Deck 17: Prokaryotic Diversity

Question 1

Why is the Archaea domain closer to Eukarya than Bacteria?

A) They both lack a nucleus and contain cytoplasm.
B) The unique functional adaptations of Archaea are more similar to Eukarya adaptations.They both evolved in the same geological time period.
C) Genetically,the Archaea are more similar to Eukarya than Bacteria.
D) They both have membrane-bound organelles.
E) Archaea is not closer to Eukarya because it contains prokaryotic cells just like Bacteria.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Where is prokaryotic life found around hydrothermal vents?

A) It is found only at the base of the vents away from the high water temperature at the top of the vent.
B) Prokaryotes are only found at the top of the vents where the water temperatures are high.
C) Prokaryotes coat the inside and outside of the entire vent structure.
D) Prokaryotes are found only where the pH is lower than 3.
E) Prokaryotes are not found near hydrothermal vents.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which place supports prokaryotic life?

A) radioactive dirt
B) salt lakes
C) cow intestines
D) glaciers
E) all of these

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Scientists are continually discovering new species of prokaryotes.Why is DNA testing important in identifying new prokaryotic species?

A) Unique DNA sequences help to determine if the prokaryote is a new species.
B) All prokaryotes look like eukaryotes.
C) Testing their DNA makes prokaryotes glow,so it is easier to study their behavior.
D) They mutate too quickly to study their features.
E) Prokaryotes are only found at hydrothermal vents.

Question 5

The bacterium L.bulgaricus uses an anaerobic process called _____ to produce yogurt.

A) symbiosis
B) nitrogen fixation
C) fermentation
D) photosynthesis
E) autotrophy

Question 6

Prokaryotes lack which of these organelles?

A) nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi bodies
E) all of these

Question 7

Which statement regarding extremophiles is false?

A) All extremophiles are in the Archaea domain.
B) All Archaea are considered extremophiles.
C) Extremophiles can survive without oxygen.
D) Extremophiles are a type of prokaryote.
E) Extremophiles may have been some of the earliest living organisms on Earth.

Question 8

Which environmental condition is found around hydrothermal vents that support life?

A) low oxygen
B) high pressure
C) extreme pH
D) high temperature
E) all of these

Question 9

Which is a primary difference between all prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells?

A) Prokaryotes have DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.
B) Prokaryotes are similar in size to eukaryotic cells.
C) Prokaryotes have ribosomes,just like eukaryotic cells.
D) Some prokaryotes contain mitochondria.
E) none of these

Question 10

Which of the following are shapes of prokaryotic cells?

A) cocci and pili
B) flagella
C) spirochetes,bacilli,and cocci
D) bacilli and capsules
E) none of these

Question 11

Archaea is a diverse group of organisms that have the ability to live in extreme environments that often lack oxygen.Which of these is(are)potentially metabolized by Archaea around hydrothermal vents?

A) carbon dioxide
B) methane
C) hydrogen
D) methane and hydrogen
E) carbon dioxide,methane,and hydrogen

Question 12

Which of these is a mobility adaptation that bacteria have developed?

A) flagella
B) a capsule
C) pili
D) fermentation
E) none of these

Question 13

Prokaryotes are associated with important ecological functions such as _____.

A) nitrogen fixation
B) oil spill cleanup
C) degradation of landfill contents
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 14

Which of these describes bacteria that are considered harmful to humans due to the toxins they can create?

A) heterotrophs
B) halophiles
C) autotrophs
D) pathogens
E) none of these

Question 15

Which of the following statements regarding bacteria is false?

A) Bacteria are essential to life on Earth.
B) Certain bacteria obtain their energy from inorganic gases.
C) Bacteria often have a symbiotic relationship with other organisms.
D) Some bacteria cause disease and are classified as pathogens.
E) none of these

Question 16

Which of these is a physical adaptation that bacteria have developed in order to avoid host immune responses and attach to surfaces?

A) flagella
B) a capsule
C) pili
D) fermentation
E) none of these

Question 17

Humans belong to the domain Eukarya;therefore,humans are more closely related to _____ than _____.

