Deck 13: Health

Question 1

Angelo and Maria are going through a very difficult period in their marriage and are seriously considering seeking a divorce.What is most likely to be the effect of this chronic stressor?

A) hostility
B) enhanced immune response
C) depressed immune response
D) heightened levels of antibodies

Answer 1

depressed immune response

Question 2

Consider Selye's general adaptation syndrome.When the body encounters a threat,how does it respond?

A) It enters the arousal stage.
B) It enters the exhaustion stage.
C) It enters the resistance stage.
D) It enters the alarm stage.

Answer 2

It enters the alarm stage.

Question 3

Which of the following is José's body likely to experience if he is attacked by a dog?

A) increased adrenaline
B) decreased hormones
C) decreased antibodies
D) increased antibodies

Answer 3

increased adrenaline

Question 4

In times of stress,what is released into the blood stream?

A) adrenaline
B) antibodies
C) endorphins
D) glucose

Question 5

What is the main toxic ingredient in Type A behaviour?

A) competitiveness
B) hostility
C) achievement motivation
D) impatience

Question 6

Penelope has been taking care of her ailing father for the last two years.He has dementia and it is becoming more difficult for her to be able to manage on her own.How is this situation likely to affect her risk of developing a cold if she is exposed to a cold virus?

A) She is no more likely to develop a cold now than she was when she took over her father's care.
B) She is slightly more likely to develop a cold now than she was when she took over her father's care.
C) She is three times more likely to develop a cold now than she was when she took over her father's care.
D) It is impossible to say as a single stressor,even long lasting,is unlikely to affect one's likelihood of developing a cold.

Question 7

Which of the following is a necessary component of stress?

A) Stress is determined more by personality than by situational circumstances.
B) Stress is determined by group and familial coping strategies.
C) Stress requires high levels of arousal.
D) Stress requires a perception of threat.

Question 8

In Holmes and Rahe's (1967)research,what had commonly occurred to people who were hospitalized for major illnesses?

A) They had previously been hospitalized for this same illness.
B) They had been divorced.
C) They had become a parent.
D) They had experienced a major life change.

Question 9

In a study by Cohen et al.(1998),which of the following groups of participants were unlikely to catch a cold even though they had been exposed to a cold virus?

A) people who were highly stressed
B) people who were highly sociable
C) people who experienced a sudden stressor
D) people who had experienced a positive life change like a promotion

Question 10

Which of the following people might be classified as having a Type A behaviour pattern?

A) Vince,who is very competitive and strives to win at any cost
B) Charles,who hates wearing a watch and has the "patience of a saint"
C) Barry,who never seems to lose his temper
D) Hari,who is always cheerful,friendly,and pleasant to be around

Question 11

How has the exposure to shocks been shown to affect the likelihood of dying of cancer in rats?

A) Rats who had cancer cells implanted were more likely to die of cancer if they were exposed to shocks that they could not escape.
B) Rats who had cancer cells implanted were more likely to die of cancer if they were exposed to shocks that they could escape.
C) Rats who had cancer cells implanted were more likely to die of cancer if they were exposed to any type of shocks.
D) Rats who had cancer cells implanted were unlikely to die of cancer if they were exposed to any type of shocks.

Question 12

In a study by Cohen et al.(1998),which of the following groups of participants were unlikely to catch a cold even though they had been exposed to a cold virus?

A) people who were highly stressed
B) people who experienced a chronic stressor
C) people who had experienced a positive life change like becoming a parent
D) people who viewed themselves as having higher socioeconomic status than most of the population

Question 13

Consider Selye's general adaptation syndrome.When stress persists for a very long time,what happens to the body?

A) It enters the arousal stage.
B) It enters the exhaustion stage.
C) It enters the resistance stage.
D) It enters the alarm stage.

Question 14

This year,Mischa has been finding his commute to and from work to be longer than before and to be costing more with the high price of gas.He was also skipped over for a promotion at work and it bothered him quite a bit.How are these stressors likely to affect Mischa in the long run?

A) These stressors are likely to motivate a change in Mischa's behaviour.
B) Mischa is likely to change jobs or move closer to work to avoid those stressors.
C) These stressors are likely to have a negative effect on Mischa's health.
D) Mischa is likely to have marital problems due to these stressors.

Question 15

Lee has just been notified that a fire in the area is spreading toward his home and he must evacuate immediately.Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is he in?

A) arousal
B) exhaustion
C) alarm
D) resistance

Question 16

In a study by Cohen et al.(1998),which participants were more likely to catch a cold after being infected with a cold virus?

