Deck 12: Helping

Question 1

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter,Sharon weighs the costs (e.g. ,getting up at dawn)and benefits (e.g. ,feeling good about herself)of doing so.This strategy is best explained by the:

A)self-perception theory.
B)social-exchange theory.
C)self-presentation theory.
D)social comparison theory.

Answer 1

social-exchange theory.

Question 2

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines:

A)narcissism.
B)egoism.
C)hedonism.
D)altruism.

Answer 2

altruism.

Question 3

According to sociologist Gouldner (1960),which of the following defines the reciprocity norm?

A)It is the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.
B)It is the expectation that people will help those needing help.
C)It is the expectation that people will help,not hurt,those who have helped them.
D)It is the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network.

Answer 3

It is the expectation that people will help,not hurt,those who have helped them.

Question 4

According to the social-exchange theory,which of the following behaviors is characterized by rewards that are internal in nature?

A)donating money to boost the image of the company
B)volunteering for community projects to boost self-worth
C)helping a family member to get some money
D)offering a stranger a ride hoping to receive friendship

Question 5

The personalized address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the:

A)reciprocity norm.
B)social-exchange theory.
C)misinformation effect.
D)social capital theory.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of the effect of guilt on the motivation to do good deeds?

A)It sustains close relationships.
B)It reduces sensitivity.
C)It leads to too much harm.
D)It disrupts interaction among people.

Question 7

Who is most likely to respond favorably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital?

A)Melvin's older sister,who is hurrying to get to her scheduled appointment with the family doctor
B)Melvin's mother,who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer
C)Melvin's younger brother,who is depressed over receiving a D on a physics exam
D)Melvin's father,who is annoyed over the newspaper boy's trampling of his flower bed

Question 8

Our eagerness to do well after doing something bad reflects our need to:

A)merely reduce private guilt.
B)reclaim a positive public image only.
C)both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image.
D)neither reduce private guilt nor reclaim a positive public image.

Question 9

Hannah,a 20-year-old girl,helps a blind man to cross a busy street.She helps him without expecting any benefits in return.According to the social-exchange theory,Hannah exhibits ________ in this scenario.

A)the reciprocity norm
B)egoism
C)the overjustification effect
D)altruism

Question 10

In the context of the social-exchange theory,which of the following is true of the studies conducted by Piliavin (2003)and Andersen (1998)on rewards?

A)Young people who tutored children were at markedly more risk for delinquency than others.
B)Volunteering benefited morale and health only when it was required rather than when it was self-initiated.
C)Youth who engaged in community service projects developed social skills and positive social values.
D)Youth who participated in school-based "service learning" were less likely to become engaged citizens than other people.

Question 11

In McMillen and Austin's research (1971),participants who had lied were more likely to:

A)lie again.
B)volunteer a large amount of time.
C)volunteer a small amount of time.
D)avoid the researchers.

Question 12

In the context of internal rewards for doing good,there are a few consistent findings in psychology that ________ people are helpful people.

A)happy
B)well-rested
C)well-educated
D)easygoing

Question 13

According to researchers,which of the following is the correct order that leads us to good actions?

A)positive mood;positive behavior;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem
B)positive behavior;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem;positive mood
C)positive behavior;positive mood;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem
D)positive mood;positive thoughts;positive self-esteem;positive behavior

Question 14

Aidan,a young social activist,fights for the cause of the poor people,and he stages many protests in their support.He writes to various government officials regarding the welfare measures for needy people.He works for the poor without accepting any benefits in return.According to the social-exchange theory,Aidan's act exemplifies ________ in this scenario.

A)group selection
B)altruism
C)reciprocity
D)egoism

Question 15

Jacob and Ethan,two college students,are roommates and split their rent and other expenses.Jacob does the cooking,and in return,Ethan does the cleaning and the laundry.According to the social-exchange theory,Jacob and Ethan exemplify ________ in this scenario.

A)the reciprocity norm
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)an illusion of transparency
D)the social-responsibility norm

Question 16

Joshua,a student at a medical school,gets help from his roommate to fix a chair,and Joshua helps his roommate with the laundry.According to the social-exchange theory,Joshua and his roommate exhibit ________ in this scenario.

A)an illusion of transparency
B)a pluralistic ignorance
C)the reciprocity norm
D)the social-responsibility norm

Question 17

According to the social-exchange theory,which of the following is a behavior that is characterized by rewards that are external in nature?

A)donating money to boost the image of the company
B)volunteering for community projects to boost self-worth
C)giving emotional support to one's partner for one's satisfaction
D)donating blood to make oneself feel good

Question 18

Ashley,an intelligent medical student,supports poor children in her neighborhood.She tutors them without accepting anything in return.According to the social-exchange theory,Ashley demonstrates ________ in this scenario.

