Deck 10: Aggression: Hurting Others

Question 1

Martina is an adolescent.Her friends do not include her in birthday parties and get-togethers.They make fun of her and verbally abuse her because she is overweight.Martina feels depressed and offended and contemplates suicide.In the context of psychology,this scenario exemplifies ________.

A)the overjustification effect
B)the Cassandra phenomenon
C)backward conditioning
D)social aggression

Answer 1

social aggression

Question 2

Most terrorism is ________ aggression.

A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Answer 2

instrumental

Question 3

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression,Lorenz argued that aggression is:

A)innate.
B)adaptive rather than self-destructive.
C)biologically influenced but not instinctive.
D)socially learned.

Answer 3

adaptive rather than self-destructive.

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A)An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he attempts a long pass.
B)A wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both.
C)A group of mercenaries,hired to kill the dictator of a small country,arrange to poison him.
D)A man smashes his television set when he is unable to switch it on.

Question 5

According to Freud and Lorenz,aggressive energy is ________.

A)external
B)innate
C)learned
D)non-universal

Question 6

Sigmund Freud speculated that human aggression springs from:

A)an innate sexual drive.
B)a self-destructive impulse.
C)the observation of aggressive adult models.
D)the blocking of goal-directed behavior.

Question 7

In 2003,American and British leaders justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis but as an act of liberation and of self-defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction.Social psychologists would consider this an example of ________ aggression.

A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)impulsive
D)instrumental

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of aggression?

A)Sam accidentally slams her car's door hard and it hits Tim's knee.
B)Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for the post of dormitory senator and cites some rumors about Marcy's social life.
C)Carla,a dentist,gives a shot of Novocain before pulling out her patient's affected tooth.
D)Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm results in his being promoted as a sales manager in a very short time.

Question 9

An instinctive behavior is a behavior that is:

A)survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.
B)innate,unlearned,and exhibited by all members of a species.
C)reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning.
D)taught to members of a species.

Question 10

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone is known as:

A)aggression.
B)subjugation.
C)destruction.
D)frustration.

Question 11

Juanita is upset with Arthur.During a social gathering,he makes rude remarks about her in front of others.Arthur's behavior exemplifies:

A)assertion.
B)manipulation.
C)aggression.
D)submission.

Question 12

Lukas,a 25-year-old,is an alcoholic.Whenever he gets drunk or needs money,he hits his parents and shoves them.He does not even spare his pet dog and often throws him from a height.In the context of psychology,this scenario illustrates ________.

A)physical aggression
B)social aggression
C)social loafing
D)gender narcissism

Question 13

________ aggression springs from anger,and its only goal is to injure.

A)Manipulative
B)Duplicitous
C)Hostile
D)Instrumental

Question 14

Laura meets Adam through social medi A.Soon,they fall in love and become physically intimate.Adam secretly records their sexual activity.He sends texts and mails to Laura and threatens her saying that he will release the video online unless his monetary demands are met.In the context of aggression,Adam's activity is referred to as ________.

A)cognitive priming
B)cyberbullying
C)voyeurism
D)transvestism

Question 15

________ aggression aims to injure only as a means to some other end.

A)Manipulative
B)Duplicitous
C)Hostile
D)Instrumental

Question 16

Most murders are ________ aggression.

A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Question 17

In the context of psychology,which of the following illustrates aggression?

A)Habid surgically removes a patient's leg because it has become infected.
B)Maria hits Ethan because he refuses to lend her money.
C)Daniel collides with a car parked on the street because it is dark.
D)Hanna convinces a customer to purchase an expensive outfit.

Question 18

Sophie bullies and physically abuses Wen,her junior,in school so that she will be feared as well as respected by other juniors.She also hopes to be popular by behaving in this manner.In the context of psychology,Sophie's behavior exemplifies ________.

A)hostile aggression
B)instrumental aggression
C)rosy retrospection
D)belief perseverance

Question 19

Identify a true statement about hostile aggression.

A)It is incapable of injuring or harming others.
B)It springs from anger.
C)It is employed as a means to some other end.
D)It causes most wars.

Question 20

Oscar gets drunk at a party and starts arguing with one of the other guests that death penalty is better than capital punishment.The other guest holds a contrasting view about the topic.They get into a heated argument.Oscar gets angry and shoves the other person to injure him.In the context of psychology,this scenario illustrates ________.

A)the third-person effect
B)hostile aggression
C)cognitive priming
D)the insufficient justification effect

Question 21

Reza is robbed at gun point.He feels frustrated and helpless.Unable to vent his anger,he verbally abuses his wife later when she accidentally adds extra sugar to his coffee.In the context of aggression,this scenario exemplifies ________.