A) High-stress participants caught more colds than low-stress participants.
B) Male participants caught more colds than female participants.
C) Female participants caught more colds than male participants.
D) Older participants caught more colds than younger participants.

Question 17

Which of the following is Joseph likely to experience if he has been in his high-pressure sales job for two years?

A) increased adrenaline
B) decreased hormones
C) decreased immune response
D) increased immune response

Question 18

What causes stress?

A) Both positive and negative events can cause stress,but they incur separate and distinct emotions.
B) Positive and negative events cannot be emotionally experienced at the same time,thus only negative events that overshadow positive ones cause stress.
C) Positive but not negative events can cause sufficient stress to affect a person's long-term health.
D) Change is the primary cause of harmful stress.

Question 19

Alice was in a minor car accident three months ago,in which she was injured.Now every time she is in a car she becomes shaky and nervous due to the release of adrenaline.What kinds of effects is Alice likely currently experiencing?

A) lack of social support
B) suppressed immune system
C) enhanced viral load
D) hormonal system degeneration

Question 20

Consider Selye's general adaptation syndrome.After the initial immediate response to stress,the body enters a stage of higher-than-normal activation of threat responses.What is that stage called?

A) the arousal stage
B) the exhaustion stage
C) the resistance stage
D) the alarm stage

Question 21

Jason is struggling with his job and decides to talk to his colleagues about his difficulties and to seek their advice.Which of the following people is providing Jason with a problem-focussed coping strategy?

A) Les,who says that he feels better when he talks to his wife about his problems after work
B) Brian,who says that he feels better when he goes out for a drink with friends after work
C) Jerome,who says that he feels better when he goes to speak to his boss about those kinds of problems.
D) Kyle,who says that he doesn't talk about problems,only successes

Question 22

Rita has been doing background readings and drafts of her term paper throughout this semester.Compared to Mary who has been avoiding her paper,what outcome is likely for Rita now at the end of the semester?

A) She will now suddenly be under stress and will unable to cope as well as Mary.
B) She will be less able to cope with stress than Mary who has been more restful all semester.
C) She will be more stressed than Mary as she is a worrier.
D) She will have less stress than Mary and perform better on her paper.

Question 23

If a person's control,commitment,and challenge enable him or her to handle stressful situations,which of the following traits would that person also possess?

A) a high degree of psychological hardiness
B) an external locus of control
C) a Type A Behaviour Pattern
D) a high degree of social support

Question 24

Researchers have found that people are better able to tolerate the pain of arthritis,childbirth,and migraine headaches if they have a high level of which of the following?

A) self-awareness
B) self-monitoring
C) self-esteem
D) self-efficacy

Question 25

Which of the following people might be classified as having high self-efficacy pattern?

A) Valerie,who is very competitive and strives to win at any cost
B) Charlene,who is very persistent and believes she can make things work
C) Barbara,who is quick to blame others for mistakes
D) Helen,who develops very effective plans,but who becomes upset when others do not follow her recommendations

Question 26

Sean is an optimist.According to Seligman,Sean's explanatory style for failures would be couched in which of the following types of terms?

A) those that are internal,stable,and global
B) those that are external,stable,and global
C) those that are external,temporary,and specific
D) those that are internal,temporary,and specific

Question 27

Elena is a new resident in long-term care centre for elderly women.According to the research on self-efficacy,which of the following circumstances is likely to improve her adjustment to the new living arrangements?

A) having existing residents who are welcoming
B) having privacy from other residents
C) being able to control her daily routine
D) being able to participate in engaging activities

Question 28

Tice and Baumiester (1997)investigated the stress-levels in procrastinators and non-procrastinators over the course of an academic semester.What did they find?

A) Procrastinators were less stressed early in the term but more stressed later.
B) Procrastinators were more stressed later in the term but they also received higher grades than their colleagues.
C) Procrastinators were more stressed for the entire semester.
D) Procrastinators were less stressed for the entire semester.

Question 29

Parminder is a psychologically hardy person.How does Parminder differ from her classmates?

A) She is less involved in her work.
B) She makes deeper commitments.
C) She sees change as a threat.
D) She lacks a sense of strong control over personal events.

Question 30

Sean is an optimist.According to Seligman,Sean's explanatory style for successes would be couched in which of the following types of terms?

A) those that are internal,stable,and global
B) those that are external,stable,and global
C) those that are external,temporary,and specific
D) those that are internal,temporary,and specific

Question 31

What do psychologists say about a person who is resilient in the face of stress?

A) That person is resistant.
B) That person is problem-focused.
C) That person is hardy.
D) That person is stress-free.

Question 32

Which of the following personality features are commonly associated with people who are high in hardiness?

