Deck 12: Complex Inheritance

Question 1

Which of these is a likely result of nondisjunction in human meiosis?

A) an increased risk of clinical depression
B) aneuploid eggs or sperm
C) a genetic disorder (such as hemophilia or color blindness)caused by a faulty allele
D) an egg that can develop into a child without fertilization by a sperm
E) a sperm that can develop into a child without fertilization with an egg

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is different about red blood cells from a person with type AB blood,compared to those from other blood types?

A) They carry Rh markers,whereas other blood types have none.
B) They carry A and B type surface markers,so they are universal acceptors of blood.
C) They carry A and B type surface markers,so they are universal donors of blood.
D) They carry A and B type surface markers,so they cannot receive or donate blood.
E) They have no surface markers from the ABO blood type alleles.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Why do some people have unusual chromosome combinations,such as XYY and XXX?

A) Genetic disease causes a spontaneous increase in the number of sex chromosomes in mature gametes.
B) Errors occurred in chromosome segregation during meiosis in their fathers or mothers.
C) People who inherit large numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs)also inherit extra sex chromosomes.
D) A mistake in mitosis during embryonic development leads to extra sex chromosomes in every cell.
E) It is not known why these unusual chromosome combinations occur.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these most influences the development of a female fetus?

A) the presence of any two sex chromosomes
B) the presence of two X chromosomes
C) the absence of a Y chromosome
D) the presence of a Y chromosome
E) none of these

Question 5

Predict the sex of a baby with an XX pair of sex chromosomes.

A) male
B) female
C) This cannot be determined with the chromosome information given.

Question 6

How are polygenic and multifactorial traits different?

A) Polygenic traits are influenced by nutrition and diet,whereas multifactorial traits are not.
B) Polygenic traits are genetically based,whereas multifactorial traits have both genetic and environmental influences.
C) Polygenic traits are influenced by the number of traumatic life events,whereas multifactorial traits are influenced by the levels of brain chemicals.
D) Polygenic traits show a continuous range of phenotypic variation,whereas multifactorial traits show several distinct phenotypes.
E) There are more kinds of polygenic traits than multifactorial traits.

Question 7

Predict the sex of a baby with an XXY combination of sex chromosomes.

A) male
B) female
C) This cannot be determined with the chromosome information given.

Question 8

Predict the sex of a baby with an X sex chromosome.

A) male
B) female
C) This cannot be determined with the chromosome information given.

Question 9

Which inheritance pattern includes an environmental contribution?

A) polygenic
B) X-linked recessive
C) X-linked dominant
D) multifactorial
E) none of these

Question 10

Human skin color ranges from very light to dark black,with many distinct skin tones in between.What type of inheritance pattern governs skin color?

A) incomplete dominance
B) codominance
C) polygenic inheritance
D) multifactorial inheritance
E) X-linked inheritance

Question 11

Why are more males than females affected by X-linked recessive genetic diseases?

A) Males have a Y chromosome that cannot mask the X-linked recessive allele.
B) Females have an additional Y chromosome to mask the X-linked recessive allele.
C) Females have no Y chromosome to mask the X-linked recessive allele.
D) Females have two Y chromosomes and cannot be affected by X-linked traits.
E) Males and females are affected equally by X-linked recessive genetic conditions.

Question 12

Which couple could have a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)?

A) a male with DMD and a homozygous dominant female
B) a male without DMD and a homozygous dominant female
C) a male without DMD and a carrier female
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 13

If a man has an X-linked recessive disease,can his sons inherit that disease from him?

A) Yes,all his sons have one X chromosome.
B) No,all his sons inherit their X chromosomes maternally.
C) Yes,all his sons inherit their Y chromosomes maternally.
D) No,all his sons have one X chromosome.
E) Yes,all his sons inherit their X chromosomes maternally.

Question 14

Which statement is true about Y chromosome analysis?

A) It is commonly used to determine the sex of an individual.
B) It is commonly used to determine paternity and ancestry.
C) It can be used to determine whether a man is carrying traits such as hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
D) It can be used to determine whether a man is likely to pass on traits such as hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
E) It can be used to determine whether a person has a genetic disease caused by a mutant allele on an autosome.

Question 15

Consider your brother and your son.If you are male,which statement is correct?

