Deck 14: Nonadaptive Evolution and Speciation

Question 1

All of Darwin's finches came from a single species with a "normal" beak.Which factor can explain the development of the variety of beaks seen in these finches today?

A) Different mutations in beak shape occurred in different populations of finches.
B) Different food sources on each island created selection pressure for different beak shapes on each island.
C) Genetic drift resulted in different islands having different allele frequencies for the genes controlling beak shape.
D) All of these factors help explain the variety of beaks.
E) None of these explain the variety of beaks.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of these is NOT an example of adaptive evolution?

A) founder effect
B) mutation
C) gene flow
D) bottleneck
E) all of these

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In a population of 75 mice,what would be the size of their gene pool for a particular gene?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100
E) 150

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Random changes in the allele frequency of a population between generations is the definition of

A) bottleneck effect.
B) evolutionary frequency.
C) a mutation.
D) allele frequency.
E) genetic drift.

Question 5

Which of these does NOT influence allele frequencies in a population?

A) natural selection
B) mutation
C) genetic drift
D) the bottleneck effect
E) all of these

Question 6

In addition to the beak differences,which statement indicates that the different finch populations found throughout the Galápagos Islands have experienced speciation?

A) They can no longer interbreed.
B) They are different colors.
C) They eat different foods.
D) They can no longer fly from island to island.
E) They are different sizes.

Question 7

The offspring produced between the mating of a tiger and a lion,a liger,which is unable to reproduce,is an example of which form of reproductive isolation?

A) temporal isolation
B) behavior isolation
C) hybrid infertility
D) gametic isolation
E) hybrid inviability

Question 8

Which statement is false?

A) All of the finches found in the Galápagos Islands originated from one species.
B) Different food sources created selection pressure,which caused the finch populations to diverge.
C) Speciation among the finch populations is due in part to low gene flow between islands.
D) The finches are reproductively isolated.
E) The 13 different species of finches flew to the Galápagos Islands and separated themselves in response to different food environments.

Question 9

The proportion of alleles present in a gene pool is called the _____ and is an important tool in measuring evolutionary changes.

A) trait percentage
B) allele frequency
C) adaptive allele percentage
D) adaptive frequency
E) evolutionary frequency

Question 10

The collection of _____ in a population constitutes that population's gene pool.

A) genes
B) genotypes
C) phenotypes
D) alleles
E) chromosomes

Question 11

If you examine a population for a particular gene where B represents the dominant allele and b represents the recessive allele,you find that the allele frequencies for this gene are p = 0.3 and q = 0.7.If this population is not evolving,what would be the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

A) 0.09
B) 0.21
C) 0.30
D) 0.42
E) 0.49

Question 12

In a population of 100 mice,if the recessive allele frequency is 0.25,how many copies of the recessive alleles are found in the population?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100
E) 150

Question 13

Which scenario would represent a situation that reduces the effect of genetic drift?

A) Natural selection is not acting.
B) No mutations exist in the population.
C) Individuals are mating randomly.
D) No gene flow exists between populations.
E) The population is very large.

Question 14

Which of the following is a human-caused environmental change that animals face?

A) climate change
B) urbanization
C) urban dwelling
D) A and B
E) A,B,and C

Question 15

Darwin's finches came from a mainland species where some individuals were able to move to the islands and then spread from one island to another.Is the genetic diversity of the new population of finches on the Galápagos increased or decreased in relation to the population on the mainland,and what is this an example of?

A) It had no effect on their genetic diversity because the colonists have the same diversity as the mainland population.
B) It increased their genetic diversity because this represents an example of gene flow.
C) It decreased their genetic diversity because this represents an example of genetic drift.
D) It increased their genetic diversity because this would introduce new mutations into the population.
E) It decreased their genetic diversity because this represents an example of natural selection.

Question 16

The total collection of alleles in a population is the

A) allele frequency.
B) genetic drift.
C) gene pool.
D) evolutionary frequency.
E) bottleneck effect.

Question 17

Inbreeding can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity and _____.