A) Extremia;Archaea
B) Archaea;Extremia
C) Bacteria;Archaea
D) Archaea;Bacteria
E) Humans aren't more closely related to any one of these than to any one of the other.

Question 18

Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules requires _____.

A) hydrogen
B) methanogenesis
C) serpentinization
D) anaerobic Archaea
E) all of these

Question 19

Cyanobacteria are _____ because they contain the ability to conduct the specialized function of photosynthesis.

A) autotrophic
B) chemotrophic
C) heterotrophic
D) exotrophic
E) intratrophic

Question 20

You have just identified an Archaea species that lives on the scales of a deep-water fish.You find that when you have a pure culture of the new species,it will not survive.Which statement could explain the inability to replicate the natural environment of the bacteria?

A) The culture on the scales is being kept at high pressure.
B) The new species lives in symbiosis with other organisms not present.
C) The culture is not being kept at high temperatures.
D) The new species requires an aerobic environment.
E) all of these

Question 21

If you were a prokaryotic organism and wanted to be successful at Lost City,what energy source must you be able to use?

A) sunlight
B) oxygen
C) hydrogen gas
D) electricity
E) None of these energy sources is available at Lost City.

Question 22

The absence of membrane-bound organelles in a cell tells you that the cell must be [Select all correct answers.]

A) from a member of the domain Bacteria.
B) from a member of the domain Archaea.
C) from a member of the domain Eukarya.
D) from either a member of the domain Bacteria or the domain Archaea.
E) from either a member of the domain Archaea or the domain Eukarya.

Question 23

When examining archaea,which of the following is not a trait that you could expect to find?

A) ability to grow at high temperatures
B) a nucleus
C) ability to grow at extremely acidic pH
D) a cell wall
E) ability to survive in a high-salt environment

Question 24

The term prokaryotic refers to

A) a type of cell structure.
B) a domain of life.
C) a group with a shared evolutionary history.
D) a type of bacterium.
E) a type of archaea.

Question 25

The chimneys of Lost City are composed of

A) hydrocarbons.
B) carbonate.
C) iron.
D) iron and sulphur.
E) lava.

Question 26

The hydrothermal vents of Lost City are unique because

A) they have the highest temperature ever found.
B) they have a different chemistry and inhabitants.
C) they are the deepest found.
D) they have the most acidic environment.
E) they are the most remote.

Question 27

Most of the organisms found at Lost City are

A) 1-cm-long animals.
B) fish.
C) eukaryotes.
D) prokaryotes.
E) archaea.

Question 28

The pH of vent fluids of the chimneys of Lost City range from

A) 0 to 4.
B) 4 to 8.
C) 7 to 9.
D) 9 to 11.
E) 11 to 14.

Question 29

Why is it hard for scientists to study hyperthermophile behavior in the laboratory?

A) Hyperthermophiles can survive only at very high temperatures that are difficult to replicate in a lab setting.
B) Hyperthermophiles are physically identical to bacteria,making it hard to identify in a lab setting.
C) Hyperthermophiles have a short life cycle,which makes it hard to study one particular organism.
D) Hyperthermophiles can survive only at very low temperatures,which are difficult to replicate in a lab setting.
E) none of these

Question 30

Some microbes found at Lost City

A) use hydrogen as an energy source.
B) use methane as a carbon source.
C) are anaerobic.
D) are heterotrophic.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

If you were looking for a bacterium,where would expect to find one?

A) on your skin
B) in soil
C) in the ocean
D) associated with plants
E) all of these locations could be a place to find a bacterium

Question 32

Which condition(s)is/are likely to be found in a habitat near or in the hydrothermal vents of Lost City?

A) extreme heat
B) extreme pressure
C) basic pH
D) anaerobic
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 33

Where would a scientist most likely find an Archaean when sampling carbonate hydrothermal vents?

A) at the outside base of a chimney
B) midway up the outside of a chimney
C) at the outside top of a chimney
D) inside the chimney beside the warm vent flow
E) inside the chimney far away from the warm vent flow

Question 34

The habitats surrounding a deep-sea hydrothermal vent support differing microbial communities because of variations in

A) temperature.
B) pH.
C) hydrogen concentration.
D) methane concentration.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Lost City is located

A) at a depth of 2,600 feet.
B) on the mid-Atlantic ridge.
C) 2,300 miles east of Florida.
D) on top of a submerged mountain.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Because extremophiles are hard to culture outside of their native environments,how do scientists classify and identify specific species?