A) You and your brother inherited different Y chromosomes from your dad,and you passed your Y chromosome on to your son.
B) You and your brother inherited the same Y chromosome from your dad,and you passed a different Y chromosome on to your son.
C) You and your brother inherited the same Y chromosome from your dad,and you passed the same Y chromosome on to your son.
D) You cannot tell the inheritance pattern with the information given.
E) The inheritance of the Y chromosome is dependent on which X chromosome is inherited.

Question 16

What are the chances that a curly-haired father and a straight-haired mother can give birth to a child with curly hair?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 17

A gamete is aneuploid if _____.

A) one or more homologous chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis I
B) one or more sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II
C) there are more than 23 chromosomes in the cell
D) there are fewer than 23 chromosomes in the cell
E) all of these

Question 18

How is codominant inheritance different from incomplete dominant inheritance?

A) In codominance,one gene is recessive to two dominant genes;in incomplete dominance,all genes are recessive.
B) In codominance,all genes are recessive;in incomplete dominance,one gene is recessive to two dominant genes.
C) In codominance,two alleles are expressed equally;in incomplete dominance,there is only one allele in the system.
D) In codominance,two alleles are expressed equally;in incomplete dominance,heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype.
E) In codominance,the two alleles cooperate to make an intermediate phenotype;in incomplete dominance,the heterozygote shows the recessive phenotype.

Question 19

If two women have identical alleles of the suspected 20 height-associated genes,why might one of those women be 5 feet 5 inches tall and the other 5 feet 8 inches tall?

A) because the identical 20 alleles cause variation in the phenotype
B) because phenotype dictates genotype
C) because environmental factors also play a role in the phenotype of this trait
D) none of these
E) all of these

Question 20

Why is type O Rh-negative the "universal donor"?

A) No surface markers are present on the O Rh-negative blood cells to react with the recipient's immune system.
B) Three surface markers are present on the donor blood cells (A,B,and O)that are recognized as compatible in all recipients.
C) Three surface markers are present on the donor blood cells (A,B,and O),which block immune reactions in the recipient.
D) The O and Rh surface markers on the donor red blood cells block immune reactions in the recipient.
E) More people have type O blood than any other blood type.

Question 21

Why are X-linked traits more commonly expressed in males?

A) There is no masking of an affected X allele with a normal X in males.
B) Females must have two copies of the affected allele to display a phenotype.
C) Females may be unknowing carriers and pass on the trait to male progeny.
D) Males only have one X chromosome.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

________ required to masculinize a developing fetus.

A) The Y chromosome is
B) The X chromosome is
C) All 46 chromosomes are
D) The autosomes are
E) Chromosomes 12 and 22 are

Question 23

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Males are more likely than females to express X-linked characteristics.
B) X-linked characteristics are almost always recessively inherited.
C) X-linked characteristics are genes that are recessive on the X chromosome and dominant on the Y chromosome.
D) Females with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are uncommon.
E) Hemophilia rarely affects women.

Question 24

Why can you say that males determine the sex of their children?

A) Because males have two X chromosomes,whichever one is passed along to their offspring will determine the sex.
B) Males will either contribute an X or a Y chromosome,whereas females will always contribute an X chromosome.
C) Male chromosomes are inherited preferentially over female chromosomes.
D) Y chromosomes are dominant;X chromosomes are recessive.
E) All of the above.

Question 25

XXX,XO,XYY,and XXY conditions are the result of

A) an error during mitosis.
B) an error during meiosis.
C) a mutation event.
D) an egg containing two nuclei.
E) more than one sperm fertilizing an egg.

Question 26

Human males have

A) only one sex chromosome,an X.
B) only one sex chromosome,a Y.
C) two sex chromosomes,both Xs.
D) two sex chromosomes,both Ys.
E) two sex chromosomes,one X and one Y.

Question 27

Zygotes with _______ usually cannot survive until birth.

A) three X chromosomes
B) a single X chromosome
C) no X chromosome
D) two X chromosomes
E) an X and a Y chromosome

Question 28

What is the genotype of females and males,respectively? (Note that the number indicates the total number of individual chromosomes. )

A) 46 XY;XX
B) 46 XX;XY
C) 46 XX;XO
D) 23 XY;XX
E) 23 XX;XY

Question 29

Which of the following is not an X-linked trait?

A) cystic fibrosis
B) color-blindness
C) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
D) hemophilia

Question 30

Which combination contains the normal chromosome number?

A) a human egg - 46;a human sperm - 23;a human zygote - 23
B) a human egg - 46;a human sperm - 46;a human zygote - 23
C) a human egg - 46;a human sperm - 46;a human zygote - 46
D) a human egg - 23;a human sperm - 23;a human zygote - 46
E) a human egg - 23;a human sperm - 23;a human zygote - 23

Question 31

Which of these can result in a trisomy such as Down syndrome?