A) inbreeding evolution
B) adaptive evolution
C) nonadaptive evolution
D) inbreeding depression
E) adaptive depression

Question 18

Which condition can lead to two populations becoming different species?

A) Individuals in the two populations mate at different times.
B) Individuals in the two populations have significant genetic differences from one another.
C) A barrier to gene flow exists between the two populations.
D) Individuals may live in geographically isolated areas.
E) all of these

Question 19

If you examine the gene pool of a population that is evolving due to genetic drift,what do you predict will occur with the allele frequencies?

A) p will decrease.
B) p will increase.
C) q will increase.
D) q will decrease.
E) There is no way to tell how p or q will change.

Question 20

You examine a population and note that its allele frequencies for a particular gene are p = 0.55 and q = 0.45.If you came back and examined the population after several generations and found that the values for p and q had not changed,which statement would be false for this gene?

A) The population is evolving.
B) The population is not undergoing drift.
C) The population is not experiencing selection.
D) The population is not experiencing gene flow.
E) all of these

Question 21

Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck?

A) 100 elephants
B) 1000 mice
C) 10³ E.coli
D) 10 cats
E) 100 humans

Question 22

A group of Trichechus manatus migrated from the Caribbean to Florida around 15,000 years ago and is now genetically distinct from the Trichechus manatus still found in the Caribbean.This is an example of

A) the founder effect.
B) artificial selection.
C) natural selection.
D) macroevolution.
E) the bottleneck effect.

Question 23

All of the following are true of genetic drift,EXCEPT

A) changes in allelic frequencies are always random.
B) changes in allelic frequencies may benefit the population.
C) changes in allelic frequencies may harm the population.
D) genetic drift has the greatest influence on large populations.
E) over time,genetic drift decreases the genetic diversity of a population.

Question 24

Evolution may best be explained as a

A) change in the frequency of proteins in a population over time.
B) change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time.
C) change in the number of individuals in a population over time.
D) change in the proportion of males to females in a population over time.
E) change in the birth rate in a population over time.

Question 25

Allele frequencies of a population can change by

A) natural selection.
B) genetic drift.
C) mutations in the gene pool.
D) founder effect.
E) All of the above.

Question 26

Genetic bottlenecks can be caused by

A) flood.
B) extreme temperatures.
C) hunting.
D) overfishing.
E) All of the above.

Question 27

Founder effect describes a

A) new population arising from a migration of a population.
B) new population arising from a few individuals.
C) population that has undergone mutation.
D) population that is largely interbreeding.
E) population that results from one species crossing with another.

Question 28

A series of strong storms opened a stream channel between two lakes.The western lake contains a large,diverse population of a species of minnow.The eastern lake has never been populated by fish.When the channel opened,a small group of fish migrated to the eastern lake.Soon after,the stream channel dried up and was never opened again.The fish in the eastern lake thrived and continued to reproduce,building a large population over time.Compared with the fish in the western lake,what characteristics would you expect the population in the eastern lake to exhibit?

A) reduced genetic diversity but no change in allele frequency
B) reduced genetic diversity and a change in allele frequency
C) no change in genetic diversity but a change in allele frequency
D) no change in either genetic diversity or allele frequency
E) The information provided is insufficient to answer the question.

Question 29

A scientist is studying the population genetics of a butterfly population inhabiting a group of islands off the coast of California.The mainland population has the greatest allelic diversity.Island A has lower allelic diversity than the mainland,and island B has lower diversity than island A.All the alleles found on island B are also found on island A.The allelic diversity of island C is the same as the allelic diversity of island B,but half of the alleles on island C are not found on islands A and B.Which of the following scenarios best explains this pattern?

A) All three islands were colonized from the mainland: A was colonized first,and B and C were colonized at the same time.
B) Island A was colonized from the mainland first,then butterflies from A colonized B at the same time that C was colonized from the mainland.
C) Islands A and C were colonized from the mainland at the same time,then butterflies from C colonized B.
D) Island A was colonized from the mainland first,then C was colonized from the mainland,then butterflies from C colonized B.
E) Islands B and C were colonized from the mainland at the same time,then butterflies from B colonized A.