A) low commitment,low challenge,low control
B) high commitment,high challenge,low control
C) low commitment,high challenge,high control
D) high commitment,high challenge,high control

Question 33

When people are high in psychological hardiness,which of the following traits do they tend to possess?

A) a tendency to view change as a challenge rather than a threat
B) a lower sense of control or responsibility for events in their lives
C) lower levels of commitment to personal goals
D) greater involvement in physically demanding work

Question 34

Which of the following people might be classified as having low self-efficacy?

A) Archna,who is finding her work challenging
B) Brenda,who is juggling work and being a single parent
C) Calli,who is struggling with depression
D) Debra,who is very angry about problems at work

Question 35

In which of the following ways did Seligman report learned helplessness to be similar to depression?

A) People who have been exposed to uncontrollable negative events are often very emotional and weepy.
B) People who have been exposed to uncontrollable negative events are often unmotivated and discouraged.
C) People who have been exposed to uncontrollable events often report feeling angry.
D) People who have been exposed to uncontrollable events often report feeling the need for greater social support.

Question 36

Four drivers who each had a small accident gave the following explanations.Which one exemplifies learned helplessness?

A) "I was stopped at the sign when this car hit me from the back and knocked me forward right into the sign.It was the other guy's fault."
B) "I am just learning to drive.I guess I need a few more lessons.I seem to be a real slow learner."
C) "This is the first time I ever did anything like this.Ordinarily,I'm a very good driver.I must have dozed off at the wheel."
D) "I don't know why these things keep happening to me.I can't do this!"

Question 37

Eileen is a person who has a relatively stress-resistant personality.Eileen would probably be high in which of the following traits?

A) affect intensity
B) psychological hardiness
C) Type A characteristics
D) expressiveness

Question 38

Jasmine successfully competed for a promotion at work.Which of the following statements during her interview best reflects the personality trait of hardiness?

A) "I have experience in doing a difficult job like this one in the past."
B) "I enjoy challenging conditions,and I know that I will be able to perform well."
C) "I will be able to build a team that can deal with these hard problems."
D) "I will rely on my superiors to direct my efforts."

Question 39

When people do not want to think about a particularly stressful situation,what is the best thing for them to do?

A) suppress thoughts of the stressful situation
B) rely on the rebound effect to keep the thought out of conscious awareness
C) think about the situation intensely for a few minutes to make it easier to subsequently avoid thinking about it
D) distract themselves by thinking about something else

Question 40

Seligman strapped dogs into harnesses and gave them electric shocks that they couldn't escape from.When he next put them in cages from which they could escape shocks,what did they do?

A) They overcame their learned helplessness.
B) They were passive and did not try to escape.
C) They quickly learned how to activate the escape mechanism.
D) They frantically tried to escape,but most were unsuccessful.

Question 41

How does mood affect self-focused attention?

A) Self-focused attention is increased by experiencing either positive or negative moods.
B) Self-focused attention is increased by experiencing positive but not negative moods.
C) Self-focused attention is increased by experiencing negative but not positive moods.
D) Self-focused attention is decreased by experiencing either positive or negative moods.

Question 42

Josh fell while hiking and dislocated his shoulder.Yemen,his companion,knows how to get his shoulder back in place but has no pain killers.Which of the following would you recommend to help Josh cope with the painful procedure?

A) instruct Josh not to think about the pain
B) instruct Josh to think about how much better it is going to feel when the shoulder is reset
C) instruct Josh to think about home
D) instruct Josh to count backwards from 100

Question 43

Cioffi and Holloway had people use different strategies to cope with a painful stimulus,sticking one's hand in ice-water for as long as possible.What were the effects of asking people to avoid thinking about the pain on the length of time they took to recover from the task?

A) They were faster to recover than those asked to form a mental picture of their home.
B) They were slower to recover than those asked to form a mental picture of their home.
C) They were able to keep their hand submerged longer than those who formed a mental picture of their home.
D) They were unable to keep their hand submerged as long as those who formed a mental picture of their home.

Question 44

Which of the following lists the necessary features for happiness?

A) health,wealth,and wisdom
B) social relationships,work,and health
C) social relationships,wealth and wisdom
D) social relationships,health and wealth

Question 45

According to research by Rodin and Langer,when did nursing home residents become happier and more active?

A) when they were allowed some control over their daily routines
B) when they were enrolled in specially designed exercise classes
C) when they were placed on age-appropriate diets
D) when they were able to participate in group day trips to area attractions

Question 46

Fredickson (2009)suggested that experiencing positive emotions when coping with stress actually improves coping itself.How does she propose this occurs?