A) Currently,there is no way to do this type of classification.
B) They identify species at the source only.
C) They use DNA sequencing to identify species via genetic differences.
D) Most species of extremophiles have been identified.
E) They are no longer trying to identify them because it is too difficult.
Match the following:

Question 37

Organisms are placed into one or another of the three domains of life on the basis of

A) cell type.
B) physical appearance.
C) evolutionary history as assessed by genetic relatedness.
D) ability to cause disease.
E) degree of sophistication,that is,how evolutionarily advanced they are.

Question 38

Which organism would most likely NOT be found at or near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent?

A) methanogen
B) methane-metabolizing archaea
C) aerobic bacteria
D) anaerobic bacteria
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 39

What chemical process releases gas from rocks around hydrothermal vents that provides chemical energy for methanogens?

A) hydrogenation
B) methanogenesis
C) serpentinization
D) abiotic fermentation
E) photosynthesis

Question 40

What do scientists do to provide a suitable environment for a methanogen taken from the Lost City?

A) They provide methane for the bacteria to consume.
B) They provide carbon dioxide and hydrogen for the bacteria to consume.
C) They provide light for photosynthesis.
D) They provide high pressure.
E) They provide a low pH.

Question 41

Which prokaryotes would one expect to be found in a salt mine?

A) E.coli
B) methanogens
C) halophiles
D) photosynthetic bacteria
E) aerobes

Question 42

Which of the following correctly compares and contrasts prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape.Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and have a single,circular DNA molecule not contained in a nucleus.
B) Prokaryotic cells are about the size of an individual mitochondrion.Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes and circular DNA not contained in a nucleus,and they lack the internal structure of eukaryotes.
C) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape,and both are typically found in multicellular organisms.Both have DNA and ribosomes.
D) Prokaryotic cells are about the size of a eukaryotic mitochondrion.Because of their small size,their internal structures-ribosomes,nuclei,mitochondria,etc.-are much smaller than those found in eukaryotic cells.
E) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are roughly the same size and shape.Prokaryotes lack internal organelles,ribosomes,and DNA.

Question 43

At which temperature would you incubate microbes collected at Lost City?

A) 100°C,boiling point
B) 2°C,seawater temperature
C) 37°C,body temperature
D) would vary,depending on collection point
E) 150°C to 170°C,vent-fluid temperature

Question 44

Which is NOT true of prokaryotes?

A) They are found on you.
B) They are found in you.
C) They are the first colonizers of Earth.
D) They are exclusive to land.
E) They can inhabit extreme environments.

Question 45

Why would a researcher be slow,careful,and meticulous while vacuuming a specific part of a deep-sea chimney?

A) to avoid cross contamination of biological species
B) to avoid breaking the chimney
C) to document a specific environmental habitat
D) because it is done remotely and requires skill
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 46

Which prokaryotes inhabit our intestines?

A) aerobic bacteria
B) halophiles
C) photosynthetic bacteria
D) anaerobic bacteria
E) thermophiles

Question 47

How are samples collected from Lost City?

A) by an underwater coring apparatus
B) by using a deep-sea drilling machine
C) by using remotely controlled machines
D) by using high-pressurized scuba gear
E) by snorkeling graduate students

Question 48

Why would a researcher process microbes collected from a deep-sea chimney in an anaerobic bag?

A) to avoid cross contamination of biological species
B) to keep aerobes separate from anaerobes
C) to prevent oxygen from harming the microbes and to control the environment
D) to document a specific environment
E) to culture aerobes

Question 49

All of the following are true of prokaryotes,EXCEPT

A) they are unicellular.
B) they have no membrane-bound organelles.
C) their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm.
D) they are microscopic.
E) they are less numerous than eukaryotes.

Question 50

How did the scientists ultimately identify the different species of prokaryotes they found at Lost City?

A) growth in lab cultures
B) comparison of DNA sequences
C) comparison of growth habitats
D) comparison of pH of the environment
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 51

Which statement about prokaryotes is FALSE?

