Deck 4: Behavior and Attitudes

Question 1

The attitudes that best predict behavior are:

A)particularly formed by hearsay.
B)less enduring to guide actions than other attitudes.
C)generic rather than specific.
D)readily accessible and stable.

Answer 1

readily accessible and stable.

Question 2

According to Eagly and Chaiken (2005),beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event are known as:

A)cognitions.
B)aptitudes.
C)attitudes.
D)perceptions.

Answer 2

attitudes.

Question 3

Diener and Wallbom (1976)found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded,71% continued working when left alone.How many continued working after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?

A)70%
B)43%
C)31%
D)7%

Answer 3

7%

Question 4

Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)affect.
B)behavior tendency.
C)cognition.
D)aptitude.

Question 5

Higgins and Rholes (1978)found that when people say something positive to others when told to,it supported the fact that:

A)saying becomes believing.
B)saying does not change our beliefs or feelings.
C)saying changes the minds of others.
D)saying does not change the minds of others.

Question 6

Which of the following requirements should be fulfilled for an attitude to lead to a behavior?

A)Multiple behaviors,rather than a specific one,must be chosen.
B)Liking must not become wanting.
C)The chosen goal must not overwhelm other demands.
D)An objective must be set.

Question 7

In the context of dual processing,automatic thinking is _____.

A)controlled
B)conscious
C)deliberate
D)implicit

Question 8

In the context of the dual processing capacity of human beings,unlike automatic thinking,controlled thinking is:

A)deliberate.
B)habitual.
C)effortless.
D)implicit.

Question 9

Explicit self-reports are the better predictor than implicit self-reports for:

A)attitudes related to gender and sex.
B)racial attitudes.
C)attitudes formed early in life.
D)attitudes related to consumer behavior.

Question 10

The implicit association test (IAT):

A)measures conscious attitudes.
B)measures unconscious attitudes.
C)measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes.
D)measures our controlled behaviors.

Question 11

The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971)classic study of a simulated prison.

A)attitudes;behaviors
B)roles;attitudes
C)roles;behaviors
D)attitudes;roles

Question 12

When social psychologists try to measure people's attitudes,they:

A)get a direct reading of their behaviors.
B)easily obtain attitudinal changes by controlling all external social influences.
C)predominantly avoid recording and evaluating implicit and explicit attitudes.
D)end up measuring expressed attitudes.

Question 13

Which statement is NOT true about attitudes?

A)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience.
B)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are accessible,enduring,and likely to guide actions.
C)Attitudes best predict behavior when they are specific to the behaviors of subjects.
D)Attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest.

Question 14

Moral action affects moral thinking,especially when:

A)one is threatened.
B)one is offered limited options.
C)chosen.
D)coerced.

Question 15

The finding that religious attitudes predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time across many situations defines:

A)moral hypocrisy.
B)the false consensus effect.
C)the ABCs of attitudes.
D)the principle of aggregation.

Question 16

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a:

A)benchmark.
B)guideline.
C)role.
D)stereotype.

Question 17

People's attitude toward religion is a(n)_____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week.

A)strong
B)average
C)poor
D)reliable

Question 18

In 1964,Leon Festinger observed that:

A)changing people's attitudes often hardly affects their behavior.
B)attitudes guide behaviors.
C)people's behaviors are a result of their changing attitudes.
D)attitudes and behaviors varied together.

Question 19

The disjuncture between attitudes and actions is what Daniel Batson and his colleagues call _____,appearing moral while avoiding the costs of being so.

A)moral conflict
B)moral cowardice
C)moral hypocrisy
D)moral realism

Question 20

Although you may spend an evening surfing the Internet rather than studying,you have generally been a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important.The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological term?

A)moral hypocrisy
B)behavioral inconsistency
C)the ABCs of attitudes
D)the principle of aggregation

Question 21

Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 22

Research revealed that the POWs (prisoners of war)of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of:

A)torture and punishment.
B)gradually escalating demands.
C)attitude adjustment.
D)confidence building.

Question 23

In the context of ways in which one's behaviors affect one's attitudes,Manis et al.(1974),Tesser et al.(1972),and Tetlock (1983)stated that:

A)people adjust their message toward their listener's views.
B)people are quicker to share bad news rather than good.
C)people believe what they say when there is no compelling external explanation for their words.
D)people doubt or are skeptical of what they say unless they are bribed or coerced into doing so.

Question 24

In the context of thought-control programs and POWs (prisoners of war),prisoners were _____ to comply with a significant request if they complied with a trivial request first.