A) by diminishing the stressor itself
B) by decreasing the perceived value of the stressor
C) by broadening the person's outlook
D) by cathartic release

Question 47

Not wanting to think about his pending divorce,Anthony goes to the movies.Which strategy for coping with stress does Anthony's behaviour illustrate?

A) restraint coping
B) avoidance
C) positive reinterpretation
D) acceptance

Question 48

The textbook reports that in 2011,60 percent of Canadian and Japanese respondents rated themselves as happy,even though Japan had just been through a devastating earthquake,tsunami,and nuclear crisis.Which of the following provides the best account for that finding?

A) repression
B) suppression
C) subjective well-being
D) adaptation level

Question 49

Raymond is from Japan.Compared to his North American counterparts,how is he likely to cope with stress?

A) He is more likely to use emotion-focused coping in seeking social support
B) He is less likely to use emotion-focused coping in seeking social support.
C) He is more likely to use problem-focused coping.
D) He is less likely to use problem-focused coping.

Question 50

Heather has an on-going health issue.She has a number of acquaintances but relatively few close others to rely on.What has research shown to be the most important feature of her social support system?

A) actual availability
B) perceived availability
C) actual resources
D) emotional response

Question 51

In which of the following cases is opening up to someone else most therapeutic?

A) when it does not involve catharsis
B) when the events that are disclosed are not traumatic
C) when the other person is willing and able to give advice
D) when one feels comfortable that the listener is trustworthy

Question 52

What do we call the tendency for an inert treatment to improve a patient's condition simply because he or she believes in the treatment?

A) self-efficacy
B) the placebo effect
C) positive thinking
D) expectancy theory

Question 53

Sarah has just been diagnosed with advanced breast cancer.After her surgery to remove the cancer,she is deciding between various other approaches to encourage recovery.In considering Spiegel's study of women with advanced breast cancer,which of the following would you recommend?

A) Sarah should practise meditation.
B) Sarah should adopt a healthy diet.
C) Sarah should participate in a support group.
D) Sarah should be given a placebo.

Question 54

Wegner (1997)asked people to think about anything they wanted other than white bears,and to note any time that they did think of them.What effect did these instructions have on people's thoughts?

A) They never thought of white bears.
B) They thought of white bears as often as the group who was not avoiding thoughts of white bears.
C) They thought of white bears far less often than the group who was not avoiding thoughts of white bears.
D) They thought of white bears far more often than the group who was not avoiding thoughts of white bears.

Question 55

Wegner (1997)asked people to think about anything they wanted other than white bears,and to note any time that they did think of them.What effect did these instructions have on people's thoughts once they stopped trying to suppress thoughts of white bears and were able to think about anything at all?

A) They did not think of white bears.
B) They occasionally thought of white bears.
C) They thought of white bears less often than those that had not been instructed to suppress thoughts of white bears.
D) They thought of white bears more often than those that had not been instructed to suppress thoughts of white bears.

Question 56

Which of the following strategies increases proactive coping?

A) learning problem-solving techniques
B) intelligence-gathering techniques
C) developing social support networks
D) discussing escape techniques

Question 57

Melissa has just been diagnosed with breast cancer.Research would suggest that in addition to the medical treatment Melissa needs,her therapy should also involve which of the following?

A) avoidance of information about negative outcomes
B) a chance to discuss fears
C) privacy from others
D) avoidance of negative emotions

Question 58

How does the intimacy model measure a person's social support?

A) in terms of his or her having a close relationship with a significant other
B) in terms of his or her perception that social support is available when needed
C) in terms of his or her having an ongoing sexual relationship
D) in terms of the number of his or her social contacts

Question 59

Researchers have found that a majority of women with cancer preferred which of the following courses of action regarding their treatment?

A) selecting their own treatment plan,without input from others
B) exercising some control over their treatment plan
C) leaving the treatment plan to their physician
D) accepting no form of treatment,unless their physician insisted otherwise

Question 60

Britt is a teenage girl and she sees pictures of her favourite celebrity smoking. What does research find about the influence of celebrities on health-related behaviour?

A) Fans are not actually highly influenced by celebrity behaviour.
B) Fans are influenced by positive role models.
C) Fans are influenced by negative role models.
D) Fans are influenced by both negative and positive role models.

Question 61

How do problem-focused and emotion-focused coping differ,and when are each helpful?

Question 62

What can cancer patients do to help themselves cope with having cancer?

Question 63

How is depression similar to learned helplessness?

Question 64

How do people typically react to catastrophic events?

Question 65

How does psychological hardiness protect a person from negative outcomes?