Question 30

Tay Sachs disease is caused by a recessive mutation on chromosome 15,and 1 of every 27 members of the Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania carry a recessive allele.What is the chance that an Old Order Amish man who carries the allele will have a child with Tay Sachs? (Remember,the community restricts marriage to other members of the community. )

A) 1/4 (25%)chance
B) 1/27 (3.7%)chance
C) 100% chance
D) 1/27 × 1/4 (0.926%)chance
E) 1/2 (50%)chance

Question 31

Founder effect causes

A) genetic drift.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) a loss of genetic diversity.
D) an increase in genetic variation.
E) an increase in allele frequencies.

Question 32

A scientist studying population genetics of a bird population inhabiting a group of islands finds that allelic diversity is highest on island C,lowest on island A,and island B has intermediate allelic diversity levels.What is the likely order in which these islands were colonized by this species?

A) A then B then C
B) A then C then B
C) B then A then C
D) C then A then B
E) C then B then A

Question 33

In an isolated breeding population,____ the nonisolated population of the species.

A) recessive genes will be more common than in
B) recessive alleles will be more common than in
C) allele ratios may be different from allele ratios of
D) allele ratios will be exactly the same as the allele ratios of
E) dominant alleles will be more common than in

Question 34

Which of the following is a stressor for city mice?

A) pollution
B) living in crowded quarters
C) competition for sex
D) competition for food
E) All of the above.

Question 35

With respect to country mice and city mice,

A) city mice have more allele diversity than country mice.
B) country mice have more alleles for stress compared to city mice.
C) both have similar allele diversity for most genes.
D) city mice share allele diversity with country mice with respect to diversity.
E) city mice are stressed less compared to country mice.

Question 36

Which of the following are types of nonadaptive evolution?

A) natural selection
B) bottleneck effect
C) founder effect
D) Both B and C
E) A,B,and C

Question 37

What would be advantageous for reducing genetic bottleneck effects?

A) geographic isolation
B) controlling the founder population
C) a large,genetically diverse population
D) a small,actively reproducing population
E) natural disasters

Question 38

This mechanism is NOT responsible for random changes in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population.

A) natural selection
B) genetic drift
C) mutations in the gene pool
D) founder effect
E) bottlenecks

Question 39

You are a geneticist studying the population genetics of barn swallows.You are particularly interested in one gene,and upon examining the 100 alleles present in 50 individuals,you find that one allele is quite common,accounting for 30 of those alleles.The allelic frequency of this allele is

A) 0.3.
B) 0.5.
C) 0.6.
D) 2.0.
E) 3.3.

Question 40

If a flood causes the death of 50% of small mammals,which population would exhibit the most loss of genetic diversity in its future generations?

A) 60² mammals
B) 60 mammals
C) 600 mammals
D) 60³ mammals
E) 6000 mammals

Question 41

A limited number of alleles in a reproducing population can result in

A) disruptive selection.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) increased fitness.
D) inbreeding depression.
E) interbreeding.

Question 42

The biological species concept defines a species as

A) individuals of a population who are fertile.
B) individuals who can interbreed in isolation.
C) a population that cannot interbreed with another population.
D) an interbreeding population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
E) members of a population that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 43

You have a population of flies with three alleles for wing size,L (large),M (medium),and S (small).Individuals with SS,SM,or SL have small wings.Individuals with MM have medium wings.Individuals with LL or LM have large wings.After a sudden storm,all of the small-winged individuals have been killed.What will happen to the population after ten generations?

A) All three wing types will be present.
B) Only large wings will be present.
C) Only small wings will be present.
D) Small wings will be missing.
E) Medium wings will be missing.

Question 44

Frog species mate at different times of the year.This is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) postzygotic isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 45

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals.Generation after generation,this ratio and population size remains basically the same.After a hurricane,10,000 black moths are blown onto the island.This is an example of

A) out crossing.
B) gene flow.
C) gene conservation.
D) inbreeding.
E) mate selectivity.