A)displacement
B)afterburn
C)agnosia
D)kleptomania

Question 22

The frustration-aggression theory is designed to explain:

A)hostile aggression.
B)instrumental aggression.
C)both hostile and instrumental aggression.
D)neither hostile nor instrumental aggression.

Question 23

When aggression is displaced,generally,the new target ________.

A)is a safe target
B)is a socially rejected or abandoned target
C)is completely different from the instigator
D)is an ingroup member

Question 24

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called:

A)instrumental aggression.
B)hostile aggression.
C)frustration.
D)displacement.

Question 25

In the context of aggression as a biological phenomenon,status-based aggression helps explain why aggression is ________.

A)unrelated to the competition for mates
B)independent of one's social status
C)frequently demonstrated by middle-aged people
D)highest during adolescence and early adulthood

Question 26

The idea that aggression is instinctive fails to account for:

A)silent and social aggression in animals.
B)the variations in aggressiveness from culture to culture.
C)the biochemical influences on aggression.
D)the unprovoked outbursts of aggression.

Question 27

Displaced aggression is most likely when the target ________ to the instigator.

A)shares no similarity
B)shares some similarity
C)is related
D)is unrelated

Question 28

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that:

A)hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in other animals.
B)after men reach age 25,their testosterone levels and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C)variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behavior within the normal range of teen boys and adult men.
D)high testosterone levels are associated with less aggressiveness in males.

Question 29

In the context of aggression,which of the following statements is true?

A)Twin studies indicate that aggression is never genetic.
B)A single spot in the brain controls aggression.
C)Alcohol enhances aggressiveness.
D)Aggression is typically caused by brain damage.

Question 30

According to Falkner et al.(2016)and Falkner and Lin (2014),docile animals can be provoked into rage,and raging animals into submission,usually by stimulating ________.

A)the cerebellum
B)the hypothalamus
C)the corpus callosum
D)the pituitary gland

Question 31

After arguing with her boyfriend over telephone,Roberta throws the phone across the room.This behavior most clearly demonstrates:

A)the weapons effect.
B)displacement.
C)instrumental aggression.
D)Parkinson's second law.

Question 32

A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of:

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)relative deprivation.
D)the weapons effect.

Question 33

According to Berkowitz,when frustration is unjustified,aggression cues combine with ________ to cause aggression.

A)excitement
B)prejudice
C)anger
D)sadness

Question 34

Frustration grows when:

A)our motivation to achieve a goal is weakened.
B)we do not expect gratification.
C)we are completely blocked from attaining our goal.
D)we are surprised by a consequence.

Question 35

The redirection of aggression to a safer or more socially acceptable target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as:

A)displacement.
B)substitution.
C)deprivation
D)projection.

Question 36

It was raining and Jessie's car had a flat tire.After she managed to fix it,she arrived home late and found that someone had parked in her assigned parking spot.When she entered her apartment,she kicked her pet cat.Jessie's behavior can perhaps be easily explained in terms of:

A)the frustration-aggression theory.
B)the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C)Murphy's law.
D)the social learning theory.

Question 37

Frustration is noted to arise from:

A)a mismatch between achievements and rewards.
B)the gap between expectations and attainments.
C)the deprivation of elements essential to survival.
D)learned helplessness and hopelessness.

Question 38

The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that:

A)one specific region of the brain controls aggression.
B)activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans.
C)activating the occipital lobe can cause a tyrant monkey to become docile.
D)activating the frontal lobe can trigger aggressive behavior.

Question 39

MacDonald et al.(2000)found that intoxicated people administered stronger shocks and felt angrier than did sober people during lab experiments when asked to think back on:

A)their physical shortcomings.
B)their grades in college.
C)relationship conflicts.
D)their families.

Question 40

According to Kagan (1989)and Wilkowski and Robinson (2008),people's ________ and how intense and reactive they are are partly brought with them into the world,influenced by their sympathetic nervous system's reactivity.

A)defense mechanisms
B)aggressive instinct
C)temperament
D)social learning

Question 41

In the context of aggression,the most-studied environmental irritant is:

A)pain.
B)cigarette smoke.
C)air pollution.
D)heat.

Question 42

What can we conclude about the relationship between heat and aggression?

A)Heat directly fuels aggressiveness.
B)There is no relationship between heat and aggression.
C)Heat suppresses aggression.
D)The correlations between temperature and aggression do not prove a causal relationship.

Question 43

In view of research on the pain-attack response,Berkowitz (1983,1989,1998)proposed that ________ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression.