A) an egg with 23 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 22 chromosomes
B) an egg with 22 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes
C) an egg with 24 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes
D) an egg with 22 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 24 chromosomes
E) an egg with 23 chromosomes fertilized by a sperm with 23 chromosomes

Question 32

One of every _______ children born is neither strictly male nor female,but intersex.

A) 100
B) 1,600
C) 10,000
D) 16,000
E) 1,000,000

Question 33

Humans have how many autosomes?

A) 22 pairs
B) 23 pairs
C) 44 pairs
D) 46 pairs
E) 26 pairs

Question 34

The term autosome refers to

A) all chromosomes,including the X and Y.
B) all chromosomes,except the X and Y.
C) all chromosomes,including the X but not the Y.
D) all chromosomes,including the Y but not the X.
E) only the X and Y chromosomes.

Question 35

What are X-linked traits?

A) Diseases or phenotypes that are determined by genes on an X chromosome.
B) Traits that only affect females because females have two X chromosomes.
C) Dominant traits located on X chromosomes.
D) Genes that are more likely to have an effect in males than females.
E) A and D

Question 36

Which of these can be determined by amniocentesis and karyotyping?

A) hair color
B) blood type
C) trisomy 21
D) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
E) cystic fibrosis

Question 37

What are autosomes?

A) chromosomes inherited from both mother and father that determine a child's sexual identity
B) paired chromosomes,except for the X and Y chromosomes
C) cells with one set of chromosomes
D) cells with more than two sets of chromosomes
E) cells that divide uncontrollably

Question 38

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome is responsible for

A) female genitalia.
B) ovary suppression.
C) estrogen production.
D) testes development.
E) androgen receptors.

Question 39

What is the significance of the X and Y chromosome in terms of sexual identity?

A) The X chromosome contains the SRY gene,which aids in the development of the ovaries.
B) The X and Y chromosomes aid in the production of ovaries and testes,respectively.These organs produce estrogen and testosterone,which in turn signal either female or male tissue to develop.
C) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome signals the testes to develop testosterone,which signals male tissues to develop.
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 40

The sex chromosomes found in a typical male are

A) XX.
B) XY.
C) YY.
D) Y.
E) YXY.

Question 41

What is the main difference in behavior between the X and Y chromosome during meiosis?

A) The Y chromosome aligns with its homologous chromosome;the X does not.
B) The X chromosome undergoes crossing over;the Y does not.
C) The Y chromosome undergoes crossing over;the X does not.
D) During crossing over the X chromosome donates segments to the Y chromosome.
E) During crossing over the Y chromosome donates segments to the X chromosome.

Question 42

It is simpler to use DNA to identify the father for a son than for a daughter because

A) the X chromosome is passed intact to the daughter from the mother.
B) the Y chromosome may recombine during meiosis.
C) the Y chromosome may exchange genetic material with the X chromosome.
D) the X chromosome may recombine during meiosis whereas the Y is passed intact.
E) autosomes are passed intact to all progeny.

Question 43

Which of the following human chromosomes is passed on intact from father to son?

A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) Chromosome 1
D) Chromosome 3
E) Chromosome 12

Question 44

Y chromosome analysis would be LEAST useful for

A) studying familial relationships between females.
B) determining the relatives of Moses.
C) tracing the descendants of Genghis Khan.
D) deciding paternity.
E) studying the migration of humans out of Africa.

Question 45

Which of the following is/are used to examine inheritance over generations?

A) karyotypes
B) a pedigree chart
C) genotypes
D) a family tree
E) phenotypes

Question 46

What is the best genetic marker to use when trying to see if two people are related?

A) STRs on the X chromosome
B) STRs on an autosome
C) STRs on the Y chromosome,if male relatives are available
D) coding regions on the X chromosome
E) only one specific gene,but it can be on any chromosome

Question 47

Thomas Jefferson is thought to have fathered the youngest son of slave Sally Hemings.This idea was investigated using Y chromosome analysis of

A) Sally Hemings's oldest son.
B) Jefferson's daughter.
C) Jefferson's only direct son.
D) Jefferson's paternal uncle.
E) Jefferson's brother.

Question 48

Which of the following is TRUE of the sex chromosomes?

