Deck 9: Attraction and Close Relationships

Question 1

Whether stress produces increased or decreased affiliation depends on which of the following?

A) the norm of reciprocity in the situation
B) the ambiguity of the situation
C) the familiarity of the stimulus in the situation
D) the perceived utility of affiliation in the situation

Answer 1

the perceived utility of affiliation in the situation

Question 2

Kulik and Mahler (1989)found that patients waiting for heart surgery preferred to have roommates who were post-operative rather than pre-operative.Which hypothesis does this finding support?

A) the hypothesis that most people have great difficulty regulating their need for affiliation
B) the hypothesis that external threat reduces affiliation tendencies in order to reduce embarrassment
C) the hypothesis that having a close network of social support increases physical health
D) the hypothesis that affiliation in response to threat can provide cognitive clarity

Answer 2

the hypothesis that affiliation in response to threat can provide cognitive clarity

Question 3

Latané and Werner's (1978)research on the regulation of affiliation tendencies demonstrated that rats will do which of the following?

A) approach other rats after periods of prolonged contact,but withdraw after long periods of isolation
B) approach other rats after long periods of isolation,but withdraw after periods of prolonged contact
C) approach other rats following long periods of either isolation or contact
D) withdraw from other rats following long periods of either isolation or contact

Answer 3

approach other rats after long periods of isolation,but withdraw after periods of prolonged contact

Question 4

Greg argues that attraction is simply a function of wanting to have healthy offspring.Which of the following viewpoints does he most likely endorse?

A) the belief that situational variables influence attraction
B) social exchange theory
C) the matching hypothesis of attraction
D) the approach of evolutionary psychology

Question 5

Ollie is about to undergo a painful and risky surgical procedure.What should Ollie do to have the best possible outcome?

A) Prior to his surgery,he should speak with someone who has gone through the same procedure to gain insight about the experience.
B) Prior to his surgery,he should spend some time by himself in order to clear his mind.
C) Prior to his surgery,he should speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their concerns with one another.
D) After his surgery,he should speak with someone who has had the same procedure so that they can share their experiences.

Question 6

Which of the following is most consistent with the idea that we are attracted to others with whom a relationship is rewarding?

A) Tina likes Tony because he is playing hard to get.
B) Tina likes Tony because they are about equally attractive.
C) Tina likes Tony because they live in the same apartment building.
D) Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.

Question 7

Miranda is in her first semester of university and is feeling quite lonely.If she is like most other university students,which strategy is she most likely to use to cope with her loneliness?

A) invest effort in trying to do well in her courses
B) compare herself to other female students
C) isolate herself from the other students on campus
D) use drugs or alcohol to soothe feelings of loneliness

Question 8

Which group is most likely to be lonely?

A) 20 - 30 year olds.
B) 30 - 40 year olds
C) 40 - 50 year olds
D) 50 - 60 year olds .

Question 9

Timo has a network of close social ties.How is Timo most likely to differ from individuals lacking such a network?

A) He will be more likely to suffer from social anxiety.
B) He will be more likely to perform well on work-related tasks.
C) He will be more likely to have higher intelligence.
D) He will be more satisfied with his life.

Question 10

Emily experiences intense feelings of discomfort in public.What condition does Emily most likely suffer from?

A) social anxiety
B) social penetration
C) excitation transfer
D) negative affect reciprocity

Question 11

Buzz experiences severe anxiety whenever he has to speak in public.Which of the following feelings is Buzz most likely to also experience?

A) fear of spiders
B) fear of high spaces
C) fear of saying something foolish
D) fear of being alone

Question 12

Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others.Which of the following best applies to her?

A) She has a low need to belong.
B) She has severe social anxiety.
C) She has a high need for affiliation.
D) She has a broken social thermostat.

Question 13

Derek is informed that as part of his fraternity initiation he must sing the school fight song as loudly as he can while standing on the roof of the fraternity house in his underwear.He is then given the choice to await his turn alone or with the girls from the neighbouring sorority.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Derek will choose to wait alone in order to achieve cognitive clarity.
B) Derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress.
C) Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members in order to reduce his level of stress.
D) Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members because they will be able to tell him about their hazing experiences.

