:

A)motivate,persuade,and interact with one another.
B)think about,influence,and relate to one another.
C)manipulate,use,and betray one another.
D)conform,help,and form attitudes about one another.

Answer 1

think about,influence,and relate to one another.

Question 2

According to Social Psychology,a true statement about objective reality is that:

A)it is constant.
B)it does not exist.
C)it is an unchanging set of perceptions.
D)it is always viewed through the lens of our values and beliefs.

Answer 2

it is always viewed through the lens of our values and beliefs.

Question 3

The enduring behaviors,ideas,attitudes,and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as:

A)nationality.
B)race.
C)religion.
D)culture.

Answer 3

culture.

Question 4

In the context of social psychology,identify a true statement about intuitions.

A)Intuitions require one to adopt the approach of conscious reasoning.
B)Intuitions are also known as conscious information processing.
C)Intuitions are routinely powerful and sometimes perilous.
D)Intuitions depend on objective reality rather than subjective reality.

Question 5

The attributions a person makes for his or her spouse's acid remark depends on the happiness of his or her marriage.What concept does this portray?

A)Social behavior is a function of what we believe.
B)Social behavior is a function of an individual's general attitude in relation to his or her environment.
C)Social behavior is a function of how a situation is handled.
D)Social behavior is a function of an objective situation and how it is construed.

Question 6

When examining topics such as dating rituals and mating behaviors,evolutionary psychologists ask how natural selection might:

A)shape our actions.
B)change our attitudes.
C)account for similarities in our behaviors.
D)reinforce our attitudes.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behavior are shaped by external social forces?

A)Our personality disposition affects our choices.
B)Our inherited human nature predisposes us to react in certain ways.
C)Our political attitudes influence our voting behavior.
D)Our standards regarding promptness,openness,and clothing vary across different cultures.

Question 8

Identify a true statement about social psychology.

A)It answers one's ultimate questions about life.
B)It helps in the understanding of the purpose of life.
C)It is about beliefs,attitudes,and relationships.
D)It helps in understanding an individual's ultimate destiny.

Question 9

Identify a true statement about social psychology.

A)Compared with personality psychology,social psychology focuses more on the differences between individuals.
B)Compared with sociology,social psychology focuses more on individuals.
C)Compared with sociology,social psychology performs less experiments.
D)Compared with personality psychology,social psychology focuses less on how people view and affect one another.

Question 10

You ask your academic advisor what to major in because you are finding it difficult to decide.She suggests psychology.Before you decide to follow her suggestion,it is important to remember that this answer likely reflects her:

A)training.
B)education.
C)perceptions.
D)personal values.

Question 11

Chloe attributes the irrational behavior of her husband,George,to him having a bad day.Which of the following statements most likely represents this scenario?

A)People tend to construct their social reality,regardless of its affects on others.
B)People refuse to view objective reality through the lens of their beliefs.
C)One's self-esteem weakens one's narcissistic behavior.
D)One's behavior is independent of social influences and relevant contexts.

Question 12

A society's widely held ideas and values,including assumptions and cultural ideologies,are known as:

A)national diversities.
B)racial inclinations.
C)social representations.
D)general moralities.

Question 13

Values enter social psychology when researchers:

A)collect data for their studies.
B)present the results of their experiments.
C)summarize their studies.
D)choose the topics of their studies.

Question 14

Whether we label a woman as ambitious or aggressive is a reflection of our:

A)gender.
B)values.
C)intuitions.
D)age.

Question 15

A social psychologist's personal convictions about what is desirable and how people ought to behave are known as his or her:

A)intuitions.
B)hypotheses.
C)values.
D)memoirs.

Question 16

Emma attributes the hostile behavior of her best friend,David,to the relationship problems he has with his wife. Which of the following statements represents this scenario?

A)Social beliefs can be self-fulfilling.
B)Self-efficacy leads one to persist during challenging times.
C)People attribute negative outcomes to their internal factors.
D)Illusory optimism increases one's vulnerability.

Question 17

Social representations are:

A)value commitments within a culture.
B)intuitive ideas that prove to be true
C)widely held ideas and values,including assumptions and cultural ideologies.
D)stereotypes that are rooted in racism rather than in objective truth.

Question 18

Which of the following topics is NOT an example of what a social psychologist might study?

A)love
B)conformity
C)intelligence
D)attitudes

Question 19

Identify a true statement about attitudes and personality.

A)They influence behavior.
B)They are the results of an individual's own understanding of the world.
C)They are primary motivators for action.
D)They are inherited biologically.

Question 20

Maslow's description of "self-actualized" people was based on a sample he personally selected.Had he selected other people to describe,his resulting description of self-actualization might have been different.This is an example of how _____ can influence our idea of how best to live.