A) Prokaryotes are diverse.
B) All prokaryotes are bacteria.
C) Prokaryotes are usually single celled.
D) Prokaryotes are found in two domains.
E) Prokaryotes cannot be seen by the naked eye.

Question 52

Which of the following does NOT refer to a prokaryotic organism?

A) smaller than a eukaryotic organism
B) does not have a nucleus
C) has one chromosome
D) reproduces by binary fission
E) has organelles

Question 53

All of the following are TRUE of eukaryotes,EXCEPT

A) they are larger than prokaryotic cells.
B) they are the types of cells found in humans.
C) they have membrane-bound organelles.
D) their DNA is found in the cytoplasm.
E) they cannot live in as many habitats as prokaryotic cells.

Question 54

Which of the following best explains why the rock chimneys of the Lost City host such a variety of unique microbial communities?

A) The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of temperatures (hottest at the top and coolest at the bottom)along the chimney;these,in turn,become separate environments and host different communities.
B) The height of the chimneys creates a gradient of pH (most acidic at the top and most basic at the bottom)along the chimney;these,in turn,become separate environments and host different communities.
C) Although temperatures,pH,and other factors are the same all over each chimney,the chimneys are so big that different communities can occupy different sections of the chimney.
D) The Lost City comprises a huge number of rock chimneys,each of which has its own unique environment;this means that each chimney hosts its own unique microbial community.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 55

A prokaryote has all of the following structures,EXCEPT

A) a cell wall.
B) ribosomes.
C) mitochondria.
D) DNA.
E) cytoplasm.

Question 56

Which prokaryotes would one expect to be found in the chimney-vent fluids of Lost City?

A) E.coli
B) methanogens
C) photosynthetic bacteria
D) aerobes
E) halophiles

Question 57

Although prokaryotes survive in many different environments,______ have been called "extremophiles" and have their own domain.

A) archaea
B) cyanobacteria
C) protists
D) facultative anaerobes
E) amoebas

Question 58

All of the following are true of hydrothermal vents,EXCEPT

A) they form when rocks from Earth's crust meet seawater.
B) the gas and fluids that seep out of the vents can be very acidic or very basic.
C) the temperatures never get higher than 60°C.
D) many microbial species can inhabit hydrothermal vents.
E) scientists are interested in organisms that live on hydrothermal vents because these organisms might give clues about how life first evolved.

Question 59

Lost City microbial samples must be processed in an anaerobic glove bag because

A) they are potentially harmful,and the anaerobic glove bag keeps scientists from being exposed to them.
B) the glove bag keeps samples of individual species from contaminating one another,which would make the microbes impossible to culture.
C) the anaerobic glove bag maintains a sterile environment that prevents any harmful microbes from growing.
D) the microbes are anaerobic and might be damaged if exposed to oxygen;the anaerobic glove bag eliminates oxygen.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 60

Which statement is NOT true of archaea?

A) They are prokaryotes.
B) They are the first colonizers of earth.
C) They are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria.
D) They do not have a nucleus.
E) They are not all extremophiles.

Question 61

Which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

A) Archaea and Eukarya
B) Monera and Eukarya
C) Bacteria and Archaea
D) Archaea and Monera.
E) Bacteria and Monera

Question 62

The term "halophile" means "salt-loving" and describes organisms that live in extremely salty environments.Knowing this,you would expect a halophile to be a member of domain

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) Bacteria or Eukarya equally.
E) Archaea or Eukarya equally.

Question 63

On the basis of their DNA,select the answer that places the following species on the evolutionary tree in order according to their relatedness to their common ancestor.Differences from the common ancestor are underlined.
Common ancestor: ATCGCTATCGA
Species A: ATGGCTTTCGA
Species B: ATGGCTTTCAA
Species C: ATGGCTATCGA

A) 1: Species A,2: Species B,3: Species C
B) 1: Species A,2: Species C,3: Species B
C) 1: Species B,2: Species A,3: Species C
D) 1: Species C,2: Species A,3: Species B
E) 1: Species C,2: Species B,3: Species A

Question 64

Which of the following statements about the three domains of life is TRUE?