Question 14

What proportion of Canadians suffer from social anxiety disorder?

A) 1%
B) 3%.
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 15

According to the relevant research,which of the following people is likely to be the loneliest?

A) José,who is an adolescent
B) Hector,who is 40 years old and has never been married
C) Selena,who is 60 years old and is married
D) Mabel,who is 60 years old and has never been married

Question 16

What is the fundamental issue for individuals who suffer from social anxiety?

A) They are likely to have an unusually high need for affiliation.
B) They are likely to experience feelings of discomfort in the presence of others.
C) They are likely to be very concerned with the overall balance of their relationships.
D) They are likely to need constant reassurance about their popularity.

Question 17

Baumeister and Leary (1995)have suggested that humans have a fundamental drive to have positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships with others.What do they call this drive?

A) the need to belong
B) the need for affiliation
C) the "sociostat"
D) the need to love

Question 18

Malinda is a very shy person.She goes on a blind date with Friedel.Given her shyness,which of the following is most likely?

A) She will expect the date to go well.
B) She will suspect that Friedel is not really good enough for her.
C) She will fear being rejected by Friedel.
D) She will blame Friedel if the date is a disaster.

Question 19

Participants in a study by O'Connor and Rosenblood (1996)indicated about every hour whether they were alone or with others and whether they wanted to be alone or with others.What did the results of this study reveal?

A) Most of the time participants wanted to be with others,but were alone.
B) Most of the time participants wanted to be alone,but were with others.
C) Regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others,most of the time participants were not in their desired social state.
D) Regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others,most of the time participants were in their desired social state.

Question 20

Though they had all been together on the transcontinental flight for three hours,the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence.Which of the following best explains this behaviour?

A) the tendency for external threat to increase affiliation
B) the matching hypothesis
C) the proximity effect
D) the impact of social anxiety on the functioning of the sociostat

Question 21

Anderson et al.(1992)found that heavy women are perceived as more attractive than slender women in countries where food is often in short supply.Which of the following ideas is this finding consistent with?

A) the idea that certain body types are inherently more attractive than others
B) the idea that beauty is subjective
C) the idea that we want what is rare or unusual
D) the idea that beauty is objective

Question 22

What do psychologists call the belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics?

A) the matching phenomenon
B) the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
C) the aesthetic appeal of beauty
D) the reinforcement-affect principle

Question 23

Dr.Green is conducting an experiment on mere exposure effects.To produce the maximal levels of liking,what should Dr.Green do?

A) present his stimuli too quickly to be consciously perceived
B) select stimuli toward which participants are likely to have negative attitudes
C) present each stimulus at least 100 times to ensure overexposure
D) prescreen participants and select only those who are easily bored

Question 24

What does examination of female supermodels and centrefolds from magazines of different generations indicate about the "ideal" body type?

A) It has remained relatively consistent over time.
B) It varies widely by culture.
C) It has become thinner,with a lower bust-to-waist ratio.
D) It has changed with a higher bust-to-waist ratio.

Question 25

Which of the following is one of the most important prerequisites for the development of attraction between two people?

A) proximity
B) complementarity
C) high self-esteem
D) attribute ambiguity

Question 26

According to the proximity effect,which of the following are we most likely to enter into a relationship with?

A) those who live near us
B) those who are more physically attractive than we are
C) those who have similar attitudes and values
D) those who are similar in level of attractiveness

Question 27

To appear more attractive,Mark tries to interview for an acting job just after a less attractive actor has interviewed.What is Mark trying to take advantage of?

A) the recency effect
B) the contrast effect
C) the mere exposure effect
D) the assimilation effect

Question 28

How has physical attractiveness been shown to influence responses in the real world?