Question 46

Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) postzygotic isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 47

Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as

A) gametic isolation.
B) ecological isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) behavioral isolation.
E) mechanical isolation.

Question 48

Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity?

A) losing 25% of a population of 100 individuals
B) losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals
C) losing 25% of a population of 1000 individuals
D) losing 50% of a population of 1000 individuals
E) All of the above.

Question 49

Mating between closely related individuals is known as

A) out crossing.
B) gene flow.
C) gene conservation.
D) inbreeding.
E) mate selectivity.

Question 50

Gene flow can be described as changes in allele frequency due to

A) populations mating with other populations.
B) mating within an isolated population.
C) populations undergoing natural selection.
D) nonrandom mating of the population.
E) mutation.

Question 51

The ice age 10,000 years ago killed off most cheetahs.This is an example of

A) the founder effect.
B) artificial selection.
C) natural selection.
D) macroevolution.
E) the bottleneck effect.

Question 52

All of the following are true of genetic bottlenecks,EXCEPT

A) bottlenecks affect small populations more than large populations.
B) bottlenecks are a kind of genetic drift.
C) bottlenecks reduce the frequency of every allele in a population.
D) bottlenecks can be caused by poor weather conditions.
E) bottlenecks decrease the ability of populations to adapt to changing environments.

Question 53

An extremely harsh winter causes the death of 75% of an endangered antelope population.When considering the future survival of this population,which of the following is a concern for scientists?

A) genetic drift
B) reduced allelic diversity
C) the ability of this population to exchange genes with neighboring populations
D) inbreeding depression among survivors
E) All of the above.

Question 54

Which of the following best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is evolving.
B) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that is not evolving.
C) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are increasing.
D) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are decreasing.
E) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population whose numbers are stable.

Question 55

The very limited gene pool of wild cheetahs is an example of

A) natural selection.
B) founder effect.
C) the bottleneck effect.
D) mate selection.
E) evolutionary decline.

Question 56

Which of the following can threaten the ability of a population to adapt to changing environmental conditions?

A) bottleneck
B) founder effect
C) genetic drift
D) inbreeding
E) All of the above.

Question 57

A species of lizard is found on the eastern and western sides of part of a mountain range.On both sides,individual populations are small.On the western side,individual populations are relatively close together and males move extensively among populations to breed.On the eastern side,however,populations are farther apart and males seldom move among more than one or two adjacent populations to breed.If you were to study the genetic diversity of western and eastern populations,which pattern would you expect to find?

A) Each of the western and eastern populations would have a limited number of the total alleles available in the species.Combined,however,the western populations will have more different alleles than will the combined eastern populations.
B) Each of the western and eastern populations will have all of the available alleles.In each western population,the alleles will be equally frequent.In each eastern population,one allele will be far more frequent than the others.
C) The eastern populations will be,on average,more genetically diverse than the western populations.Each western population will have only a limited number of alleles,and one will be far more frequent than the others.
D) Each western population would be genetically diverse,although the allele frequencies might differ from one population to the next.Eastern populations would be less diverse,and some populations will have only a limited number of the total alleles available in the species.
E) All of the above are equally reasonable patterns to expect given the information provided.

Question 58

An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals.Generation after generation,this ratio and population size remains basically the same.After a hurricane,15,000 black moths are blown onto the island.After 2 years,

A) the percentage of gray moths will increase.
B) all of the black moths will be killed off.
C) the black moths will emigrate back to their original habitat.
D) the percentage of black moths will increase.
E) all the white moths will be killed off.

Question 59

A population of Australian wallabies is found to have many more homozygous individuals than expected.What does this result indicate?

A) Inbreeding is likely occurring.
B) The population size is very large.
C) The population is likely to be healthy.
D) The population is likely to be healthy but may not remain healthy for much longer.
E) Allelic diversity is high.

Question 60

Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) postzygotic isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Question 61

Darwin's finches are known for which adaptation?

A) clutch variation
B) wing variation
C) size variation
D) beak variation
E) color variation

Question 62

Which of the following best points to a close evolutionary relationship between two different species?