A) The X chromosome never undergoes recombination.
B) The Y chromosome never undergoes recombination.
C) Neither the X nor the Y undergo recombination.
D) During meiosis,the X and the Y exchange genes by crossing over.
E) During meiosis,only part of the X exchanges genes with the Y by crossing over.

Question 49

All the male relatives of a color-blind man are also color blind.This man likely received the allele for color blindness from

A) his father.
B) his uncle.
C) his maternal grandfather.
D) his paternal grandfather.
E) either his maternal or paternal grandfather.

Question 50

Y chromosome analysis has been used in

A) studying human evolution.
B) tracing genealogy.
C) evaluating stories about the descendants of Thomas Jefferson.
D) tracing the descendants of Genghis Khan.
E) All of the above.

Question 51

Ancestry and human evolution is researched using these differences in Y chromosomes.

A) single-nucleotide repeats
B) mutations in DNA coding regions
C) short tandem repeats
D) telomere deletions
E) frameshift mutations

Question 52

Which of the following human chromosomes usually does NOT exchange DNA during meiosis?

A) X chromosome
B) Y chromosome
C) chromosome 1
D) chromosome 12
E) chromosome 17

Question 53

Why is it a good idea to use STRs on Y chromosomes for ancestry instead of STRs on X chromosomes?

A) The Y chromosome is passed on to every generation no matter what.
B) The X chromosome is passed on to every generation no matter what.
C) The X chromosome undergoes crossing over;the Y does not.
D) The Y chromosome undergoes crossing over;the X does not.
E) There are more available STRs on the Y chromosome than on the X chromosome

Question 54

All of the following are true of color blindness,EXCEPT

A) it can be passed from a color-blind father to his son.
B) it can be passed from a color-blind mother to her son.
C) it can be passed from a color-blind grandfather,through his daughter,to her son.
D) it can be carried by a female who has normal color vision herself.
E) it only rarely occurs in females.

Question 55

Which of the following chromosomes does NOT have a homologous partner in human males?

A) Chromosome 1
B) Chromosome 11
C) Chromosome 17
D) Chromosome 19
E) Y chromosome

Question 56

A pedigree chart reveals the presence of a disease trait in both a boy and his mother's father.This pattern would suggest

A) autosomal recessive inheritance.
B) autosomal dominant inheritance.
C) X-linked inheritance.
D) Y-linked inheritance.
E) no inheritance pattern.

Question 57

Investigators at a crime scene have isolated DNA from a Y chromosome and have analyzed it for its STRs.They have a prime suspect,but he is not cooperating.However,several of his relatives are willing to help by donating DNA samples.Which relative will have the most similar Y chromosome?

A) his half-brother
B) his mother's brother
C) his father's father
D) his mother's father
E) his mother's grandfather

Question 58

Why do investigators use the Y chromosome for genetic analysis?

A) The Y chromosome is technically easier to extract from cells than the X chromosome.
B) The Y chromosome rarely undergoes genetic recombination because there is no homologous partner.
C) The X chromosome passes through generations largely unchanged and is therefore useless for tracking mutations.
D) The Y chromosome mutates easily allowing ancestry to be traced over many generations.
E) When the X chromosome recombines with the Y chromosome the Y chromosome more accurately reflects inheritance from both parents.

Question 59

All of the following are TRUE of the Y chromosome,EXCEPT

A) it can be used to trace male lineage.
B) it undergoes recombination with the X chromosome.
C) it is tiny and carries only a few genes.
D) it contains genes that influence the development of male characteristics.
E) it is passed only from father to son.

Question 60

Which two people would have the most different Y chromosomes?

A) a father and his biological son
B) a boy and his biological father's father
C) a boy and his father's paternal grandfather
D) a father and his daughter's biological son
E) two fraternal twin brothers

Question 61

A person who has a heterozygous genotype for a trait

A) will express both phenotypes of the gene if the trait exhibits codominance.
B) will only express the dominant phenotype,in all circumstances.
C) will express an intermediate phenotype if the trait exhibits incomplete dominance.
D) A and C
E) All of the above.

Question 62

Tracing a paternal line of inheritance usually involves

A) sequencing the entire Y chromosome.
B) sequencing five or more coding regions on one autosome.
C) sequencing five or more coding regions on different autosomes.
D) STR analysis of the Y chromosome.
E) STR analysis of regions on at least ten different autosomes.

Question 63

An example of a codominant trait is

A) Rh factor.
B) wavy hair.
C) type AB blood.
D) height.
E) color blindness.

