Deck 3: The Social Self

Question 1

Fayron is asked to judge how happy she will be six months after she graduates from college.She believes that it will increase her happiness levels for at least a year.Which concept does this scenario illustrate?

A) emotional self-regulation
B) affective perception
C) emotional judgment
D) affective forecasting

Answer 1

affective forecasting

Question 2

While talking to someone she just met at a noisy party,Julianna stops in the middle of a sentence and turns her head.According to the cocktail party effect,which of the following is most likely to have caught her attention?

A) her name
B) a phone ringing
C) a friend's voice
D) a glimpse of her own reflection

Answer 2

her name

Question 3

What happens,according to Wilson (2002),the more people consider the reasons why they like something?

A) the more negative their reasons become over time
B) the lower the correlation between their attitudes and behaviour
C) the more accurate they are in making self-judgments
D) the greater their extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

the lower the correlation between their attitudes and behaviour

Question 4

What do psychologists call the process of reflecting on your own inner thoughts and feelings in order to gain self-knowledge?

A) introspection
B) self-verification
C) self-monitoring
D) autobiographical memory

Question 5

Helene is schematic concerning honesty.Which of the following statements best describes Helene?

A) She is likely to see honesty as important only some of the time.
B) She is likely to consider honesty a central part of her self-concept.
C) She is likely to report on the dishonest behaviours of others.
D) She is likely to be more concerned about appearing honest than most other people.

Question 6

According to the looking-glass model of self-concept development,how does the self-concept develop?

A) from one's physical appearance
B) from the way one is viewed by others
C) slowly,reaching its complete form only in old age
D) quickly,but it is quite fragile and subject to change

Question 7

When Gallup (1977)placed different species of animals in front of a mirror,what was it that only the great apes did?

A) exhibit social responses to their reflection in the mirror
B) greet their reflection with vocalizations
C) use their reflection in the mirror to groom themselves
D) attempt to attack their reflection

Question 8

From a social psychological perspective,what does the cocktail party effect illustrate?

A) the importance of the self as an object of attention
B) the genesis of the fundamental attribution error
C) that people are selective in their attentional processes
D) the importance of setting for social interactions

Question 9

What do psychologists call sets of stored knowledge about the self that allow enhanced processing of relevant information?

A) self-consciousness
B) autobiographical memories
C) flashbulb memories
D) self-schemas

Question 10

Varsha stands in front of a mirror.She notices a red spot on the forehead of the image she sees in the mirror.She then brings her hand up to her own forehead and touches the red spot.What is Varsha demonstrating?

A) self-recognition
B) self-verification
C) self-esteem
D) the looking-glass self

Question 11

According to developmental psychologists,at what age do children begin to recognize their own image in a mirror?

A) between 6 and 12 months of age
B) between 12 and 18 months of age
C) between 18 and 24 months of age
D) between 24 and 30 months of age

Question 12

Bernie considers intelligence to be an important part of his self-concept and he feels that he is more intelligent than most other people when he is in a group.How would psychologists most likely describe Bernie?

A) as aschematic with respect to intelligence
B) as schematic with respect to intelligence
C) as high in public self-consciousness
D) as low in public self-consciousness

Question 13

A high school class goes to an art gallery and enjoys one of the exhibitions very much.If the teacher wants the students to gain accurate self-insight regarding why they liked the exhibition,what should the teacher ask the students to do?

A) compare the different exhibitions they had seen
B) focus on their feelings about the paintings in the exhibition
C) give a list of reasons for why they liked particular paintings in the exhibition
D) attempt to analyze the features of the exhibit that they liked

Question 14

According to Nisbett and Wilson (1977),why are people often unable to give accurate explanations for the causes of their own behaviour?

A) because introspection can sometimes impair self-knowledge
B) because internal attitudes can be unconscious
C) because people don't spend enough time thinking about their beliefs and attitudes
D) because people try to appear better than others

Question 15

Gallup's research revealed that when apes were raised in isolation they were unable to recognize themselves in the mirror.What does this research provide support for?

