Deck 19: Human Evolution

Question 1

Which of these is NOT something found in the fossil record that has been used by scientists to understand human evolutionary patterns?

A) All of these are found in the fossil record and have been used by scientists to understand human evolution.
B) Clay shards indicate that Homo erectus was likely the first species to use and control fire.
C) Ardipithecus ramidus fossils showed evidence that this species could walk upright,but had a small brain.
D) the lack of an opposable big toe that indicates that Australopithecus probably lived on the ground instead of in trees
E) artifacts at archeological sites that indicate that hominids began using simple tools approximately 2.6 million years ago

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Why is there so much variation in human skin coloration?

A) This occurred because humans underwent natural selection,which resulted in traits that conferred advantages to humans becoming fixed in populations.
B) This occurred because skin coloration results in different advantages depending on the levels of sun in the region.
C) This occurred because alleles that are harmful in one environmental context may be beneficial in another.
D) This occurred because humans are found in areas that range from high-UV-light environments to low-UV-light environments.
E) all of these

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Scientists rely on evidence from the fossil record to determine how and when events in human evolution occurred.Which of these major milestones in human evolution is NOT correctly dated?

A) The last common ancestor of modern humans and great apes lived 13 million years ago.
B) One of the earliest hominids,Ardipithecus ramidus,lived 54 million years ago.
C) Simple tool use began approximately 2.6 million years ago.
D) The ability to use and control fire appeared approximately 800,000 years ago.
E) Hominid brain size began to expand rapidly at some point between 800,000 and 200,000 years ago.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Scientists have studied patterns of mitochondrial DNA to determine where humans first evolved and how they spread.Humans inherit their mitochondrial genes only from their mothers.Why aren't a father's mitochondrial genes passed to his offspring?

A) Only a few sperm mitochondria mix with thousands of egg mitochondria,and so few of them exist that genetic methods cannot detect them.
B) Sperm do not contribute their mitochondria to the zygote.
C) Mitochondrial DNA is frequently lost during meiosis;therefore,sperm get little or none.
D) Right after fertilization,the mother and father's mitochondrial DNA is recombined during meiosis,and the father's genes cannot be separated from the mother's.
E) none of these

Question 5

Our closest primate relatives,chimpanzees,have light-colored skin yet live in tropical (high-UV)environments.How would the Jablonski-Chaplin hypothesis explain this observation?

A) Chimpanzees don't need folate for successful reproduction.
B) Chimpanzees are not susceptible to skin cancer.
C) The hair of chimpanzees protects their light skin from UV light.
D) Chimpanzees require much higher levels of vitamin D than humans do.
E) In chimpanzees a light-colored pigment offers UV protection.

Question 6

Which of the following would help darker-skinned people who live in low-UV environments remain healthy?

A) folate supplementation
B) sunscreen
C) increased production of melanin
D) vitamin D supplementation
E) calcium supplementation

Question 7

Which of these groups contains a species that is NOT a hominid?

A) gorilla,Homo sapiens,bonobo,Ardipithecus ramidus
B) Homo sapiens,gorilla,Homo erectus,bonobo
C) chimpanzee,human,orangutan,Ardipithecus ramidus
D) human,chimpanzee,Homo melanin,Homo erectus

Question 8

Scientists used mitochondrial DNA to investigate patterns of human evolution.Which description is a result of this research?

A) Humans first evolved in western Africa 200,000 to 150,000 years ago.
B) All humans alive today are related to a single female ancestor.
C) All humans are related to "Eve," who was the only female human living approximately 200,000 to 150,000 years ago.
D) "Eve" was the only female who was reproducing approximately 200,000 to 150,000 years ago,so she was the only one to leave human descendants.
E) "Eve" lived in eastern Africa approximately 200,000 to 150,000 years ago,and she migrated from there into central Europe and founded a new ancestral population.

Question 9

In the course of human evolution,which of the following environmental factors likely influenced whether a population had mostly light-skinned individuals or mostly dark-skinned individuals?

A) average annual temperature
B) average annual rainfall
C) levels of UV light
D) the vitamin D content of the typical diet
E) mitochondrial DNA inheritance

Question 10

Which statement is NOT a way scientists used mitochondrial DNA to determine where humans first evolved and how they spread?