A) Attractive students were able to solicit roughly the same number of signatures on a petition as unattractive students.
B) Attractive students received smaller court fines than unattractive defendants.
C) Attractive children received the same grades as unattractive children.
D) Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.

Question 29

Mita et al.(1977)found that female university students preferred their own mirror image to their actual appearance.Which of the following is this finding consistent with?

A) the matching hypothesis
B) mere exposure effects
C) social exchange theory
D) excitation transfer

Question 30

How do physically attractive people behave socially?

A) they tend to have better social skills than unattractive people.
B) they tend to have worse social skills than unattractive people.
C) they tend to attend fewer social gatherings than unattractive people.
D) they tend to have fewer friendships than unattractive people.

Question 31

Which of the following research supports the idea that physical attractiveness is inherently subjective?

A) research demonstrating that specific facial features tend to be associated with physical attractiveness
B) research demonstrating that there is a high degree of cross-cultural consistency in ratings of attractiveness
C) research demonstrating that liking someone increases their perceived physical attractiveness
D) research demonstrating that averaged faces are judged more attractive than individual faces

Question 32

The idea that some faces are inherently more attractive than others is supported by research demonstrating which of the following?

A) People prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces.
B) Standards of beauty change over time.
C) People from different cultures enhance their appearance in different ways.
D) People we like seem more attractive to us.

Question 33

Which of the following is consistent with the mere exposure effect?

A) Frequent communication increases the likelihood of dating.
B) The more we see someone,the greater the attraction.
C) A couple falls in love at first sight.
D) "Birds of a feather flock together."

Question 34

Johan watches a movie that portrays the "beautiful-is-good" stereotype.How are his expectations likely to be affected?

A) He will expect unattractive individuals to be virtuous and successful.
B) He will expect unattractive individuals to be charming but manipulative.
C) He will expect physically attractive people to be more intelligent and trustworthy
D) He will expect physically attractive people to be more independent and solitary.

Question 35

Which of the following hypotheses is supported by the finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive,as compared to unattractive,faces?

A) the hypothesis that beauty is objective
B) the hypothesis that beauty is subjective
C) the hypothesis that familiarity increases physical attractiveness
D) the hypothesis that physical attractiveness increases familiarity

Question 36

Mike and Penny meet in an Internet chat room.In which of the following cases is Penny most likely to appear warm,outgoing,and confident?

A) if she is physically unattractive
B) if Mike believes that she is physically attractive
C) if she is certain that Mike does not know what she looks like
D) if she feels their conversation provides more rewards than costs

Question 37

How do people tend to rate averaged faces?

A) Averaged faces are rated as less attractive than unusual faces.
B) Averaged faces are rated as more attractive due to being symmetrical.
C) Averaged faces are rated as more attractive because they look unusual.
D) Averaged faces are rated as less attractive because they seem more familiar to us.

Question 38

Finster,a moderately attractive man,is attending a party.If he wants to be perceived as more physically attractive than he actually is,whom should he should next to?

A) Warren,an average-looking man
B) Martha,an average-looking woman
C) Prescott,a physically attractive man
D) Esther,a physically attractive woman

Question 39

What is one reason why the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype endures?

A) Expectations about physically attractive others can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) The stereotype is largely accurate.
C) The benefits of being physically attractive tend to outweigh the costs.
D) Judgments of physical attractiveness have both an objective and a subjective component.

Question 40

Which of the following best summarizes the impact of exposure to the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype in typical Hollywood movies?

A) We prejudge the most attractive characters to be the hero and/or heroine.
B) Exposure to the stereotype only has an impact on our reactions to that movie.
C) Exposure to the stereotype has little effect on our reactions to attractive or unattractive people after the movie.
D) Later decisions more highly favour attractive people after exposure to the stereotype.

Question 41

According to research by Aronson and Linder (1965),which of the following patterns of comments about us would lead us to like the speaker the most?

A) critical comments followed by flattering comments
B) critical comments followed by more critical comments
C) flattering comments followed by more flattering comments
D) flattering comments followed by critical comments

Question 42

Which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive?