A)aversive stimulation
B)a neural impulse
C)frustration
D)rage

Question 44

In the context of biochemical influences on aggression,to lower aggression,one should eat a diet that ________.

A)is high in omega-3 fatty acids
B)is high in trans fat
C)includes sweetened drinks
D)contains low calcium

Question 45

The perception that one is less well-off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as:

A)the adaptation level phenomenon.
B)relative deprivation.
C)social ostracism.
D)the unjust-world principle.

Question 46

In the context of the influences on aggression,violent crimes are more likely committed:

A)in the winter rather than the summer.
B)when the weather is hot.
C)on a full moon night.
D)during the rainy season.

Question 47

In the context of the influences on aggression,which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior?

A)a dashed expectation
B)a personal insult
C)physical pain
D)an unexpected request

Question 48

Ava is a senior employee in a technology-based company and earns well.She rents a house in a locality that is mainly inhabited by entrepreneurs.Though she owns a tastefully decorated apartment and a car,she gets disheartened when she sees picturesque villas in her neighborhood.She feels frustrated because she feels she is less well-off than those around her.In the context of aggression,this scenario exemplifies ________.

A)cognitive priming
B)relative deprivation
C)social aggression
D)instrumental aggression

Question 49

In an experiment conducted by Griffitt (1970),students who answered questionnaires while they were ________ reported feeling more tired and aggressive and expressed more hostility toward a stranger than did participants in a control group.

A)distracted by loud noises
B)in an uncomfortably hot room
C)being closely observed
D)eating popcorn and peanuts

Question 50

Bandura (1979)contended that whether we act aggressively depends on:

A)an aversive event.
B)the anticipated consequences.
C)the role of the parent.
D)bodily symptoms.

Question 51

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues (1961),children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet.They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with.When they were taken to another room,they:

A)began to cry.
B)attacked a Bobo doll.
C)verbally attacked the adult experimenter.
D)chose to watch a violent rather than a nonviolent film.

Question 52

The pain-attack response has been observed in:

A)rats.
B)monkeys.
C)snakes.
D)varied species.

Question 53

In the context of culture change and world violence,the United States practices the death penalty for ________.

A)witchcraft
B)homicide
C)counterfeiting
D)horse theft

Question 54

Yuna is a teenager and likes junk food.She answers back when her mother coaxes her to eat nutritious food.At school,she easily loses her temper and becomes aggressive over petty issues.She develops the habit of throwing and breaking things to vent her anger.In order to control her aggressive behavior,Yuna should opt for a diet ________.

A)that is low in trans fat
B)that includes more hydrogenated oils
C)that includes sweetened drinks
D)that is devoid of omega-3 fatty acids

Question 55

The results of the Schachter and Singer (1962)experiment in which participants were injected with adrenaline prior to spending time with either a hostile or a euphoric person support the idea that:

A)a state of arousal can be interpreted in different ways depending on the context.
B)distinct physiological differences exist among emotions.
C)frustration is largely a function of our prior experience and whom we compare ourselves with.
D)every emotion triggers an opposing emotion.

Question 56

Jason fights with young children on the school playground to gain the attention and respect of his friends.This most clearly suggests that his aggression is:

A)the result of frustration.
B)instinctual in nature.
C)a learned response.
D)the result of displacement.

Question 57

According to Fay and Maner (2014),heat leads to aggression only after sensitive people ________.

A)are socially rejected
B)are subjected to physical pain
C)fail in their endeavors
D)involve in arguments

Question 58

According to Albert Bandura (1997),an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is:

A)hormonal factors.
B)how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
C)one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
D)the observation of others' behavior.

Question 59

According to Bond (2004),men from cultures that ________ are more likely to behave aggressively than those from cultures with the opposite characteristics.

A)are democratic in nature
B)focus on teaching men to be warriors
C)focus on equality of men and women
D)are low in income inequality

Question 60

In the context of the theories of aggression,identify a true statement about genetic influences on aggression.

A)Bad environments alone cause people to exhibit antisocial behaviors later in life.
B)Genes predispose some children to be more sensitive to maltreatment than others.
C)Bad genes alone predispose later aggressiveness.
D)Aggressiveness is independent of nature and nurture.

Question 61

In the context of the influences on aggression,identify a true statement about arousal.

A)States of arousal can be interpreted only in a single way.
B)Arousal fuels and triggers emotions.
C)States of arousal are independent of their contexts.
D)Arousal is an absolute emotionally undifferentiated state.

Question 62

Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can:

A)elicit frustration.
B)sensitize one to the dangers of violence.
C)prime aggressive thoughts.
D)produce catharsis.