A) Scientists sampled mtDNA from individuals currently living in many different geographic regions around the world.
B) Scientists constructed an evolutionary tree based on paternal mtDNA to trace human ancestry back to a single female.
C) Scientists used the relatively regular rate of mtDNA mutations to determine how long it had been since groups diverged from one another.
D) None of these describe how scientists used mitochondrial DNA to study human evolution.
E) All of these are methods that scientists use to study human evolution.

Question 11

The fossil remains of Ardipithecus ramidus showed that _____.

A) this group of humans evolved after the appearance of Homo habilis
B) the ability to walk upright preceded the evolution of a larger brain
C) a larger brain evolved before the ability to walk upright
D) the ability to control fire evolved before the ability to walk upright
E) all humans alive today descended from a common ancestor
Match the following:

Question 12

What are characteristics of mitochondrial DNA that made it a suitable choice for studying human evolutionary patterns?

A) Mitochondrial DNA mutates at a fairly regular rate.
B) Mutations from mothers are passed to offspring without recombination with paternal mtDNA.
C) Individuals with nearly identical mtDNA sequences are more closely related.
D) All of these are correct.
E) none of these

Question 13

Research into the evolution of skin color has resulted in a complete hypothesis that explains why skin color varies geographically.Which description is NOT a result of this research?

A) Both dark and light skin are linked to levels of global sunlight.
B) Melanin absorbs damaging UV light,which could serve as protection against folate destruction to those humans living in high-UV-light environments.
C) Light skin is an adaptation that helps humans produce vitamin D in sun-poor parts of the world.
D) The weaker the UV light,the darker the skin,because people with light skin are more vulnerable to folate destruction than darker-skinned people.
E) Dark skin is an adaptation in high-UV-light areas that helps protect folate stores.

Question 14

Researchers have studied human genetic relatedness and the distribution of certain traits to infer patterns of human migration.Their studies show that humans who migrated northward from Africa had descendants with _____.

A) a decreased ability to digest dairy products
B) more hair,to keep them warm in colder climates
C) darker skin,which absorbs more heat than lighter skin
D) a greater risk of folate deficiency
E) greater amounts of melanin

Question 15

What percentage of DNA sequences do all humans share?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) >99%

Question 16

Jablonski and Chaplin hypothesized that darker skin is advantageous in __________ UV environments because darker skin ___________.

A) high-;reduces vitamin D production
B) high-;protects folate from degradation
C) high-;increases the rate of folate synthesis
D) low-;allows more vitamin D to be produced
E) low-;allows more folate to be produced

Question 17

Hominids were covered in thick hair and had light skin.

A) 1,2,3
B) 2,3,1
C) 3,1,2
D) 3,2,1
E) none of these

Question 18

Scientists have found that _____.

A) the oldest known fossils of modern humans were discovered in Morocco,in northwest Africa
B) from mtDNA evidence,modern humans evolved from 16 "branches," all living in Africa
C) the longer mtDNA remains in a closed population,the less frequently that DNA mutates
D) humans from Asia,Australia,Europe,and New Guinea all migrated to Africa,contributing their mitochondrial DNA
E) genetic diversity decreased as early humans migrated away from Africa and founded new populations

Question 19

According to the out-of-Africa hypothesis of human origins and migration,which group of people should show the highest level of genetic diversity?

A) Africans
B) Europeans
C) Asians
D) South Americans
E) Australians

Question 20

Of the following traits that are associated with being human,which evolved most recently?

A) upright walking
B) the ability to control fire
C) social communication
D) tool use
E) a big brain

Question 21

All of the following are TRUE of folate,EXCEPT

A) it increases with increased exposure to the sun.
B) it can be found in beans,citrus fruit,and dark green,leafy vegetables.
C) it helps sperm develop normally.
D) decreased folate levels in the mother are linked to spina bifida in the baby.
E) it is needed for DNA replication and cell division.

Question 22

Where in the skin are melanocytes located?

A) in the dermis
B) around sweat glands
C) at the base of hair follicles
D) in the epidermis
E) in both the dermis and the epidermis

Question 23

Humans have been a species for

A) 100,000 years.
B) 200,000 years.
C) 500,000 years.
D) 750,000 years.
E) 1 million years.

Question 24

Skin color is determined by the amount of _______ a person has in their skin.

A) fat
B) folate
C) lignin
D) melanin
E) vitamin D

Question 25

Melanocytes are located in the

A) dermis.
B) epidermis.
C) fat.
D) follicle.
E) subcutaneous layer.