A)less likely
B)more likely
C)not interested
D)unlikely

Question 25

At the beginning of the 2003 Iraq war,only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.When no such weapons were found after the war,58% of Americans supported the war.Myers explains this revision of people's memories of their government's main rationale for going to war as an example of:

A)self-presentation.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)terror management theory.
D)self-perception.

Question 26

Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort we justify our actions to ourselves?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)terror management theory

Question 27

In the context of evil and moral acts,research indicates that if you wish to love someone more,you should:

A)let them do favors for you.
B)ignore their negative traits.
C)act as if you do.
D)focus on their positive traits.

Question 28

The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when:

A)people are rewarded for their behavior.
B)people feel that they have no choice in their behavior.
C)people feel that they have some choice in their behavior.
D)people's actions have no foreseeable consequences.

Question 29

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____.

A)selective exposure
B)defensive pessimism
C)impact bias
D)hindsight bias

Question 30

During a group discussion on smoking,Ethan says that one should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health and it symbolizes weakness.Later,Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates lest his views on smoking contradict his words.He also wishes to appear consistent.Which of the following theories of psychology best explains Ethan's behavior?

A)social penetration theory
B)cognitive dissonance theory
C)self-presentation theory
D)motivation crowding theory

Question 31

Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____.

A)overjustification;insufficient justification
B)the false consensus effect;the false uniqueness effect
C)self-monitoring;self-presentation
D)self-presentation;self-justification

Question 32

Which of the following theories assumes that people,especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions,will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions?

A)self-presentation theory
B)activity theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)attachment theory

Question 33

Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology?

A)Alex prefers the company of physically attractive people.
B)Emily,an employee in a software company,dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier.
C)Caleb tends to ignore those situations that are not under his control.
D)Kayla,a student,is convinced that she will fail her exam but is surprised when she performs exceptionally well.

Question 34

Research indicates that harming an innocent victim,especially voluntarily,leads one to:

A)feel increasingly guilty.
B)disparage the victim to justify one's cruel behavior.
C)act kindly toward others.
D)become highly aggressive toward others.

Question 35

The tension that arises when a person's two thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent is called:

A)cognitive tension.
B)cognitive inconsistency.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)cognitive interference.

Question 36

Following the U.S.Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools,the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools jumped and now includes nearly everyone.This is an example of how:

A)attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 37

Identify a true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.

A)It assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.
B)It highlights the arousal of tension when two different thoughts coexist.
C)It focuses on doing acts as per one's discretion without providing any justification for such acts.
D)It is most commonly referred to as the planning fallacy.

Question 38

The daily flag salute by schoolchildren in the United States is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.

A)compliance;attitudes
B)public beliefs;private conformity
C)public conformity;private patriotism
D)conformity;compliance

Question 39

If the number of people in favor of same-sex marriages increases after a law is passed allowing such marriages,this will be an example of how:

A)attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
B)attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
C)moral attitudes feed moral actions.
D)moral actions feed moral attitudes.

Question 40

No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _____ theory.

A)self-perception
B)self-justification
C)self-presentation
D)social orientation

Question 41

Omar and Nadia are a newly married couple.They work in multinational companies.Omar receives a job offer from an overseas company.As a result,they are required to relocate abroad.Nadia has to decide if she wants to stay back and continue with her current job or move abroad with her husband where she will have limited job opportunities.In this scenario,after arriving at a decision,Nadia can reduce her dissonance by:

A)upgrading her choice.
B)pondering the negative aspects of what she chooses.
C)evaluating the positive aspects of what she does not choose.
D)downgrading her husband's choice.

Question 42

Identify a true statement about dissonance theory.

A)It states that one feels tension when one has multiple consistent thoughts.
B)It assumes that for strategic reasons one expresses attitudes that make one appear consistent.
C)It supports the fact that discomfort remains unaffected by judging one's actions to oneself.
D)It pertains mostly to discrepancies between behavior and attitudes.

Question 43

You have recently been promoted to manager of the firm where you work.You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your subordinates.You know that dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.Therefore,you decide to use _____ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates.

A)reminders of your legitimate authority
B)only social punishments and rewards
C)promises rather than threats
D)only enough incentive

Question 44

Dissonance theory insists that _____.