A) the facial-feedback hypothesis
B) self-perception theory
C) the idea that humans are the only animals capable of self-recognition
D) the concept of the looking-glass self

Question 16

What does the term self-concept refer to?

A) the evaluation of one's abilities and attitudes through comparison to similar others
B) the sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics
C) the sum total of a person's positive and negative evaluations of him- or herself
D) the general disposition to focus on either the inner feelings or outer image of the self

Question 17

Janne is a middle-aged woman who is starting a new job.Which of the following is likely to be most important information in her self-concept?

A) her self-schemas
B) her self-perception
C) her self-talk
D) her self-consciousness

Question 18

What is the cocktail party effect?

A) the tendency for people to become more self-conscious in large groups
B) the tendency for people to get nervous in social settings and forget the names of those to whom they have been introduced
C) the tendency for people to hear the mention of their own name from across a crowded room
D) the tendency for people to become more focused on self-presentational concerns in group settings

Question 19

Jan is at a party.Which of the following best demonstrates the cocktail party effect?

A) Jan smiles more at the party than she does when she is alone.
B) Jan is much more concerned about how she appears to strangers at the party than to her friends.
C) Jan has difficulty remembering the names of the people to whom she is introduced.
D) Jan notices when someone across the room mentions her name.

Question 20

Which of the following are two crucial steps to the development of the self-concept?

A) self-esteem and self-control
B) self-recognition and the presence of other people
C) self-verification and self-monitoring
D) self-esteem and social factors

Question 21

During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election,Sandra states that she is certain she will be devastated for months if she isn't elected class president.Which concept does this example illustrate?

A) the overjustification effect
B) the impact bias
C) introspection
D) implicit egoism

Question 22

Justin falls asleep during a movie that he had been waiting all week to see.If he relies on self-perception to determine his feelings about the movie,what will he most likely decide?

A) that he would stay awake if he saw the movie a second time
B) that his perceptions of the movie match his perceptions of himself
C) that the movie was one of the best he's ever seen
D) that he found the movie to be quite boring

Question 23

According to the self-perception of emotions,which of the following would be most effective at inducing a positive mood?

A) repeating words that contain the vowel sound O
B) sitting at a high table
C) smiling
D) jumping up and down

Question 24

Which of the following are people's spontaneous self-descriptions most likely to include?

A) their age,regardless of their social surroundings
B) their gender,regardless of their social surroundings
C) characteristics that set them apart from others in the immediate vicinity
D) characteristics that make them seem similar to others in the immediate vicinity

Question 25

Which of the following strategies would be the most effective way to use rewards to motivate behaviour,but avoid overjustification effects?

A) Make a contract clearly stating that the rewards will only occur for exceptional performance.
B) Make sure the rewards are contingent upon the desired behaviour and are clearly expected.
C) Present the rewards as a special bonus for the desired behaviour and be sure that the reward is unexpected.
D) Create an expectation that rewards will be given for the desired behaviour,but then do not actually provide the reward.

Question 26

Marcia is unsure about whether Janet is her best friend.She thinks about how many times she has listened to Janet complain,helped Janet study,and brought soup to Janet when she was sick.Marcia realizes that she speaks to Janet almost every night.After thinking about all this,Marcia concludes that Janet must be her best friend.This conclusion is based on a process described by which of the following theories?

A) social comparison theory
B) self-perception theory
C) self-awareness theory
D) self-discrepancy theory

Question 27

April is a female,black,biology major in a psychology class where the majority of her classmates are psychology majors.According to McGuire's work on spontaneous self-descriptions,which of the following will April be most likely to mention in her self-description in this situation?

A) her race
B) her gender
C) her university status
D) her major

Question 28

According to self-perception theory,what are people most likely to do when they are uncertain about their thoughts or feelings regarding an activity?