A) While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals,it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work.
B) While attractiveness often brings heightened self-esteem to attractive individuals,it can lead them to doubt others' praise of their attractiveness.
C) While attractiveness often brings greater popularity to attractive individuals,it can increase mental health difficulties.
D) While attractiveness often brings lifetime happiness to attractive individuals,it can put pressure on them to maintain their appearance.

Question 43

Paulina knows that she is very physically attractive.Her physical appearance has biased her employer to think that her work is better than it really is.The employer therefore frequently compliments her work.According to relevant research,however,why won't Paulina benefit psychologically from these compliments?

A) because she compares herself to other very attractive and successful others
B) because she lacks the social skills that more average-looking people tend to have
C) because she suffers from social anxiety
D) because she does not believe the sincerity of the compliments

Question 44

Which of the following statements best describes the predictions of the two-stage model of attraction proposed by Byrne et al.(1986)?

A) People seek partners who are similar with respect to physical attractiveness,but dissimilar with respect to attitudes.
B) People seek partners who are similar with respect to attitudes,but dissimilar with respect to personality.
C) People first approach similar others and then weed out those who are least similar.
D) People first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.

Question 45

Matthew is considering going on a blind date.According to the evolutionary perspective,which of the following will he be most concerned with?

A) the social status of his date
B) the physical attractiveness of his date
C) whether he and his date have similar attitudes
D) whether he and his date are equally intelligent

Question 46

Both male and female bar patrons who are not in committed relationships tend to see one another as more attractive as the evening wears on.What is the most likely cause of this phenomenon?

A) the matching hypothesis
B) negative affect reciprocity
C) psychological reactance
D) excitation transfer

Question 47

According to the evolutionary perspective,which of the following do women prefer?

A) wealthy men,because wealth is the criterion women use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success
B) physically attractive men,because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men
C) wealthy men,because wealth gives women the freedom to pursue the lifestyle they have been socialized to desire
D) men who play hard to get,because such men bring about psychological reactance,which can lead to the misattribution of arousal

Question 48

Why are interactions with physically attractive others often rewarding?

A) because physically attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem
B) because physically attractive people are likely to experience attributional ambiguity during the interaction
C) because we perceive physically attractive others to be similar to ourselves
D) because we expect interactions with physically attractive others to be positive

Question 49

Spike likes L.J. ,but Spike doesn't like Reggie.In which of the following situations would the relationship among these three individuals be balanced?

A) if L.J.likes Reggie
B) if L.J.doesn't like Reggie
C) if Reggie likes Spike
D) if Reggie likes L.J.

Question 50

Which of the following is consistent with the evolutionary account of mate selection?

A) Women of all ages prefer partners who are similar in age.
B) Men are more disturbed by emotional infidelity and women are more disturbed by sexual infidelity.
C) Both men and women seek partners who are kind and dependable.
D) In personal ads,women tend to offer beauty and men offer wealth.

Question 51

Which of the following findings is most consistent with the sociocultural perspective on mate selection?

A) The more economic power women have,the more important the physical attractiveness of a potential mate is to them.
B) Men are more disturbed by sexual infidelity and women are more disturbed by emotional infidelity.
C) On average,men want to marry women who are about three years younger.
D) Women are most threatened by physically attractive rivals,whereas men are most threatened by dominant rivals.

Question 52

Rosenbaum (1986)argues that social psychologists overestimate the role of attitudinal similarity in attraction,and suggests that it is not similarity that creates attraction.What is his hypothesis?

A) Dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion.
B) Opposites attract.
C) Similarity in physical appearance creates attraction.
D) Complementarity processes create attraction.

Question 53

Sid is mildly attracted to Nicole.If his parents forbid him to see Nicole,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) Sid will become more attracted to Nicole.
B) Sid will become less attracted to Nicole.
C) Sid will stay away from Nicole and then use cognitive dissonance to justify his behaviour.
D) Sid will play hard to get in order to appease his parents and spark Nicole's interest.