A)pluralistic ignorance
B)the reciprocity norm
C)the bystander effect
D)the social-responsibility norm

Question 19

Helping ________ a bad mood and ________ a good mood.

A)eliminates;increases
B)softens;sustains
C)does not change;amplifies
D)increases;eliminates

Question 20

The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as the:

A)social-exchange theory.
B)drive theory.
C)triangular theory.
D)motivation crowding theory.

Question 21

Samantha,a seven-year-old girl,suffers from a chronic kidney disease.Her doctor suggests an immediate kidney transplant for her to survive.Sarah,Samantha's mother,readily donates her kidney,and Samantha recovers from her condition after a successful surgery.In the context of evolutionary psychology,which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

A)indirect reciprocity
B)group selection
C)direct reciprocity
D)kin selection

Question 22

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that:

A)females offer more help to males than males do to females.
B)males offer to help males and females equally.
C)females seek more help than males.
D)both males and females help others equally.

Question 23

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight,people are less willing to offer help.In this case,helping responses are thus closely tied to:

A)the overjustification effect.
B)attributions
C)self-concepts.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 24

Brian,a young man,meets with an accident and undergoes a surgery.His neighbors take care of his pet dog while he is hospitalized.Because of his neighbors' generosity,he is not worried about his dog when he is away.According to the social-exchange theory,which of the following social norms is exemplified in this scenario?

A)the social-responsibility norm
B)the social capital
C)a pluralistic ignorance
D)the reciprocity norm

Question 25

Research on gender and receiving help revealed that ________ offered more help when the persons in need were females,and ________ offered help equally to males and females.

A)men;women
B)women;men
C)older people;youngsters
D)youngsters;older people

Question 26

Which of the following specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic toward our relatives than toward close friends?

A)evolutionary psychology
B)the social norms theory
C)nominative determinism
D)the self-presentation theory

Question 27

Jayden,a sales executive,loses his job during a recession.His friend,Noah,helps him during the crisis.After a few months,Jayden gets a job and helps Noah when the latter is in dire need.According to evolutionary psychology,Jayden and Noah exhibit ________ in this scenario.

A)indirect reciprocity
B)group selection
C)direct reciprocity
D)kin selection

Question 28

In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility most likely to be strong?

A)India
B)England
C)the United States
D)Canada

Question 29

In the context of evolutionary psychology,the ________ principle implies that nature programs us to care about close relatives.

A)kin selection
B)reciprocity
C)social justice
D)deindividuation

Question 30

Mr.Lemming's neighbors mowed his lawn,but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate.We can predict that Mr.Lemming is likely to feel:

A)demeaned because he cannot return the help.
B)angry at his neighbors.
C)grateful and happy.
D)proud and unthreatened.

Question 31

The social-responsibility norm refers to the expectation that:

A)future exchanges of help must exist.
B)leaders will help more than regular group members.
C)people will help those needing help.
D)to receive help,people must ask for it.

Question 32

Beshoi and Habiba,a middle-aged couple,are immigrants from Egypt and have been staying in the same neighborhood for the last seven years.They need to go to their native country to visit their ailing parents,and their neighbors offer to watch over the house while the couple is away.According to the social-exchange theory,which of the following is exhibited in this scenario?

A)a pluralistic ignorance
B)the reciprocity norm
C)the social-responsibility norm
D)the social capital

Question 33

A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam.In the context of the social-responsibility norm,research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she:

A)takes inadequate notes.
B)does not like this class as well as her other courses.
C)has been absent due to an illness.
D)has not been able to concentrate in class.

Question 34

In one experiment on the reciprocity norm,university students were more willing to make a charity pledge when:

A)they were promised a pledge in return.
B)the pledge was unsolicited.
C)it was for someone who had bought them candy.
D)it was anonymous.

Question 35

When people need our help,we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to:

A)a lack of motivation.
B)circumstances beyond their control.
C)poor planning or foresight.
D)their mood or disposition.

Question 36

Arjun,a 21-year-old undergraduate student in the United States,hails from a collectivistic country,and he believes that he should help his friends who are in distress.He does not expect any rewards for helping others,and often,he completes assignments for his friends who are ill and are unable to attend classes.According to the social-exchange theory,which of the following norms is exhibited by Arjun in this scenario?

A)the overjustification effect
B)the reciprocity norm
C)the social-responsibility norm
D)the bystander effect

Question 37

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as:

A)nominative determinism.
B)altruistic selection.
C)kin selection.
D)self-serving helpfulness.

Question 38

________ are twice as likely as ________ to seek medical and psychiatric help.

A)European Americans;Asian Americans
B)Asian Americans;European Americans
C)Men;women
D)Women;men

Question 39

Identify a true statement about the social-responsibility norm across various cultures.