A) infer their thoughts and feelings regarding that activity from their behaviour
B) infer their thoughts and feelings from what others tell them about their engagement in the activity
C) focus on past behaviour that relates to the current activity to make inferences about their thoughts and feelings regarding the activity
D) think about their self-schemas and decide whether the behaviour is congruent or incongruent with the self-schema before engaging in the activity

Question 29

Dara loves to paint in her spare time.Painting is an enjoyable activity for her.Which of the following best explains her desire to paint?

A) need-driven motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) self-verification motivation

Question 30

April is a female,black,psychology major in a psychology class where the rest of her male and female classmates are white.According to McGuire's work on spontaneous self-descriptions,which of the following will April be most likely to mention in her self-description in this situation?

A) her race
B) her gender
C) her university status
D) her major

Question 31

When asked to clean his room,Miguel does so,but only after being assured by his parents that he will receive an allowance in exchange for cleaning up.Which of the following is the most likely motivated Miguel's behaviour?

A) need-driven motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) self-verification motivation

Question 32

A person's spontaneous self-description can often be changed by an alteration of which of the following?

A) that person's self-reference
B) that person's social surroundings
C) that person's social desirability
D) that person's feelings of uncertainty

Question 33

Kira hates her calculus class.What should she do to help improve her mood during class?

A) Kira should force herself to empathize more with her instructor.
B) Kira should force herself to smile throughout class.
C) Kira should try to suppress or block out her negative feelings during class.
D) Kira should try to sit up straight throughout class.

Question 34

Josephine bought her six-year-old nephew,Joseph,a new set of paints for his birthday.Hoping to encourage the little artist,Josephine promised Joseph $1 for every painting.Joseph thinks that is quite a lot of money.According to research by Lepper,Greene,and Nisbett (1973)on overjustification effects,which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Joseph will continue to paint even if his aunt eventually stops rewarding him with money.
B) Joseph will develop a love for painting and will want to be an artist when he grows up.
C) Joseph will come to see painting pictures as a way to make money,not as something enjoyable in itself.
D) The paintings for which Joseph receives money will be judged as better quality than the paintings for which he does not receive any money.

Question 35

Newman is having a very bad day-he overslept for his final exam,spilled coffee on himself at work,and got a speeding ticket on the way home.According to the facial feedback hypothesis,what will happen if he increases tension in the facial muscles active during frowning?

A) It will neutralize his negative emotional experience.
B) It will intensify his negative emotional experience.
C) It will create a competing positive emotion.
D) Because he is already in a bad mood,it will have no impact on his emotional experience.

Question 36

According to the facial feedback hypothesis,how do facial expressions affect emotion?

A) Facial expressions are necessary for the experience of emotion.
B) Facial expressions can trigger and magnify emotional states.
C) Although facial expressions can influence emotions,they do not produce any real physiological changes.
D) In order for facial expressions to evoke a corresponding emotion,people must be aware of their outward expression.

Question 37

Terri is a teaching assistant for an introductory psychology class.She enjoys grading student assignments,but the professor thinks she takes too long.Hoping to speed up the process,the professor offers her a small cash reward for grading each assignment quickly and accurately.This solution works,until the professor runs out of money.Now Terri dislikes grading,complains about it all the time,and takes even longer than before to complete her work.What appears to have happened to Terri?

A) The monetary reward undermined Terri's intrinsic motivation to grade.
B) Terri's extrinsic desire to grade was replaced by an intrinsic motivation to make money.
C) Terri lost her intrinsic motivation to grade when the professor ran out of money.
D) Terri sabotaged her own performance by engaging in self-handicapping.

Question 38

Suppose your residence assistant asks you to donate two hours of your time to set up an event.Under which of the following conditions will you be most likely to develop an interest in working for your residence hall?

A) if your residence assistant promises you $50 for your help
B) if your residence assistant unexpectedly gives you $50 when you are finished
C) if your residence assistant promises you $50 and ends up giving you $75
D) if your residence assistant watches you work but does not pay you

Question 39

What do psychologists call motivation that is driven by rewards and punishments?