A)people voluntarily internalize forced behavior contrary to popular belief
B)encouragement and inducement should be enough to elicit a desired action
C)attitudes should precede behaviors for which we feel some responsibility
D)parents should refrain from using incentives to elicit a desired behavior

Question 45

If you are studying because you want to do well in your chosen course and truly want to understand the material,you are more likely to want to study in the future than students who view studying as compulsory.Your situation is an example of how:

A)attitudes follow behaviors.
B)behaviors follow attitudes.
C)attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
D)behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

Question 46

You receive multiple job offers after graduating from college.You find it difficult to arrive at a decision.However,once you decide to accept an offer,you find yourself _____ the job offers you did not accept in order to reduce dissonance.

A)focusing on
B)revamping
C)downgrading
D)upgrading

Question 47

You receive more than one marriage proposal.According to dissonance theory,after you decide who you wish to spend your life with,you will _____ the individual whose proposal you accepted.

A)disregard
B)ignore
C)downgrade
D)upgrade

Question 48

Logan chooses zoology over botany as his major in college.However,he experiences dissonance when his semester starts.In this scenario,which of the following is a likely reason for his dissonance?

A)He focuses on the negative aspects of botany.
B)He highlights the positive aspects of zoology.
C)He is unable to downgrade zoology.
D)He fails to downgrade botany.

Question 49

As a teenager,your parents always compelled you to clean your room.Now that you are living on your own,you feel no motivation to clean your home as your parents are not around to nag you.This shows that:

A)only enough incentive is not effective in eliciting desired behaviors.
B)authoritarian management will be effective even when the authority is absent.
C)people are unlikely to internalize forced behavior.
D)behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

Question 50

Though Lisa is opposed to capital punishment,she is asked to give a speech in favor of it to conclude a class debate.In the context of insufficient justification,dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she:

A)makes a speech implying capital punishment is wrong.
B)agrees to give the speech but only if she favors both sides.
C)agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
D)agrees to give the speech for a large reward.

Question 51

Although you were opposed to the American war with Iraq,your attitude changed when you were required to present a report on the justification of the war as a newspaper journalist.Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 52

In the context of cognitive dissonance theory,one can reduce dissonance after making important decisions by _____.

A)criticizing all the available choices or options
B)downgrading the unchosen option
C)overlooking the chosen alternative
D)studying the attributes of the unchosen options

Question 53

Self-perception theory assumes that _____.

A)one tends to give more importance to the opinion of an authority figure than others
B)justifying one's behavior to reduce one's internal discomfort is common
C)for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent
D)hearing oneself talk informs one of one's attitudes

Question 54

Owen gets a lucrative job offer from a multinational company soon after he receives his undergraduate degree.At the same time,he gets a research scholarship from a renowned foreign university.He is in a dilemma and is unable to choose the right course of action.Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

A)self-presentation theory
B)cognitive dissonance theory
C)self-perception theory
D)regulatory focus theory

Question 55

Cognitive dissonance theory focuses on _____.

A)attitudes preceding behaviors
B)the relative effectiveness of punishments given during an act
C)the relative effectiveness of rewards administered after an act
D)what induces a desired action

Question 56

Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal.However,after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store,her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh.Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

A)cognitive dissonance theory
B)self-perception theory
C)reinforcement theory
D)role-playing theory

Question 57

After much deliberation,you select a college to enroll yourself.After you have made your decision,you can reduce dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities.

A)emphasizing;revamping
B)revamping;emphasizing
C)downgrading;upgrading
D)upgrading;downgrading

Question 58

Cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by:

A)James Laird.
B)William James.
C)Leon Festinger.
D)Daryl Bem.

Question 59

Once we make a decision or choice,and feel some cognitive dissonance,we _____.

A)give additional reasons for that decision or choice
B)begin to doubt our reasons for making that decision or choice
C)become less confident about the decision or choice
D)find the option we did not choose highly attractive

Question 60

After spending a lot of time researching vehicles,Linda makes a purchase.After owning the vehicle for several months,she experiences dissonance and wonders if her choice was right.According to dissonance theory,we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _____ the chosen vehicle and _____ the unchosen vehicles.

A)revamping;customizing
B)customizing;revamping
C)downgrading;upgrading
D)upgrading;downgrading

Question 61

Lucy volunteers to teach the children of a local orphanage baseball on weekends.The manager of the orphanage offers to pay Lucy if she coaches the children for four days a week.Initially,Lucy is excited about the offer and accepts it.However,after a few weeks,she feels less enthusiastic about the classes and stops visiting the orphanage.In the context of psychology,which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

A)the subadditivity effect
B)the overjustification effect
C)cognitive dissonance
D)clustering illusion

Question 62

Myra's neighbor,an 8-year-old,plays his saxophone loudly.This annoys her.In the context of the overjustification effect,if Myra wants him to quit playing,she should:

A)show her annoyance.
B)pay him to quit playing.
C)pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more.
D)pay him to play and gradually offer him less.