Question 26

All of the following statements are true,EXCEPT

A) race is a social,rather than biological,category.
B) all humans,regardless of race,are members of just one species.
C) children whose parents are different races tend to have more health problems than children whose parents are of the same race.
D) groups of people sharing similar physical characteristics likely have more ancestors in common.
E) some people may identify themselves as members of a race based on cultural traditions rather than on physical traits.

Question 27

A person's skin color depends on

A) the amount of melanin in the skin;more melanin means darker color.
B) the type of melanin in the skin;one form makes people fair and one form makes people dark.
C) the location of melanocytes in the skin;the deeper the melanocytes,the fairer the skin.
D) where a person lives;people at high elevation have darker skin.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 28

In a person of very dark skin tone,it is expected that their melanocytes produce

A) small quantities of melanin pigment.
B) very large quantities of melanin pigment.
C) limited quantities of melanin pigment.
D) some quantities of melanin pigment.
E) average quantities of melanin pigment.

Question 29

All of the following are good sources of folate,EXCEPT

A) dark-green,leafy vegetables.
B) whole grains.
C) citrus fruit.
D) shellfish.
E) hamburgers.

Question 30

Variations in skin tone correlate with

A) exposure to sunlight.
B) folate stores in the body.
C) vitamin D production.
D) melanin expression.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

Ultraviolet light destroys which vitamin essential for cell division?

A) B2
B) B12
C) B6
D) D
E) folate

Question 32

Variations in skin tone correlate with a balance between these two vitamins.

A) B2 and B6
B) B12 and B6
C) D and folate
D) D and B6
E) Folic acid and folate

Question 33

Race,if defined by a person's skin tone,provides information about

A) their ancestry.
B) their financial position.
C) their social status.
D) their religion.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 34

Evolution and natural selection can be witnessed in the human population by examining

A) skin-tone variation and sunlight exposure.
B) the sickle-cell trait and malaria.
C) lactase persistence and cattle farming.
D) the CF allele and cholera resistance.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Melanocytes are located

A) in the subcutaneous layer.
B) in the basal layer of the dermis.
C) in the basal layer of the epidermis.
D) in the uppermost layer of the dermis.
E) in the uppermost layer of the epidermis.

Question 36

This molecule protects folate from destruction by damaging ultraviolet light.

A) retinol
B) melanin
C) calcium
D) bilirubin
E) chlorophyll

Question 37

Ultraviolet light is essential for the formation of this vitamin.

A) K
B) A
C) B6
D) D
E) B9

Question 38

What may be a problem with racial self-identification for the future of medicine and pharmacogenomics (drugs tailored to suit one's genome)?

A) It may be linked to cultural associations.
B) It may be defined by the possession of extreme physical traits.
C) It may have traditional or historical bias.
D) It may have a religious bias.
E) Incorrect identification of ancestral background (all of the answers are correct).

Question 39

Variations of human skin tone is driven by

A) DNA variation in the population.
B) natural selection.
C) inheritance and survival.
D) adaptations over time.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

In the absence of melanin production,a person would

A) have dark skin tone.
B) have medium skin tone.
C) have light skin tone.
D) have albinism.
E) have very dark skin tone.

Question 41

Put the following countries in order from lightest to darkest skin pigmentation:

A) England $\rightarrow$ Kenya $\rightarrow$ Saudi Arabia $\rightarrow$ Italy
B) England $\rightarrow$ Saudi Arabia $\rightarrow$ Kenya $\rightarrow$ Italy
C) England $\rightarrow$ Italy $\rightarrow$ Saudi Arabia $\rightarrow$ Kenya
D) Italy $\rightarrow$ England $\rightarrow$ Saudi Arabia $\rightarrow$ Kenya
E) Kenya $\rightarrow$ Saudi Arabia $\rightarrow$ Italy $\rightarrow$ England

Question 42

Which continent receives the most UVB exposure per land mass?

A) Asia
B) Africa
C) North America
D) South America
E) Australia

Question 43

Both vitamin D and folate levels are affected by UV radiation from sunlight.Which of the following correctly explains the effects of sunlight on these vitamins?

A) Both vitamin D and folate are degraded by UV radiation from sunlight.
B) Sunlight is necessary for both vitamin D and folate formation.
C) Sunlight degrades vitamin D but helps build folate.
D) Sunlight degrades folate but helps build vitamin D.
E) Moderate sunlight is necessary to build both vitamin D and folate,but excess sunlight degrades both.