Question 63

In the context of media influences on aggression,pornography use is more common among men who ________.

A)are irreligious
B)are young
C)are yet to have sexual encounters
D)are approaching their old age

Question 64

Fourteen-year-old Kevin frequently watches violent television programs.In the context of altered perceptions,this will most likely lead him to:

A)experience more distress than others at the sight of teens fighting on the streets.
B)underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the world.
C)become more interested than others in resolving the conflict between two of his personal friends.
D)become more fearful than others of being personally assaulted.

Question 65

Repeated exposure to erotic films that feature quick,uncommitted sex tends to:

A)increase attraction for one's partner.
B)increase men's perceiving women in sexual terms.
C)decrease acceptance of extramarital sex.
D)decrease acceptance of women's sexual submission to men.

Question 66

Berkowitz and LePage (1967)found that frustrated men delivered more shocks when ________ than in other situations.

A)a rifle and a revolver were nearby
B)badminton racquets happened to be in the room
C)they had just received a shot that lowered their serotonin levels
D)they were initially depressed

Question 67

In the context of the effects of media on aggression,one reason that television viewing affects behavior is that it:

A)evokes imitation.
B)lowers arousal.
C)has a catharsis effect.
D)distracts one from other activities.

Question 68

The ________ view of aggression is that one's aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy.

A)social learning
B)pornographic
C)catharsis
D)pain response

Question 69

Christos is a married man with two children and is committed to his wife of 12 years.When his wife and children go out of town for a week,he ends up watching a pornographic film.Christos starts regularly watching violently erotic movies that feature quick,uncommitted sex and gets addicted to them.As a result of watching such films,Christos is most likely to ________.

A)hold conservative opinions about extramarital sex
B)find his wife less attractive than earlier
C)stop perceiving women in sexual terms
D)dislike his wife's sexual submission to him

Question 70

As part of therapy,a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install punching bags in their homes to release their pent-up aggression.The therapist apparently believes in:

A)the social learning theory.
B)Parkinson's second law.
C)the catharsis hypothesis.
D)the adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 71

According to Gentile and Anderson (2003),"The scientific debate of whether television or movie violence has an effect ________."

A)has just begun
B)is an up-and-coming topic of inquiry
C)is basically over
D)is debatable

Question 72

Identify a consequence of repeatedly exposing people to erotic films that feature quick,uncommitted sex.

A)heightened attraction for partners
B)a dislike for extramarital sex
C)increased acceptance of women's sexual submission to men
D)a decrease in men's perceiving women in sexual terms

Question 73

Which of the following refers to positive,constructive,helpful social behavior?

A)prosocial behavior
B)affirmative behavior
C)instrumental behavior
D)antisocial behavior

Question 74

In the context of the influences on aggression,identify a true statement about the diffusion of responsibility.

A)It discourages antisocial tendencies.
B)It controls aggressive reactions.
C)It increases with distance.
D)It decreases with numbers.

Question 75

According to George Gerbner and his University of Pennsylvania associates (1979,1994),surveys of adults and adolescents indicate that heavy television viewers are more likely than light viewers to:

A)become sensitized to violence.
B)underestimate the frequency of violence in the world.
C)fear being personally assaulted.
D)feel safer and are better able to protect themselves.

Question 76

Social psychologists report that viewing fictional scenes of a man overpowering and arousing a woman:

A)create a catharsis experience for men.
B)distort people's perceptions of how women actually respond to sexual coercion.
C)decrease men's aggression against women.
D)create a climate of fear among women.

Question 77

The management of a multinational company has adopted a unique way to handle conflict situations among its employees and to manage aggressive behavior.When an employee feels frustrated or becomes aggressive,he or she is encouraged to go to the "cool-off room," where he or she can play squash or hit rubber walls with wooden bats.The management believes that releasing pent-up anger will be helpful in increasing employee performance and productivity.In the context of psychology,the management has given importance to the concept of ________.

A)avolition
B)centration
C)desensitization
D)catharsis

Question 78

In studies on violence,Eron and Huesmann (1980,1985)found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were:

A)unlikely to finish high school.
B)more likely than others to get a divorce.
C)more likely than others to be convicted of a crime.
D)more likely than others to commit child abuse.

Question 79

Which of the following is an effect of playing violent video games?

A)increases in empathy for others
B)increases in self-control
C)lesser likelihood of carrying a weapon than others
D)habituation in the brain

Question 80

"Playing violent video games allows people to safely express their aggressive tendencies and get their anger out." This statement is most clearly consistent with the ________ hypothesis.

A)sensitization
B)catharsis
C)frustration-aggression
D)social learning