A) Both species look highly similar.
B) Both species eat the same foods.
C) Both species live in the same habitat.
D) Both species have similar mating rituals.
E) Both species have very similar DNA.

Question 63

Which of the following populations is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions?

A) a population of 50 individuals with low allelic diversity
B) a population of 50 individuals with high allelic diversity
C) a population of 1000 individuals with low allelic diversity
D) a population of 1000 individuals with high allelic diversity
E) allelic diversity does not matter,only the size of the population

Question 64

Red kites are endangered hawks distributed in populations scattered throughout western and central Europe.In a recent study,investigators found 10 different alleles of a mitochondrial DNA gene.They discovered that the large population in central Spain had five different alleles of the gene.The population on Majorca (an island off the south coast of Spain),in contrast,had only one of those five.From this,you can infer that

A) the Majorca population is less genetically diverse than the population in Spain and has likely remained genetically isolated from the Spanish populations.
B) the Majorca population is less genetically diverse than the population in Spain but receives high levels of gene flow;it is not genetically isolated from the Spanish populations.
C) the Majorca population is less genetically diverse than the population in Spain but is not genetically isolated from populations in central Europe.
D) the Majorca population is more genetically diverse than the population in Spain and receives high levels of gene flow from central Europe.
E) the Majorca population is more genetically diverse than the population in Spain but is genetically isolated from populations in central Europe.

Question 65

A male from species A mates with a female from species B.Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg,but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg.This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 66

Pollen from a tomato plant lands on a grapefruit flower.The pollen fails to grow a pollen tube.This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 67

Kangaroo rats,kangaroo mice,and pocket mice are found only in the deserts of the southwestern United States.They share a number of features,including external,fur-lined cheek pouches,which they use to gather and transport seeds to their burrows.But they are also quite different from one another in size,overall shape,behavior,and other features.The best explanation for their similarities and differences is that

A) the species are not closely related evolutionarily and that any similarity is because they live in similar environments.
B) the desert environment forced each species to develop traits allowing it to survive and reproduce.Each species represents a different way in which a small mammal can survive and reproduce in the desert.
C) the species share a common ancestor (one that had,among other traits,external fur-lined cheek pouches),and natural selection has resulted in each having specific adaptations for its own environment.
D) natural selection has resulted in each species having specific adaptations to its own environment,but the species do not share a common ancestor.
E) None of the above.

Question 68

Two species of salamanders have overlapping territories,and they successfully mate and produce eggs.However,most of the eggs fail to hatch.Only 10% of them hatch,but the tadpoles are weak and are almost all killed by predators.The few tadpoles that exit the water have weak bones and soon die.This is an example of

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) gametic isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 69

During the building of the London subway system in the late 1800s,a species of aboveground-dwelling mosquito expanded its distribution to include the underground tunnels,where it successfully lived and bred.In the late 1990s,scientists comparing the two groups of mosquitoes discovered that they are now different species.The most likely mode of reproductive isolation for these two species is

A) ecological isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) mechanical isolation.
E) gametic isolation.

Question 70

The Galápagos finches evolved from an ancestor from

A) San Cristobal.
B) Isabella.
C) mainland South America.
D) Santa Cruz.
E) Española.

Question 71

Which bird is thought to be the common ancestor of the Galápagos finches?

A) the warbler finch
B) the large ground finch
C) the cactus finch
D) the blue-black grassquit
E) the mangrove finch

Question 72

Which of the following can influence the evolution of a species?

A) mutation
B) natural selection
C) genetic drift
D) gene flow
E) All of the above.

Question 73

Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges,but no hybrid offspring are produced.Spotted skunks breed in the fall;striped skunks breed in the spring.This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) ecological isolation.
E) hybrid infertility.

Question 74

Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise,but a mutation has caused some individuals to have a clockwise shell.The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible,leading some scientists to say that the clockwise snails are reproductively isolated.This is an example of

A) hybrid breakdown.
B) gametic isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) mutational isolation.
E) mechanical isolation.