Question 64

The universal donor blood group MOST in demand during catastrophic times is

A) type A,Rh negative.
B) type O,Rh positive.
C) type AB blood,Rh negative.
D) type O,Rh negative.
E) type AB,Rh positive.

Question 65

Hair texture is an example of incomplete dominance.A person who is homozygous dominant HH has curly hair,and they mate with a person who has straight hair (homozygous recessive hh).What percentage of their offspring will have wavy hair? (Draw a Punnett square to help you figure this out. )

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 66

Familial hypercholesterolemia is an example of

A) multifactorial inheritance.
B) codominance.
C) incomplete dominance.
D) a single gene affecting many traits.
E) many genes affecting one trait.

Question 67

A man with severe familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)has three children with a woman who does not have the condition at all.Which of the following is a correct proportion of their potential offspring?

A) 100% will not have FH
B) 25% will have mild FH
C) 100% will have severe FH
D) 50% will have severe FH
E) 100% will have mild FH

Question 68

You have a gene with alleles X,Y,and Z,and you know that these are codominant alleles.You cross an individual that is homozygous X with an individual that is homozygous Z.What phenotypes will the offspring of this cross express?

A) phenotypes of X and Z,equally
B) a phenotype between Z and X
C) phenotype Y
D) phenotype X
E) phenotype Z

Question 69

Codominance is when

A) one allele masks the effect of the other in the phenotype.
B) both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.
C) an intermediate phenotype is expressed in the heterozygote.
D) more than one gene contributes to the phenotype.
E) the environment contributes to the phenotype.

Question 70

Hair texture is an example of incomplete dominance.A person who is homozygous dominant HH has curly hair,and they mate with a person who has straight hair (homozygous recessive hh).What percentage of their offspring will have curly hair? (Draw a Punnett square to help you figure this out. )

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 71

If red flower color (R)is incompletely dominant to white flower color (r),then what is the genotype of pink flowers?

A) RR
B) rr
C) Rr
D) The genotype depends on the genotype of a modifier gene.
E) The genotype cannot be determined.

Question 72

Hair texture is an example of incomplete dominance.A person who is homozygous dominant for the H gene has curly hair.What genotype would someone with wavy hair have?

A) HH
B) hh
C) HHhh
D) Hh
E) HHHH

Question 73

Hair texture is an example of incomplete dominance.A person who is homozygous dominant HH has curly hair,and they mate with a person who has straight hair (homozygous recessive hh).What percentage of their offspring will have straight hair? (Draw a Punnett square to help you figure this out. )

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 74

ABO blood type inheritance is an example of

A) incomplete dominance.
B) polygenic inheritance.
C) X-linked recessive alleles.
D) codominance.
E) Y-linked recessive alleles.

Question 75

You cross a red flower with a white flower,and all the seeds result in pink flowers.This is an example of

A) codominance.
B) incomplete dominance.
C) multiple allele inheritance.
D) multifactorial inheritance.
E) polygenic inheritance.

Question 76

An example of incomplete dominance is

A) hair color.
B) wavy hair.
C) blue eyes.
D) height.
E) color blindness.

Question 77

A black dog is bred with a brown dog,and all the puppies have patches of black and brown.The coat color alleles for black and brown are an example of

A) codominance.
B) incomplete dominance.
C) multiple-allele inheritance.
D) multifactorial inheritance.
E) polygenic inheritance.

Question 78

You wish to determine if a male child is the descendant of your grandfather.However,your grandfather is only known to have had daughters.The best strategy is to

A) compare the child's X chromosome with the X chromosome of your grandfather's sister.
B) compare the child's Y chromosome with the X chromosome of your grandfather's sister.
C) compare the child's X chromosome with the X chromosome of your grandfather's brother.
D) compare the child's Y chromosome with the Y chromosome of your grandfather's brother.
E) Because your grandfather only had daughters,there is no way to test such a relationship.

Question 79

How much wavy protein is expressed in people with curly hair,compared with people with wavy hair?

A) twice as much
B) a single amount
C) half the amount
D) four times as much
E) none

Question 80

Blood type (blood group plus the Rh factor)is an example of two types of inheritance patterns.These patterns are

A) codominance and incomplete dominance.
B) codominance and classic dominant/recessive inheritance.
C) incomplete dominance and classic dominant/recessive inheritance.
D) polygenic inheritance and incomplete dominance.
E) polygenic inheritance and classic dominant/recessive inheritance.