A) Archaea is most closely related to Bacteria.
B) Archaea is most closely related to Eukarya.
C) Bacteria is most closely related to Eukarya.
D) Bacteria and Archaea are equally related to the Eukarya.
E) Bacteria and Archaea have no evolutionary relationship to Eukarya.

Question 65

Bacteria that eat other bacteria are called ________,whereas photosynthetic bacteria are called ________.

A) autotrophs;heterotrophs
B) autotrophs;nitrogen fixers
C) autotrophs;phototrophs
D) heterotrophs;autotrophs
E) heterotrophs;phototrophs

Question 66

Which prokaryotes were the first to oxygenate our planet?

A) cyanobacteria
B) aerobic bacteria
C) archaeans
D) halophiles
E) thermophiles

Question 67

Which is an adaptation for the survival of Helicobacter pylori in the intestinal gut?

A) cilium
B) capsule
C) flagellum
D) pili
E) ribosomes

Question 68

Prokaryotic cells are found in which of the following domains?

A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eukarya
D) Bacteria and Archaea
E) Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 69

Prokaryotes can be found in which of the following environments?

A) glaciers
B) salt lakes
C) intestines
D) miles underground
E) All the answers are correct.

Question 70

Which of the following statements correctly pairs specific bacteria or groups of bacteria with their adaptations to specific habitats or lifestyles?

A) Symbiotic bacteria use their flagella to adhere to cells and tissues in intestinal tracts.
B) Photosynthetic bacteria use fermentation;we take advantage of this process to produce yogurt.
C) Some harmful bacteria use pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in host organisms.
D) Pathogenic bacteria use flagella for fermentation and photosynthesis.
E) Fermenting bacteria are important symbiotes,using pili and capsules to adhere to surfaces in their host organisms.

Question 71

Hiking in the Himalayas,you have discovered a new high-elevation valley surrounded by towering mountain peaks.You obviously expect to find prokaryotes in the hospitable environments,such as meadows and streams.Where else would you expect to find them?

A) living in glacial ice on the mountainsides
B) inside the intestines of the mammals that live in the valley
C) deep underground in mountain caves
D) in salt-evaporation ponds
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 72

This structure differs in its composition in Archaea and Bacteria.

A) cytoplasm
B) cell wall
C) nucleus
D) Golgi
E) nucleic acid

Question 73

Which is an adaptation for the survival of Streptococcus mutans,which causes plaque buildup on teeth?

A) cilium
B) flagellum
C) pili
D) capsule
E) ribosomes

Question 74

Which term does NOT apply to bacteria?

A) anaerobic
B) aerobic
C) autotrophic
D) heterotrophic
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 75

If you explore the life inside a hydrothermal vent,you will most likely find a ________ cell,which is a member of domain ________.

A) eukaryotic;Bacteria
B) eukaryotic;Archaea
C) prokaryotic;Bacteria
D) prokaryotic;Archaea
E) prokaryotic;Eukarya

Question 76

Which of the following methods is the most reliable way to identify a new species of prokaryote?

A) differences in membrane structure and composition
B) differences in cell surface proteins and carbohydrates
C) differences in DNA sequences
D) differences in ribosomal RNA
E) differences in proteins

Question 77

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that can be deadly when transmitted to humans.Malaria is caused by a parasite.Knowing this,you expect the parasite to be a member of domain

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Eukarya.
D) Bacteria or Archaea equally.
E) Archaea or Eukarya equally.

Question 78

The term "extremophiles" refers to

A) members of domain Bacteria
B) members of domain Archaea
C) members of domain Eukarya
D) members of both domains Bacteria and Archaea
E) members of both domains Archaea and Eukarya

Question 79

You cut yourself and the cut becomes infected.The cause of this infection is most likely a ________ cell,which is a member of domain ________.

A) eukaryotic;Bacteria
B) eukaryotic;Archaea
C) prokaryotic;Bacteria
D) prokaryotic;Archaea
E) prokaryotic;Eukarya

Question 80

Humans are most genetically similar to which of the following prokaryotes:

A) spirochetes
B) gram-positive bacteria
C) cyanobacteria
D) methanogens
E) gram-negative bacteria