Question 44

Mitochondrial Eve can be traced back to

A) Asia,150-200,000 years ago.
B) southern Africa,150-200,000 years ago.
C) western Africa,150-200,000 years ago.
D) eastern Africa,150-200,000 years ago.
E) northern Australia,150-200,000 years ago.

Question 45

It would be expected that a population geographically located where UVB exposure is maximal to have a skin tone that is

A) very light.
B) light.
C) medium.
D) dark.
E) very dark.

Question 46

It would be expected that a population geographically located where UVB exposure is minimal to have a skin tone that is

A) very light.
B) light.
C) medium.
D) dark.
E) very dark.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about human evolutionary history is TRUE?

A) All modern humans can trace their ancestry to one female.
B) All modern humans can trace their ancestry to one male.
C) All modern humans can trace their ancestry to one female and one male
D) All modern humans can trace their ancestry to a small group of females.
E) All modern humans can trace their ancestry to a small group of males.

Question 48

Mitochondrial Eve is

A) the only human woman whose children survived and reproduced to ultimately give rise to all humans alive on the planet today.
B) the most recent ancestor from whom all humans today inherited their nuclear DNA.
C) the most recent common ancestor from whom all humans today inherited their mitochondrial DNA.
D) the earliest human female to arise on the planet.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 49

Which of the following children is MOST LIKELY to develop rickets?

A) a child with dark skin who drinks milk fortified with vitamin D
B) a child with dark skin who does not drink milk fortified with vitamin D
C) a child with light skin who drinks milk fortified with vitamin D
D) a child with light skin who spends a lot of time outside
E) a child with dark skin who spends a lot of time outside

Question 50

Both vitamin D and folate can be obtained from the food we eat.Which of the following correctly identifies the foods from which each can be obtained?

A) Vitamin D is found in fortified dairy products;folate is found in beans;dark green,leafy vegetables;and several other foods.
B) Vitamin D is found in whole grains and "orange" vegetables (carrots,squash);folate is found in beans,red meat,and fish.
C) Vitamin D is found in fortified grains (such as breads);folate is found in poultry,pork,and liver.
D) Vitamin D is found in dark green vegetables and whole grains;folate is found in fortified dairy products and cereals.
E) Both vitamin D and folate are found in dark green vegetables,fish,and whole grains.

Question 51

Which of the following BEST summarizes the correlation between skin pigmentation and geography?

A) Skin is lightest toward the equator,where UV radiation is strongest.
B) Skin is lightest toward the poles,where UV radiation is strongest.
C) Skin is darkest toward the equator,where UV radiation is strongest.
D) Skin is darkest toward the poles,where UV radiation is strongest.
E) Skin is darkest toward the equator,where UV radiation is weakest.

Question 52

Which is TRUE of mitochondrial DNA?

A) Mitochondrial DNA is found in the sperm's tail.
B) Mitochondrial DNA from the sperm is not found in the fertilized egg.
C) Mitochondrial DNA can be traced for many generations.
D) A son cannot pass his mother's mitochondrial DNA to his progeny.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 53

Folate (vitamin B9)is important for reproductive health.Why?

A) Folate prevents spinal cord defects in the baby and maintains bone density in pregnant women.
B) Folate prevents abnormal bone formation in babies and maintains bone density in pregnant women.
C) Folate prevents abnormal bone formation in babies and maintains high sperm count in men.
D) Folate prevents spina bifida in babies and maintains high sperm count in men.
E) Folate prevents premature birth and maintains high sperm count in men.

Question 54

How do we know mitochondrial Eve is every human's ancestor?

A) because only males pass on mitochondrial genes
B) global comparison of nuclear DNA
C) global comparison of human mitochondrial and nuclear sequences
D) comparison of African mitochondrial DNA from the past
E) from fossil remains found in East Africa around 50,000 years ago

Question 55

Which of the following statements about mitochondrial Eve is TRUE?

A) Mitochondrial Eve lived in western Asia.
B) Mitochondrial Eve lived about 200,000 years ago.
C) Mitochondrial Eve is the ancestor of modern women but not men.
D) Mitochondrial Eve represents a small group of unrelated women.
E) Mitochondrial Eve was traced through analysis of nuclear DNA.

Question 56

What fact was used to determine that mitochondrial Eve is every human's ancestor?