Question 54

Popular wisdom is often contradictory,as with the following two sayings: (1)"opposites attract" and (2)"birds of a feather flock together." What does research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggest?

A) "Opposites attract" is more accurate;people tend to be more attracted to those who are dissimilar from themselves.
B) "Birds of a feather flock together" is more accurate;people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves.
C) Both are right for different people;heterosexual men tend to be attracted to similar others,whereas gay men tend to be attracted to dissimilar others.
D) Both are right in different conditions;people are attracted to similar others when they are interested in long-term relationships,but they prefer dissimilar others for less serious relationships without commitment.

Question 55

Furio believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of attitudes,values,physical attractiveness,and so on.To which of the following does Furio subscribe?

A) equity theory
B) the matching hypothesis
C) social penetration theory
D) the social exchange hypothesis

Question 56

In a classic study on attraction,Newcomb (1961)set up an experimental university dormitory.What did this study reveal?

A) Students' friendships with members of the opposite sex tended to turn into romantic relationships.
B) Students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other.
C) Students who held dissimilar attitudes were more likely to form romantic relationships.
D) Friendships were more likely than romantic relationships to be based on proximity.

Question 57

Walster et al.(1966)randomly matched students for a dance.At the end of the evening,students indicated how satisfied they were with their dates.What was the strongest predictor of satisfaction?

A) physical attractiveness
B) attitudinal similarity
C) proximity of dorm rooms
D) complementary personalities

Question 58

Jill really wants Mark to like her.What should she do?

A) point out the ways in which their personalities complement one another
B) appear to be highly selective by playing hard to get
C) emphasize her relationships with people Mark does not like
D) make sure he knows that she likes him

Question 59

According to evolutionary psychologists,in which of the following cases would Tom feel the most upset?

A) if his girlfriend had been sexually unfaithful to him
B) if his girlfriend had become very attracted to a close friend of his
C) if his girlfriend spent all her time with friends
D) if his girlfriend had committed emotional infidelity

Question 60

Why does similarity tend to lead to attraction?

A) because similar others provide a safe place to discuss our beliefs and attitudes
B) because we expect positive interactions with similar others
C) because similarity implies physical attractiveness,which leads to attraction
D) because we expect to be challenged by similar others

Question 61

Bruce and Pam have just started dating.According to social exchange theory,in which of the following cases is their relationship most likely to last longer and be more satisfying?

A) if they each feel that the rewards gained from the relationship are shared equally between them
B) if they each feel that the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them
C) if they each feel that the rewards gained from the relationship are equal to the costs of maintaining the relationship
D) if they each feel that the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship

Question 62

In an intimate relationship,the meaningful and enduring influence that each individual has on the other is an aspect of which of the following?

A) primary appraisal
B) social penetration
C) interdependence
D) comparison level

Question 63

According to social exchange theory,in which of the following cases will an outcome from a relationship produce satisfaction?

A) if it falls above a person's self-disclosure level
B) if it falls above a person's level of similarity to the partner
C) if it falls above a person's intimacy level
D) if it falls above a person's comparison level

Question 64

In which of the following cases does equity theory predict that people will be most satisfied in their relationships?

A) when the perceived rewards of the relationship are equal to the perceived costs of the relationship
B) when the perceived rewards of the relationship outweigh the perceived costs of the relationship
C) when the rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner
D) when the actual rewards and costs of the relationship exceed the expected rewards and costs of the relationship

Question 65

Marcie and Karl have been married for several years.Marcie is unhappy in her marriage and is trying to decide whether or not to leave Karl.Which of the following would encourage her the most to leave the marriage?

A) Her comparison level for alternatives is low.
B) Her comparison level is low.
C) Her comparison level for alternatives is high.
D) Her comparison level is high.

Question 66

Within the framework of social exchange theory,satisfaction in relationships is a function of which of the following?