A) instrumental motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) egoistic motivation

Question 40

What do psychologists call the tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivation?

A) self-discrepancy theory
B) implicit egoism
C) the durability bias
D) the overjustification effect

Question 41

How is the recall of autobiographical memories influenced by age?

A) Older adults tend to recall a large number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood.
B) Older adults tend to recall a large number of memories from childhood and late adulthood.People tend to have a more difficult time remembering transitional life periods.
C) Younger adults tend to recall the largest number of memories from adolescence.
D) Younger adults tend to recall the largest number of memories from childhood.

Question 42

Which of the following is most consistent with the notion that memory is biased rather than objective?

A) When asked about her university experience,most of Jennifer's memories are about her first day of university and her graduation.
B) John spent most of his 65th birthday party reminiscing about his old university days.
C) Jordan will never forget the day when he heard about Princess Diana's death on the news.
D) Jessica recalls that she has always hated meat,even though she just recently became a vegetarian.

Question 43

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,which of the following does the social context most directly affect?

A) facial expressions of emotion
B) the physiological component of emotion
C) the cognitive interpretation of emotion
D) the self-perception of emotion

Question 44

April is a female,black,Waterloo student in a restaurant with a group of male and female York students.According to McGuire's work on spontaneous self-descriptions,which of the following will April be most likely to mention in her self-description in this situation?

A) her race
B) her gender
C) her university
D) her major

Question 45

Jason fills out an application for university with the grades he remembered getting throughout high school.While reviewing the application with a guidance counsellor,the counsellor points out that Jason seems to have inflated a few of his lower grades.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Jason's behaviour?

A) Jason is displaying the reminiscence peak characteristic of autobiographical memories.
B) Jason fell prey to the tendency to revise personal histories to reflect favourably on the self.
C) Jason relied on introspection and consequently impaired his self-knowledge of his grades.
D) Jason was affected by the durability bias,which skewed his memory of his grades.

Question 46

What important conclusion that can be drawn from Schachter and Singer's (1962)study on emotions?

A) When people are unclear about their emotions,the social context can play an important role in the interpretation of emotion.
B) When people are unclear about their emotions,physiological arousal will be the primary determinant of their emotion.
C) When people are unclear about their emotions,self-perception of facial expressions will be the primary determinant of emotion.
D) When people are unclear about their emotions,the behaviour of other people will not influence the interpretation of emotion.

Question 47

What does the tendency for people to focus on their distinguishing attributes in their self-descriptions suggest?

A) that people infer their internal dispositions from their external behaviour
B) that the self is defined with respect to other people
C) that people have a strong motive for self-verification
D) that introspection can both enhance and impair self-knowledge

Question 48

Mary Ann is a high school student in Manitoba who wants to determine whether her clothes are fashionable.According to social comparison theory,Mary Ann would tend to look to which of the following groups to assess how fashionable her clothes are?

A) models in a fashion magazine
B) university students
C) other Canadian high school students
D) other Manitoban high school students

Question 49

Suppose an elderly couple is asked to reflect upon their lives.In addition to reporting more memories from their recent past than the distant past,it is likely that their retrospective assessment would also include more personal memories from which of the following periods?

A) their elementary school years
B) their early adolescence
C) their late adolescence and early adulthood
D) their middle adulthood

Question 50

With regard to the two-factory theory of emotion,research has shown that the more intense the physiological arousal,the more people will tend to do which of the following?

A) experience the arousal as aversive regardless of the situation
B) pay attention to the social context for cues to interpret their emotions
C) experience the emotion suggested by social context cues
D) use other sources in addition to arousal and social context for interpreting their emotion

Question 51

What does Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion propose about emotional experience?

A) that it is independent of social comparison processes
B) that it requires a combination of positive and negative physiological arousal
C) that it is independent of physiological arousal
D) that it is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal

Question 52

According to Festinger,in which of the following situations is social comparison is most likely to occur?