A)People in collectivistic cultures are least in favor of the social-responsibility norm.
B)In the United States,people do receive compassion when they are victims of natural disaster.
C)People in the United States show stronger support for the social-responsibility norm than those in India.
D)In determining help,cultures avoid the practice of tying responses to attributes.

Question 40

Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is:

A)gene survival.
B)self-actualization.
C)self-realization.
D)the discovery of meaning.

Question 41

Since we are born selfish,evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to:

A)develop a system that will encourage reciprocity.
B)develop an "altruistic gene."
C)teach generosity and altruism.
D)live only in small,isolated communities.

Question 42

People who live in ________ are least likely to relay a phone message,mail "lost" letters,cooperate with survey interviewers,do small favors,or help a lost child.

A)big cities
B)small towns
C)rural environments
D)villages

Question 43

Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency.Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps?

A)noticing the incident
B)interpreting the incident as an emergency
C)assessing the victim's desire for help
D)assuming personal responsibility for intervening

Question 44

In the context of situational influences,Latané and Darley surmised that as the number of bystanders increases,any given bystander is ________ than when he or she is alone.

A)less likely to assume responsibility for taking action
B)more likely to notice the incident
C)more likely to interpret the incident as a problem or an emergency
D)less likely to stay away from helping the victim

Question 45

Grace,a young housewife,understands the pain of her friend,Martha,who recently lost her husband.Grace does everything in her capacity to help Martha because she thinks that if she were in Martha's situation,Martha would have definitely helped.According to evolutionary psychology,Grace exhibits ________ in this scenario.

A)egoism
B)elevation
C)kin selection
D)empathy

Question 46

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies,Darley and Latané (1970)found that ________ greatly decreased intervention.

A)social alienation
B)a lack of empathy
C)the presence of other bystanders
D)self-concern

Question 47

Social-exchange is a ________ theory,while the social norm is a ________ theory.

A)sociological;psychological
B)psychological;sociological
C)biological;psychological
D)sociological;biological

Question 48

Hoffman (1981)reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying.This is an example of:

A)egoism.
B)empathy.
C)altruism.
D)harmony.

Question 49

Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature?

A)Darley
B)Schaller
C)Cialdini
D)Batson

Question 50

Meghan,a middle-aged professional,works for the upliftment of the poor in her neighborhood.She feels their pain and provides them with a ray of hope as she understands how difficult it is to live without the basic necessities of life.According to evolutionary psychology,Meghan exhibits ________ in this scenario.

A)egoism
B)empathy
C)kin selection
D)reciprocity

Question 51

In the context of situational influences,which of the following is one of the steps in Latané and Darley's decision tree?

A)calculating the time required for helping
B)interpreting the incident as an emergency
C)weighing the costs and benefits of helping
D)overestimating others' ability to "read" a person's internal states

Question 52

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle.According to research on the bystander effect,a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are ________ others present.

A)no
B)two
C)four
D)ten

Question 53

Altruism researcher Daniel Batson reported that empathy-induced altruism:

A)is always helpful.
B)does not inhibit aggression.
C)lowers cooperation.
D)can feed favoritism,injustice,and indifference.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true about empathy-induced altruism as noted by Batson?

A)Sometimes people do focus on others' welfare,not on their own.
B)If people feel empathy but know that something else will make them feel better,they are very likely to help.
C)With their empathy aroused,people usually are reluctant to help strangers.
D)Empathy-based altruism removes any type of partiality in a family.

Question 55

In the context of evolutionary psychology,which of the following is true of kin selection?

A)Children have more at stake in the survival of their parents' genes than the parents themselves.
B)Parents will generally be more devoted to their children than their children are to them.
C)Fraternal twins are noticeably more mutually supportive than genetically identical twins.
D)Identical twins are half as likely as fraternal twins to cooperate with their twin for a shared gain.

Question 56

Evolutionary psychologists would have the greatest difficulty explaining why:

A)Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger.
B)Molly agreed to drive her neighbor to the doctor.
C)Simon donated a kidney to save the life of his son.
D)Rick helped his best friend paint his house.

Question 57

A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack.According to Darley and Latané,what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency?

A)You must check if the stranger is related to you or your family.
B)You must assume responsibility for helping.
C)You must notice the stranger.
D)You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help.

Question 58

________ is the vicarious experience of another's feelings and putting oneself in another's shoes.

A)Egoism
B)Empathy
C)Reciprocity
D)Narcissism

Question 59

Batson and his colleagues (1981)had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks.Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places,taking her remaining shocks.The results indicated that:

A)most participants agreed to help but only if they would be rewarded.
B)most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.
C)most participants downplayed the victim's suffering or convinced themselves that she deserved to be shocked.
D)most participants refused to trade places but expressed sympathy and sought compensation for the victim from the experimenters.

Question 60

From an evolutionary perspective,it would be most difficult to explain why:

A)John paid his son's hospital bill.
B)Phyllis helped her mother clean the house.
C)William helped his next-door neighbor paint his house.
D)Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.