A)attitudes
B)lifestyle
C)values
D)people

Question 21

In the context of social psychology,identify an example of hindsight bias.

A)Dominic is unsure about his exam results,but later when he learns that he passed the exam he claims to have known all along that he would score well.
B)Anna,a researcher,pays more attention to a single piece of information rather than all available data in her research study.
C)Dylan decides to join a prestigious college because his friends are doing so.
D)Ava,a homemaker,believes that her son will play soccer well because he is also good in studies.

Question 22

Research done in natural,real-life settings outside the laboratory is referred to as:

A)correlational research.
B)experimental research.
C)qualitative research.
D)field research.

Question 23

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the concept of random sampling?

A)Ren,a researcher,selects participants for a study in such a way that every person in the population being studied gets an equal chance of inclusion.
B)Polina,a researcher,prepares questions for a survey in such a way that they prompt the respondents toward beneficial decisions without restricting their freedom.
C)Zahra,a researcher,allows participants to share their feelings with her after conducting experiments.
D)Liam,a researcher,misinforms the population being studied for a study about the purpose of the study.

Question 24

Which of the following is one of the purposes of hypotheses?

A)Hypotheses allow us to test a theory.
B)Hypotheses provide explanations for research results.
C)Hypotheses prove theories.
D)Hypotheses communicate the results of research studies.

Question 25

A _____ is an integrated set of principles that can explain and predict observed events.

A)theory
B)hypothesis
C)fact
D)correlation

Question 26

One's decision to call someone engaged in guerrilla warfare a terrorist rather than a freedom fighter depends on one's view of the cause they're fighting for.In the context of social psychology,this statement indicates that:

A)scientific ideas should be dismissed because they are mostly subjective.
B)what social psychologists think is independent of their prior beliefs.
C)people who have with their needs for survival,safety,belonging,and self-esteem met satisfied,go on to fulfill their human potential.
D)values can lie hidden within one's cultural definitions of mental health,one's psychological advice for living,one's concepts,and one's psychological labels.

Question 27

Errors in both judging the future's foreseeability and in remembering our past together to create:

A)information bias.
B)hindsight bias.
C)prediction bias.
D)retrospective bias.

Question 28

Standing in a campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of students' usage of their cell phones is an example of what type of research?

A)qualitative research
B)experimental research
C)laboratory research
D)field research

Question 29

The study of observable relationships among variables is referred to as:

A)correlational research.
B)experimental research.
C)laboratory research.
D)field research.

Question 30

Identify a true statement about theories:

A)They are consensus statements about what one observes.
B)They are ideas that summarize and explain facts.
C)They are testable propositions that describe relationships that may exist between events.
D)They are one's personal convictions about what is desirable and how others ought to behave.

Question 31

A theory is:

A)an agreed-upon statement.
B)a summary that explains facts.
C)untestable.
D)less than fact.

Question 32

A research program was conducted to understand the effects of two slogans created for a health care program.It was found that the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan "Saves 600 out of 1000 lives" were much higher than the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan "400 out of 1000 people lose their lives." This scenario exemplifies a psychological phenomenon called:

A)debriefing.
B)confirmation bias.
C)hindsight bias.
D)framing.

Question 33

Laboratory research is an example of research in a:

A)correlational context.
B)common environment.
C)controlled situation.
D)field setting.

Question 34

Diya and Pierre are the candidates to lead their school's basketball team.Diya knows that Pierre will be selected as the team captain as he is a better player than she is.However,Diya is selected as the team captain because Pierre is unable to turn up on the day of the selection.Later,Diya boasts to her friends that she knew it all along that she will be selected as the team captain.In the context of social psychology,this scenario exemplifies a phenomenon called:

A)confirmation bias.
B)outcome bias.
C)hindsight bias.
D)anchoring bias.

Question 35

When asked who Chloe thinks will win the next presidential election,she replies that she does not know.However,after the election results are declared,she claims that it was obvious all along who the winner of the election will be.In the context of social psychology,this scenario illustrates:

A)distinction bias.
B)automation bias.
C)optimism bias.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 36

The tendency to exaggerate one's ability to have foresaw how something turned out,only after learning the outcome,is known as:

A)regressive bias.
B)information bias.
C)omission bias.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 37

In the context of social psychology,the way a question or an issue is posed is known as:

A)seeding.
B)framing.
C)debriefing.
D)churning.

Question 38

Good theories do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)summarize observations.
B)make assumptions about concepts.
C)make predictions that generate new research projects.
D)suggest practical applications.

Question 39

Theories formed from testable predictions are called:

A)assumptions.
B)hypotheses.
C)ideologies.
D)values.