A) when one is under conditions of uncertainty
B) when one is feeling self-confident
C) when objective criteria are not available
D) when one is with dissimilar others

Question 53

April is a female,black,psychology major in a psychology class where most of her classmates are males.According to McGuire's work on spontaneous self-descriptions,which of the following will April be most likely to mention in her self-description in this situation?

A) her race
B) her gender
C) her university status
D) her major

Question 54

On his first day of class,Professor Saccamano thinks he is nervous because his blood pressure is up and his hands are shaking.He continues to feel this way,however,before every class meeting of the semester,and eventually realizes that his arousal is due to the five flights of stairs he must climb up to the classroom.Which theory best explains his initial misattribution?

A) the downward comparison theory
B) the self-handicapping theory
C) the self-perception theory
D) the two-factor theory

Question 55

When Klein (1997)asked participants to rate their skills on a particular judgment task,what did he find?

A) Social comparison processes did not influence participants' ratings of themselves.
B) Participants chose to compare themselves only with others who performed better on the task.
C) Ratings were primarily determined by feedback about absolute levels of performance.
D) Ratings were primarily determined by feedback about performance relative to others.

Question 56

A husband and wife are asked to estimate how much each of them contributes to the household chores.Based on the research concerning autobiographical memory,which of the following patterns of results is most probable?

A) husband 50%,wife 50%
B) husband 50%,wife 70%
C) husband 70%,wife 50%
D) husband 70%,wife 70%

Question 57

Rebecca fills out a survey in which she asserts complete agreement with the statement: "I enjoy being unique and different from others." With which cultural orientation does she most likely identify?

A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) multiculturalism
D) cooperativism

Question 58

Herman remembers exactly what he was doing and where he was when he first heard about the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks.What would Brown and Kulik (1977)call this type of vivid image?

A) the hindsight bias
B) a memory heuristic
C) memory inflation
D) a flashbulb memory

Question 59

Schachter (1959)found that participants expecting to receive painful electric shocks preferred the company of others who were in the same situation.What do these results suggest?

A) Social comparison processes are used to evaluate emotions.
B) Emotions have a strong physiological component.
C) Self-handicapping is more about self-presentation than self-enhancement.
D) People are relatively inaccurate at affective forecasting.

Question 60

What do psychologists call people's recollection of a sequence of events that directly touched their lives?

A) private self-consciousness
B) the hindsight bias
C) the distinctiveness effect
D) autobiographical memory

Question 61

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991),people from collectivist cultures are more likely than those from individualist cultures to do which of the following?

A) derive satisfaction from personal achievement
B) see themselves as less similar to others
C) take personal credit for their successes
D) underestimate their contributions to a team effort

Question 62

According to social psychologists,what is the primary function of self-esteem?

A) It provides a rough sense of how others perceive us.
B) It helps us keep a sense of perspective about our own accomplishments.
C) It helps us become aware of weaknesses for self-improvement efforts.
D) It provides a means of validating the self-concept.

Question 63

What does a person's positive and negative evaluations of the self constitute?

A) that person's self-esteem
B) that person's self-concept
C) that person's self-schema
D) that person's ideal self

Question 64

Greenwald and Farnham (2000)used the implicit word-association procedure to assess self-esteem in both European and Asian Americans.What did their research find?

A) Both European and Asian Americans were quicker to associate themselves with positive words than with negative words.
B) Asian Americans were quicker to associate themselves with negative words than with positive words,whereas European Americans were quicker to associate themselves with positive words than with negative words.
C) European Americans were quicker to associate themselves with positive words than with negative words,whereas Asian Americans did not demonstrate any preference.
D) Asian Americans were quicker to associate themselves with positive words than with negative words,whereas European Americans were quicker to associate themselves with negative words than with positive words.

Question 65

Juan is from a collectivist culture.Which of the following is he most likely to do?