A) Only males pass on mitochondrial genes in the sperm.
B) The sperm and egg's chromosomes undergo meiosis and independent assortment.
C) Only females pass on mitochondrial genes in the egg cell.
D) The sperm contains mitochondria in its flagella,which is passed on to the zygote.
E) Egg cells have no mitochondria to be passed on to the developing zygote.

Question 57

All of the following are TRUE of vitamin D,EXCEPT

A) vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium.
B) vitamin D is important for healthy bone growth.
C) sunlight is important for vitamin D production.
D) pregnant women should reduce vitamin D in their diet to avoid birth defects.
E) the need of the body for vitamin D is one factor in the evolution of skin color.

Question 58

Who is mitochondrial Eve?

A) an African maternal ancestor of all humanity today
B) a female descendent from Africa
C) the only female that lived in Africa many years ago
D) a female that is our ancestor from Asia
E) the first female to migrate out of Africa

Question 59

The correlation between vitamin D,folate,sunlight exposure,and the resulting variations of skin tones is an example of

A) a genetic strategy to increase fitness.
B) natural selection.
C) human evolution.
D) descent with modification.
E) All the answers are correct.

Question 60

Mitochondrial DNA can be used to trace matrilineal evolutionary history because

A) the Y chromosome has more mutations.
B) there are fewer mutations than nuclear DNA.
C) there is no recombination between male and female mitochondrial DNA.
D) mitochondrial DNA is passed from both parents.
E) it is impossible to analyze nuclear DNA because of meiosis.

Question 61

The first tool users were members of genus

A) Ardipithecus
B) Australopithecus
C) Homo
D) Paranthropus
E) Pan

Question 62

A woman has a child but does not know the identity of the father.The mitochondrial DNA sequences are shown below.
Child: CGAATCTG
Man 1: CGAATCTG
Man 2: CGTATCTG
Man 3: CGTATCTA
Based on these data,what do you conclude?

A) Man 1 is the father.
B) Man 2 is the father.
C) Man 3 is the father.
D) None of these men could be the father.
E) The father cannot be determined.

Question 63

Anatomically modern humans

A) left Africa 150-200,000 years ago and arrived in both western Europe and Australia around 40,000 years ago-before they arrived in North or South America.
B) left Africa 200-500,000 years ago and arrived in both western Europe and Australia around 40,000 years ago-before they arrived in North or South America.
C) left Africa 150-200,000 years ago and arrived in western Europe first,followed by eastern Europe,Asia,and Australia.
D) left Africa 200-500,000 years ago and arrived in western Europe first,followed by Eastern Europe,Asia,and Australia.
E) left Africa around 3.5 million years ago and arrived simultaneously in western Europe,Australia,and Asia,around 1 million years ago.

Question 64

The family tree that includes humans and chimpanzees is BEST described how?

A) As a simple tree with two branches-one leading to chimps and one leading from early to modern humans.Only one species of early human was present on Earth at a time.
B) As a complex tree with two major branches-one leading to chimps and one leading to modern humans.The "human" tree itself has many branches,and multiple early human species were present at various times during human evolution.
C) As a complex tree with three major branches-one leading to chimps,one leading to Neanderthal Man,and one leading to modern humans.Only one species of early human was present on Earth at a time.
D) As a complex tree with two major braches-one leading to chimps and one leading to modern humans.The "human" tree has many branches,but only one species of early human was present on Earth at a time.
E) As a complex tree with many major branches-one to chimps and one to each of many early human species.A dozen or more early human species were present on Earth before anatomically modern humans arose.

Question 65

Which of the following BEST describes mitochondrial inheritance in humans?

A) Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother.Once the mitochondrion from the sperm enters the egg,it is inactivated.Only maternal mitochondria divide as the fertilized egg divides.
B) Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother.Sperm don't have mitochondria,only eggs do.
C) Mitochondria are inherited only from the mother.Sperm mitochondria aren't contained in the head of the sperm,which is the only part that penetrates the egg.
D) Mitochondria are inherited only from the father.Eggs don't have mitochondria,but sperm do.
E) Mitochondria are inherited from both parents.Both eggs and sperm contain mitochondria,so every cell in a human body includes both paternal and maternal mitochondria.

Question 66

Members of family Hominidae include

A) all monkeys.
B) all monkeys and all baboons.
C) all monkeys and the great apes.
D) all monkeys,all baboons,and the great apes.
E) just the great apes.