Question 40

A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events is known as a:

A)statement.
B)bias.
C)correlation.
D)hypothesis.

Question 41

Correlational research allows us to:

A)infer cause and effect.
B)roughly predict one variable's effects on another variable.
C)uncover independent variables.
D)control variables.

Question 42

In the context of social psychology,identify a true statement about correlational research:

A)It does not allow researchers to roughly predict the effects of one variable from another.
B)It involves manipulating various important factors to see their effects on other factors.
C)It cannot tell researchers whether one variable's effects cause another variable's effects.
D)It involves examining important variables in controlled laboratory environments,rather than natural settings.

Question 43

In 1936,the newsmagazine Literary Digest obtained the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential candidates prior to the election.Among the more than 2 million returns,Alf Landon won by an overwhelming majority over Franklin Roosevelt. A few weeks later,Roosevelt won the real election by a landslide.The results of the survey were not valid due to:

A)an unrepresentative sample.
B)poor wording of questions' variables.
C)a lack of experimental control.

Question 44

Ammar,a researcher,studies about the possible links between wealth and popularity.He finds that popularity increases with wealth.Which of the following statements is most likely true about this scenario?

A)Ammar adopts the method of stratified sampling.
B)Ammar adopts the method of random sampling.
C)Ammar conducts experimental research.
D)Ammar conducts correlational research.

Question 45

Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?

A)It cannot be used to study everyday situations.
B)It cannot explain cause and effect.
C)It fails to analyze whether two variables are associated.
D)It takes place in a laboratory.

Question 46

A psychology professor conducts a research study to determine if there is a relationship between the time spent on studying and the grades achieved by college students.Which type of research is this?

A)correlational research
B)experimental research
C)controlled research
D)hypothetical research

Question 47

A study conducted by Douglas Carroll and his colleagues (1994)examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and health using grave markers.Which type of research was this?

A)correlational research
B)experimental research
C)controlled research
D)hypothetical research

Question 48

In the context of correlation and causation,the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement concludes that:

A)self-esteem causes academic achievement.
B)academic achievement causes self-esteem.
C)though self-esteem and academic achievement are both positively correlated,the relationship is likely explained by one or more additional variables.
D)self-esteem is negatively correlated with academic achievement.

Question 49

A sample in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is called a _____ sample.

A)mixed
B)diverse
C)fair
D)random

Question 50

Studies have shown that a person's occupational status is _____ correlated with his or her longevity in Britain.

A)positively
B)negatively
C)inversely
D)not

Question 51

To generalize information from a survey to apply to the whole country,you will need to get information from at least _____ people.

A)150
B)1,200
C)5,000
D)10,000

Question 52

A time-lagged correlation is an advanced correlational technique that reveals _____ variables or events,such as achievement and self-esteem.

A)the relationship between
B)differences between
C)the sequence of
D)confounding

Question 53

If you ask conservative,liberal,independent,and Green Party voters their opinions of political candidates,rather than just conservative voters,you are attempting to ensure that your sample is:

A)fair.
B)sufficient.
C)representative.
D)random.

Question 54

One may infer that the postal-code regions of Scotland with the least overcrowding and unemployment also have the:

A)longest average lifespans.
B)least longevity.
C)greatest loneliness.
D)least loneliness.

Question 55

Ann Landers's survey of the opinion of women readers about affection and sex was probably:

A)not valid because it did not include men.
B)flawed because it was not representative of all American women.
C)worthless because the sample size was too small.
D)as valid and informative as other more scientific surveys.

Question 56

You ask all those students who fail a class if they believe the course is difficult,and you find that they think it is.Although you have conducted a basic survey,the results of it are limited because of your sample's:

A)fairness.
B)strategy.
C)size.
D)representativeness.

Question 57

Banele,a researcher,conducts a laboratory experiment.He places the participants to the conditions of the experiment in such a way that all persons have the same chance of being in each condition.In the context of social psychology,this scenario exemplifies the concept of:

A)random sampling.
B)random assignment.
C)covert observation.
D)systematic observation.

Question 58

The great strength of correlational research is the:

A)cause-effect sequencing of events.
B)ambiguity of results.
C)ability to extract the influence of confounded variables.
D)tendency to occur in real-world settings.

Question 59

Variable X is correlated with variable Y.Which of the following could potentially explain this correlation?

A)X causes Y.
B)Y causes X.
C)A third variable causes or influences both X and Y.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 60

The finding that obese women earned lower salaries than women in a nonobese comparison group was most likely the result of which type of research study?

A)experimental
B)correlational
C)laboratory
D)qualitative

Question 61

The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to:

A)maximize the differences between groups.
B)minimize the differences between groups.
C)control the independent variable.
D)control the dependent variable.