A) describe himself with personality traits and strive for personal achievement
B) describe himself with personality traits and derive personal satisfaction from the status of a valued group
C) identify himself by group affiliations and strive for personal achievement
D) identify himself by group affiliations and derive personal satisfaction from the status of a valued group

Question 66

What is self-esteem?

A) It is a constructed cognitive component of the self-concept.
B) It is an overall self-evaluation based,in part,on success and failure.
C) It is a large knowledge-base about the self.
D) It is a trait that is stable,varying little across the life span.

Question 67

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins,discrepancies between the ought self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of which of the following?

A) frustration
B) shame
C) sadness
D) hostility

Question 68

Jade feels great about herself when she gets an A on her calculus test,but then hates herself when she forgets to meet a friend at the library.What does this scenario reveal about Jade?

A) She seems to have an interdependent view of self.
B) She seems to have low self-esteem.
C) She seems to have unstable self-esteem.
D) She seems to have an independent view of self.

Question 69

Twenge and Crocker (2002)conducted a meta-analysis of the relationship between self-esteem and race.What did their research reveal?

A) White Americans have higher self-esteem on average than do African Americans.
B) White Americans and African Americans tend to have similar self-esteem scores.
C) African Americans have higher self-esteem on average than do white Americans.
D) Racial differences on measures of self-esteem are quite small.

Question 70

Which of the following is most likely associated with low self-esteem?

A) the expectation of success
B) the ability to effectively resist peer pressure
C) a sense of optimism about the future
D) a greater susceptibility to disease

Question 71

Jenna is fairly high-strung.This attribute conflicts more with Jenna's ideal self than with her ought self.Which emotion is Jenna likely to experience due to this conflict?

A) disappointment
B) anxiety
C) fear
D) anger

Question 72

According to self-discrepancy theory,what disorder is most likely to develop from a discrepancy between the real self and the ought self?

A) depression
B) anxiety disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 73

Multilingual North American and Japanese citizens are asked to describe themselves in a research study.Based on the findings by Ross and others (2002),which of the following groups is most likely to focus on group affiliations?

A) North Americans asked to respond in English
B) Japanese citizens asked to respond in Japanese
C) North Americans,regardless of language
D) Japanese citizens,regardless of language

Question 74

According to self-discrepancy theory,which of the following is related to the experience of negative emotions (such as anxiety or depression)?

A) the content of the actual,ought,and ideal selves
B) the stability of the actual,ought,and ideal selves
C) the degree of incongruity among the actual,ought,and ideal selves
D) the degree of incongruity between individuals' actual and ideal selves and their perception of important others' views of their actual and ideal selves

Question 75

Consuela has a positive self-image.Which of the following would she be least likely to do?

A) persist longer at difficult tasks
B) expect to succeed
C) blame herself if she fails
D) sleep better at night

Question 76

Raspreet was born and raised in an Eastern culture.Compared to people raised in Western cultures,which of the following is Raspreet more likely to do?

A) compare herself to others
B) make friends easily
C) view relationships as an important part of her self-concept
D) experience anxiety in group settings

Question 77

Cross-cultural research indicates that most North Americans are more likely than most Asians to do which of the following?

A) perceive themselves as unique
B) assume blame for failures
C) strive for community belonging
D) alter their perceptions of others

Question 78

Jasper is feeling guilty and ashamed because he did not help his mother paint the house.Jasper is most likely suffering from a discrepancy between what two aspects of the self?

A) the ideal self and the ought self
B) the ideal self and the actual self
C) the ought self and the actual self
D) the actual self and the real self

Question 79

Jomei feels that he cannot be happy if his family is not happy.What kind of view of self does he have?

A) an individualistic view
B) an independent view
C) an interdependent view
D) an international view

Question 80

People with unstable,fluctuating self-esteem react more strongly to what type of events than those with stable self-esteem?

A) positive events
B) negative events
C) both positive and negative events
D) predictable repeated events