Question 61

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called:

A)the bystander effect.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)the self-interest effect.
D)the suppression of responsibility effect.

Question 62

Alexander,a young graduate,is late for his interview and rushes through a subway.He finds an old woman tripping and falling right in front of him.Instead of helping her,he rushes toward the exit.According to Darley and Batson's research (1973),Alexander's apathy toward the old woman in this scenario is because of ________.

A)elevation
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)time pressures
D)similarity

Question 63

According to the bystander effect,

A)we are more likely to help others when others are present.
B)we are less likely to help others when others are present.
C)we are unaffected by bystanders when help is needed.
D)we are more likely to receive help from bystanders.

Question 64

In the context of research ethics,researchers who studied the bystander effect have:

A)always first obtained the participant's informed consent.
B)been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.
C)subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little,if any,value or application to everyday life.
D)been unable to replicate real-life situations.

Question 65

Latané and Darley (1968)had university students complete questionnaires in a small room and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent.Students who were working ________ tended to notice the smoke in ________.

A)in groups;less than five seconds
B)alone;less than five seconds.
C)on a challenging task;about 20 seconds
D)on a rote task;less than five seconds

Question 66

In the context of interpretation,the tendency to overestimate others' ability to "read" our internal states is called the illusion of:

A)deceit.
B)visibility.
C)awareness.
D)transparency.

Question 67

Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful.Which of the following is one of those reasons?

A)The increasing numbers of bystanders who are friends decrease helping.
B)Urban dwellers become cold and uncaring after living in a city.
C)Urban dwellers experience compassion fatigue and sensory overload.
D)The decreasing numbers of bystanders depress helping.

Question 68

People in a hurry may be less willing to help because they:

A)have weighed the costs of helping and have decided that the costs are too high.
B)simply do not take time to tune in to a person in need.
C)tend to be selfish and primarily concerned with meeting their own needs.
D)tend to be more driven by conviction than by context.

Question 69

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969),a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle.What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?

A)100 percent
B)70 percent
C)40 percent
D)10 percent

Question 70

Miller and his colleagues (2001)reported that we are more empathic and helpful toward those who are ________ us.

A)close in proximity to
B)similar to
C)different from
D)older than

Question 71

Which is NOT one of the factors that influence a person's helping behavior?

A)the number of bystanders
B)impact biases
C)time pressures
D)prosocial models

Question 72

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping:

A)create an environment of narcissism among youth.
B)promote altruism in children but not in adults.
C)promote altruism in the observers.
D)decrease helping because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary.

Question 73

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation,Darley and Batson (1973)studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by:

A)religious education.
B)age differences.
C)gender differences.
D)time pressures.

Question 74

In the context of ingroup similarity and helping,which of the following statements is true of people's helping behavior?

A)The more people know about disaster victims and where they live,the less they donate.
B)People tend to help those that are perceived differently in an exclusive larger defined group.
C)People are predisposed to help their fellow group members,whether those are defined more narrowly or more inclusively.
D)One way to increase people's willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more exclusive than inclusive.

Question 75

Jonathan,a 30-year-old man,meets with an accident on a busy street and is severely injured.Many people gather around the spot,but none of the onlookers come forward to help him,and subsequently,he succumbs to his injuries.According to the observation of Latané and Darley,which of the following is exhibited in this scenario?

A)the overjustification effect
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)the bystander effect
D)an illusion of transparency

Question 76

Who among the following is most likely to help an injured pedestrian?

A)Tatiana,who has just found $10 in a grocery store
B)Ivan,who is five minutes late for a committee meeting
C)Richard,who crashed his car onto a fence
D)Isabelle,who observed her friend ignoring a homeless man

Question 77

Which of the following is true as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases?

A)A bystander is more likely to notice the situation.
B)A bystander is more likely to interpret it as an emergency.
C)A bystander is less likely to assume responsibility.
D)A bystander is less likely to walk away.

Question 78

Austin,a young chemist,notices smoke in an adjacent room while working in his laboratory and panics.However,his colleagues look very calm.He quickly tries to regain his cool as he thinks his colleagues may tease him for being worried for such a small incident.According to the studies on misinterpretations by Gilovich,Savitsky,and Medvec (1998),which of the following is exhibited by Austin in this scenario?

A)an illusion of transparency
B)the bystander effect
C)self-awareness
D)the spotlight effect

Question 79

DeBruine (2002)found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player,participants were ________ when the other person's pictured face had some features of their own face morphed into it.

A)more trusting but less generous
B)more trusting and more generous
C)less trusting but more generous
D)less trusting and less generous

Question 80

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969),a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle.When pairs of strangers confronted the emergency,what percentage offered help?

A)100 percent
B)70 percent
C)40 percent
D)10 percent