A) debits
B) credits
C) exchange levels
D) comparison levels

Question 67

Roshumba is conducting a study on married couples.She interviews 500 couples about how their relationships developed.Which of the following is she most likely to find?

A) Most relationships developed through a fixed sequence of stages.
B) There is considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed.
C) The couples generally went through the value stage before the role stage.
D) Relationship rewards were unrelated to couples' feelings of being in love.

Question 68

Joshua is attracted to Daniel because of his warm eyes and great smile.Daniel is attracted to Joshua because of his muscular body.Which of Murstein's stages are Joshua and Daniel in?

A) the stimulus stage
B) the value stage
C) the role stage
D) the norm stage

Question 69

Which of the following is considered to be a basic component of intimate relationships?

A) feelings of sexual attraction
B) reproductive compatibility
C) interdependence
D) fulfillment of social needs

Question 70

According to social exchange theory,what is an individual's primary motive in establishing and maintaining relationships?

A) maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
B) achieving an equitable balance of inputs and outputs
C) maintaining reciprocal levels of self-disclosure
D) the reproductive fitness of a potential partner

Question 71

Which of the following most accurately represents differences in mating preferences?

A) Men's preferences for young fertile women overcome their interest in other attributes.
B) Men's preferences for young fertile women and women's preferences for economically secure men are less pronounced as they age.
C) Social status is only important to women's mating preferences.
D) Differences found between the sexes regarding mating preferences are small compared to the similarities in their mating preferences.

Question 72

Which of the following is best supported by research into the characteristics of intimate relationships?

A) Intimate relationships progress through a fixed series of stages.
B) Intimate relationships tend to vary greatly in emotional intensity.
C) Intimate relationships can exist without providing tangible rewards.
D) Intimate relationships are considered less important by most people than successful careers.

Question 73

Which of the following would be most difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective?

A) The vast majority of men seek mates younger than they are.
B) Women tend to be more bothered by emotional infidelity than men are.
C) Most men eventually get married or enter monogamous relationships.
D) Women tend to emphasize their physical appearance when seeking a male mate via personal ads.

Question 74

Which of the following best describes partners in a relationship who receive more benefits than they deserve on the basis of their contributions?

A) They have a high comparison level.
B) They tend to disparage their partners.
C) They are overbenefited.
D) They face challenges to their social power.

Question 75

Murstein has identified three stages in relationship development.Although all stages may exert influence throughout the relationship,in which order does Murstein argue that the stages emerge?

A) stimulus stage,value stage,role stage
B) value stage,stimulus stage,role stage
C) stimulus stage,role stage,value stage
D) value stage,role stage,stimulus stage

Question 76

Everyone doted on Ann when she was a child,and in high school all of the boys wanted to date her.Now,as an adult,Ann expects a lot of attention from her spouse.Which of the following best describes Ann's expectation?

A) an intimacy need
B) an attachment style
C) a comparison level
D) self-disclosure reciprocity

Question 77

Zachary is unhappy in his relationship and is trying to decide whether to break up with his girlfriend.Which of the following situations would most likely to encourage him to stay?

A) if his comparison level for alternatives is high
B) if his comparison level is high
C) if his investment is high
D) if his costs for staying are high

Question 78

What do psychologists call the average,general outcome that an individual expects in a relationship?

A) the intimacy level
B) the investment level
C) the comparison level
D) the self-disclosure level

Question 79

Although she cheats on him,Abdul stays with his girlfriend because he doesn't think he would be able to find anyone better.What does this example say about Abdul?

A) He has a low comparison level for alternatives.
B) He has a high comparison level for alternatives.
C) He has a secure attachment style.
D) He has an avoidant attachment style.

Question 80

Benedict is very committed to his relationship with Beatrice.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Benedict will have a very high comparison level for alternatives.
B) Benedict will engage in behaviours that enhance Beatrice's trust in him.
C) Benedict will feel over-benefited in relation to Beatrice.
D) Benedict and Beatrice will keep investments in their relationship to a minimum.