Question 63

When people are bribed to do what they already like doing,they may see their actions as being externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.This behavior is best explained by:

A)self-presentation theory.
B)emotional contagion theory.
C)the overjustification effect.
D)the insufficient justification effect.

Question 64

Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes?

A)Our expressions influence our feelings.
B)Our gait can affect how we feel.
C)We find cartoons funnier when we use our smiling muscles.
D)We cannot sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring his or her facial expressions.

Question 65

The _____ occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior.

A)foot-in-the-door effect
B)self-justification effect
C)overjustification effect
D)insufficient justification effect

Question 66

Schnall and Laird's (2003)research revealed that individuals induced to repeatedly practice happy expressions tended to recall many happy memories and found their happy mood lingering.This is best explained by:

A)self-presentation theory.
B)self-consistency theory.
C)cognitive dissonance theory.
D)self-perception theory.

Question 67

According to the overjustification effect,promising children a reward for an activity that they already enjoy doing intrinsically will:

A)cause them to enjoy the activity more than earlier.
B)lead them to enjoy the activity less than earlier.
C)increase the time and effort they put into the activity.
D)encourage them to do the activity on their own without any promise of future rewards.

Question 68

Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 69

Ji-woo wakes up one morning and feels happy and cheerful.She concludes that she must be happy because her best friend paid her a visit the previous evening after a long time.In the context of psychology,which of the following theories supports Ji-woo's conclusion?

A)Erikson's stages of development
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 70

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward.If so,this would undermine their self-perception that they do it because they like it.This is called:

A)cognitive dissonance.
B)deindividuation.
C)the overjustification effect.
D)the insufficient justification effect.

Question 71

Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981)study required participants to observe someone receiving supposed electric shocks.Some,but not all,of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented.The results indicated that compared with those students who were not required to make a pained expression,those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they saw the shock being delivered.With which theory are the results of this study consistent?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 72

In a psychological experiment,the participants were shown a collection of pictures depicting both pleasant and unpleasant aspects of their lives.They were instructed to smile whenever they saw an unpleasant picture.At the end of the experiment,the participants reported that they felt happy despite seeing the unpleasant pictures.Which of the following is exemplified in this experiment?

A)the continued influence effect
B)the insufficient justification effect
C)the overjustification effect
D)the facial feedback effect

Question 73

Felix sweats profusely just before an interview and feels uncomfortable.He concludes he is nervous.However,his nervousness disappears when he notices the lights are not working in the waiting room.In the context of psychology,which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

A)cognitive dissonance theory
B)self-perception theory
C)hierarchy of needs
D)operant conditioning

Question 74

Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs?

A)self-perception theory
B)self-presentation theory
C)role-playing theory
D)cognitive dissonance theory

Question 75

In a psychology experiment,the participants were required to frown during the first half of the day and smile during the remaining half.At the end of the day,the participants reported feeling more positive when they smiled rather than when they frowned.This scenario likely illustrates:

A)belief perseverance.
B)the facial feedback effect.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)the overjustification effect.

Question 76

Which of the following illustrates the facial feedback effect?

A)Mia goes out of her way to help others without expecting anything in return.
B)Elton feels cheerful when he looks straight ahead and takes long,confident strides.
C)Layla agrees to work in return for meager pay when she is forced and threatened.
D)Noah starts disliking brain teasers when his parents give him incentives for solving them.

Question 77

Lauren,a 14-year-old,was fond of writing short stories and wrote at least three stories every week.When her parents found out about this,they promised to give her some incentive if she wrote more than three stories per week.Initially,Lauren felt motivated and exceeded the count.However,after a few weeks,she lost interest and began to consider writing a chore.Which of the following psychological effects is illustrated in this scenario?

A)the facial feedback effect
B)the spacing effect
C)the halo effect
D)the overjustification effect

Question 78

Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes,we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs?

A)self-presentation theory
B)self-consistency theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)self-perception theory

Question 79

When external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior,we reduce dissonance internally by justifying the behavior.Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect?

A)self-inducement theory
B)self-presentation theory
C)cognitive justification theory
D)cognitive dissonance theory

Question 80

Jeremy loses interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly.Which theory best explains Jeremy's loss of interest in arithmetic?

A)self-perception theory
B)cognitive dissonance theory
C)self-presentation theory
D)self-monitoring theory