Question 62

_____ helps researchers generalize to a population.

A)Random sampling
B)Random assignment
C)Random surveying
D)Informed consent

Question 63

An important factor in survey research is how closely a sample reflects the population under study.This is referred to as sample:

A)fairness.
B)strategy.
C)size.
D)representativeness.

Question 64

A psychiatrist is interested in determining if conditions of individuals who are clinically depressed improve with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac.She administers 20 milligrams to a random half of her clients and 40 milligrams to the other half.After six months,she finds that the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients who took 20 milligrams of Prozac.Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct?

A)correlational research
B)experimental research
C)controlled research
D)hypothetical research

Question 65

You conduct a study on a group of individuals to examine the role of exercise in alleviating depression.You assign the first 50 people who are motivated to sign up to the experimental group,and the second group of 50 people,who sign up much later,to the control group.After one month,you find that the people in the experimental group (who exercised three times a week on average)are significantly less depressed than the people in the control group (who exercised once a week on average).Although you may be tempted to conclude that exercise helps stave off depression,you cannot because of the lack of _____ in your study.

A)random sampling
B)random assignment
C)random surveying
D)random control

Question 66

You have noticed that as the temperature drops outside,more students wear sweaters and heavy coats.Your observation is most similar to:

A)correlational research.
B)experimental research.
C)controlled research.
D)hypothetical research.

Question 67

Kayla,a researcher,conducts a study in a research laboratory to find out the effect of crowded space on people's state of mind.She categorizes the participants into two groups.She asks the first group to be seated in a small room and the second group to be seated in a large room for an hour.In this scenario,Kayla conducts a(n):

A)correlational research.
B)desk research.
C)field research.
D)experimental research.

Question 68

Random assignment helps researchers _____.

A)collect large amounts of data
B)generalize to a population
C)infer cause and effect
D)develop correlations

Question 69

Chris Boyatzis and colleagues (1995)showed some elementary schoolchildren,but not others,an episode of the most popular-and violent-children's television program of the 1990s,Power Rangers.Identify an immediate outcome of the study.

A)The children who watched the episode remained unaffected by the program.
B)The children who watched the episode committed more aggressive acts than those who did not.
C)The children who watched the episode were scared and refused to interact with other children.
D)The children who watched the episode expressed their disinterest in the program.

Question 70

If you wanted more people to donate their organs when they die,you would:

A)put nothing on their drivers' licenses about organ donation.
B)give a default option of 'yes' and a space to check "opt out."
C)give a default option of 'no' and a space to check donate.
D)give them a 'yes' or 'no' choice to check.

Question 71

Among the four potentially biasing influences on surveys,the meat lobby rejecting a new U.S.food labeling law that requires declaring ground beef as "30% fat" rather than "70% lean,30% fat" is an example of how _____ may influence human decisions and expressed opinions.

A)the framing of questions
B)the order of questions
C)limited options
D)response options

Question 72

Identify the kind of research that involves manipulating some factor to see its effect on another.

A)survey research
B)correlational research
C)experimental research
D)qualitative research

Question 73

The results of Boyatzis's (1995)research indicated that _____ can be one cause of children's aggressive behavior.

A)sugar consumption
B)poor impulse control
C)the lack of parental guidance
D)viewing violence on television

Question 74

Studies that seek results pointing to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others are known as:

A)correlational research.
B)experimental research.
C)laboratory research.
D)field research.

Question 75

Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that:

A)how the questions are framed can influence how they are answered.
B)how the questions are framed has very little influence on how they are answered.
C)wording is an unimportant element of survey research.
D)framing the questions differently will not influence the survey results.

Question 76

Which of the following was the independent variable in Boyatzis's (1995)research study on the effects of television viewing on children's aggressive behavior?

A)aggressive behavior
B)poor academic performance
C)television viewing
D)an early sexual promiscuity

Question 77

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the _____ variable.

A)control
B)independent
C)dependent
D)correlational

Question 78

As a result of random assignment,people in both groups in an experiment:

A)differ in important ways.
B)do not know which group they are in.
C)are less likely to be alike.
D)average in intelligence about the same.

Question 79

Chris Boyatzis and colleagues (1995)showed some elementary schoolchildren,but not others,an episode of the most popular-and violent-children's television program of the 1990s,Power Rangers.Identify the dependent variable in this research.

A)the content and duration of the television program
B)the observed aggressive acts by the children who watched the program
C)the peer pressure experienced by the children
D)the behavior of the children who did not watch the program

Question 80

Research indicates that survey results often depend on the:

A)number of questions asked.
B)gender of the surveyor.
C)gender of the respondent.
D)wording of the questions.