Question 67

A man and a woman have two sons and three daughters.Each son has three daughters.Each daughter has one son.In how many of her grandchildren are the mother's mitochondria found?

A) 0
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12
E) This can't be answered with the information provided.

Question 68

Modern humans and present-day apes shared a common ancestor

A) 6 million years ago.
B) 13 million years ago.
C) 50-100,000 years ago.
D) 1 million years ago.
E) 60 million years ago.

Question 69

Which of the following correctly lists important steps in human evolution in the correct order,from earliest to most recent?

A) big brain,upright walking,tool use,control of fire
B) big brain,upright walking,control of fire,tool use
C) upright walking,big brain,tool use,control of fire
D) upright walking,tool use,control of fire,big brain
E) upright walking,big brain,control of fire,tool use

Question 70

Less genetic variation is found outside Africa because of

A) decreased mutation rate.
B) increased mutation rate.
C) loss of alleles.
D) founder effect.
E) genetic drift.

Question 71

Chimpanzee and human divergence occurred

A) 6 million years ago.
B) 13 million years ago.
C) 50-100,000 years ago.
D) 1 million years ago.
E) 60 million years ago.

Question 72

The ancestral population of humans lived in

A) Africa.
B) Asia.
C) Pangaea.
D) northern Europe.
E) Australia.

Question 73

Place the following evolutionary milestones in order from first to most recent.

A) ability to walk upright $\rightarrow$ tool use $\rightarrow$ use of fire $\rightarrow$ big brain
B) ability to walk upright $\rightarrow$ use of fire $\rightarrow$ tool use $\rightarrow$ big brain
C) ability to walk upright $\rightarrow$ big brain $\rightarrow$ tool use $\rightarrow$ use of fire
D) big brain $\rightarrow$ ability to walk upright $\rightarrow$ tool use $\rightarrow$ use of fire
E) big brain $\rightarrow$ tool use $\rightarrow$ ability to walk upright $\rightarrow$ use of fire

Question 74

Scientists use genetics to trace the evolution and migration of humans.How do scientists know which populations are older than others?

A) Members of older populations have identical mitochondrial genomes.
B) Members of older populations have more genes in their mitochondrial genomes.
C) Members of older populations have more genetic variability.
D) Members of older populations have fewer nuclear genes.
E) Members of older populations have more nuclear genes.

Question 75

Which of the following describes the migration of humans in order from oldest populations to youngest populations?

A) Western Europe $\rightarrow$ Africa $\rightarrow$ Eastern Europe $\rightarrow$ North America $\rightarrow$ South America
B) Northeast Europe $\rightarrow$ Western Europe $\rightarrow$ Africa $\rightarrow$ South America $\rightarrow$ North America
C) Africa $\rightarrow$ Western Europe $\rightarrow$ South America $\rightarrow$ North America $\rightarrow$ Northeast Europe
D) Africa $\rightarrow$ Northeast Europe $\rightarrow$ Western Europe $\rightarrow$ North America $\rightarrow$ South America
E) Africa $\rightarrow$ Western Europe $\rightarrow$ Northeast Europe $\rightarrow$ North America $\rightarrow$ South America

Question 76

Put in order the timeline of migration of humans from earliest to most recent,across the globe.

A) Africa,Oceania,Asia,Europe,and America
B) Africa,Asia,Oceania,Europe,and America
C) Asia,Africa,Oceania,Europe,and America
D) Africa,Asia,Oceania,America,and Europe
E) Oceania,Africa,Asia,Europe,and America

Question 77

The oldest known fossils of modern humans found in eastern Africa date to

A) 75-100,00 years ago.
B) 50-75,000 years ago.
C) 160-195,000 years ago.
D) 25-50,000 years ago.
E) 200-300,000 years ago.

Question 78

Which offspring would not inherit their mother's (maternal)mitochondria?

A) daughter
B) son
C) daughters' daughter
D) son's daughter
E) daughter's son

Question 79

Hominids include

A) living humans,orangutans,chimpanzees,and gorillas.
B) living and extinct great apes,orangutans,chimpanzees,and gorillas.
C) extinct great apes,humans,orangutans,chimpanzees,and gorillas.
D) living great apes,humans,orangutans,chimpanzees,and gorillas.
E) living and extinct great apes,humans,orangutans,chimpanzees,and gorillas.

Question 80

The most recent common ancestor of modern day humans is the

A) orangutan.
B) monkey.
C) gorilla.
D) great ape.
E) chimpanzee.