Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

The most researched topic in psychology today is

A) the self.
B) attitudes.
C) cultural influence.
D) problem solving.

Answer 1

the self.

Question 2

Imagine that John is a white man attending a multi-racial support group for stay-at-home-parents. There are 40% Whites, 30% Blacks, and 30% Hispanics attending. Ninety percent of the group are mothers. John is most likely to be conscious of his identity as

A) a parent.
B) a White person.
C) a man.
D) an unemployed person.

Answer 2

a man.

Question 3

The aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships is called

A) collective efficacy.
B) social identity.
C) personal identity.
D) social comparison.

Answer 3

social identity.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Problems and failures can cause low self-esteem.
B) Low self-esteem can cause problems and failures.
C) Both A and B.
D) None of these choices.

Question 5

We come to know ourselves in part by looking at others and evaluating our abilities and opinions in light of those others. This process is known as

A) social comparison.
B) social identity.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) self-esteem.

Question 6

Children that have just learned how to read tend to have more positive school self-concepts in classes with fewer students that know how to read. This fact reflects

A) the self-reference effect.
B) self-handicapping.
C) self-concept
D) social comparison processes.

Question 7

Cooley (1902) argued that we come to know ourselves by seeing our reflection in how we appear to others. Other people's judgments, then, help to shape what he called

A) the social self.
B) the perceived self.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) self-appraisal.

Question 8

Jessica attends a friend's wedding wearing last year's fashions. Jessica feels as if everyone is looking at her and noticing her dress, and as a result, feels very self-conscious and uncomfortable. Her self-evaluations are related to the concepts of

A) naturalistic and self-evaluative fallacies.
B) implicit and explicit processing.
C) the looking-glass self and social comparisons.
D) social comparison and the dual attitude system.

Question 9

The images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future constitute our ___________ selves.

A) unlikely
B) imaginary
C) future
D) possible

Question 10

Monica was participating in a psychology experiment and was asked to discuss her sense of who she is. She mentioned that she is a psychology major, volleyball player, Canadian, woman, daughter, sister, and a volunteer. This definition of who Monica is best encompasses her

A) social comparisons.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) social identity.

Question 11

Your description of what qualities encompass who you are defines your

A) self-esteem.
B) possible self.
C) self-concept.
D) social identity.

Question 12

When climbing the ladder of success we tend to look

A) up, not down
B) down, not up
C) from side to side
D) straight ahead

Question 13

John works out everyday. He also tends to notice others' bodies and athletic skills. Compared to Tim, who never works out and doesn't pay any attention to others' physiques, John probably has

A) "athletic" as part of his self-schema.
B) a higher self-reference effect.
C) less self-handicapping.
D) more positive possible selves.

Question 14

Our perceiving ourselves as musical, intellectual, artistic, or assertive constitutes our

A) egocentric beliefs.
B) interdependent self.
C) self-schemas.
D) self-references.

Question 15

We are more likely to be conscious of our social identity when our social group

A) is in the majority.
B) is in the minority.
C) is esteemed by others.
D) is threatened.

Question 16

According to ____________ theory, a ballet dancer who excelled during her time with a local dance company may find her self-esteem threatened once she joins a nationally famous dance company.

A) social identity
B) self-monitoring
C) social comparison
D) self-schema

Question 17

Our self-concept is often shaped by

A) the surrounding culture.
B) our successes and failures.
C) other people's judgments.
D) all of these choices.

Question 18

According to social identity theory, when is Rose most likely to be aware of being female?

A) on a date with her boyfriend.
B) at a night-club with her female friends.
C) at home with her brothers and sisters.
D) at a piano recital with her male friends.

Question 19

If you wanted to improve the self-evaluations of your sales staff, when would be the best time to show them a video celebrating the achievements of a top sales representative?

A) When they are being newly trained for the job.
B) After their first few months on the job.
C) After at least one year on the job.
D) All of these choices.

Question 20

Psychologists would consider your dream of becoming a famous politician and your recurrent fear of being unemployed to be part of your

A) self-esteem.
B) possible self.
C) anticipatory self.
D) unlikely self.

Question 21

Which of the following groups tend to define themselves more in terms of their group identity?

A) Americans
B) Japanese
C) Australians
D) British

Question 22

Collectivism is to _______________ as individualism is to ________________.

A) individual; self.
B) self; individual.
C) group; individual.
D) individual; group.

Question 23

Individualism is most prevalent in

A) small cultural groups.
B) large cultural groups.
C) industrialized western cultures.
D) developing countries.

Question 24

In his study on cultural differences in thought, Nisbett compared groups of American and Japanese students' perception of an underwater scene with fish. Which statement reflects his findings?

A) Japanese students recalled more peripheral features and spoke of objects in terms of relationships than American students.
B) Japanese students recalled more of the central features of the scene (the fish) than American students.
C) American students recalled more of the background features of the scene and spoke about how they would make the scene better if they designed it.
D) American students recalled the central and background features at the same level of accuracy, whereas Japanese students recalled background features better than central.

Question 25

People who have ________________ are more self-critical.

A) interdependent selves
B) dependent selves
C) individualistic selves
D) none of the above

Question 26

In Western culture it is generally assumed that one's life will be enriched by defining _______ and believing in _________.

A) your possible selves; the power of your unique culture.
B) your collective self; the power of your unique culture.
C) your unique self; your power of personal control.
D) your possible selves; your power of personal control.

Question 27

Which of the following does not apply to a person with an interdependent self?

A) They are self-critical.
B) They have a low need for positive self-regard.
C) Their identity is defined in relation with others.
D) They are self-centred.

Question 28

Individualism is

A) the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and dealing one's identity in terms of personal attributions rather than group identification.
B) the concept of giving in to somebody else's goals over individual goals and dealing with one's identity in terms of group identification rather than personal attributions.
C) identification with one's country.
D) identification with two or more people.

Question 29

According to the text, several researchers investigated the effects of people's intuition about what factors affect their mood. Their results show that

A) there is a high correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so
B) there is low correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so
C) there is a moderate correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so
D) there is no correlation what so ever between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so

Question 30

Marlon has just graduated with a business degree, and is starting his career at a large corporation. He feels confident in his abilities and defines himself as a business man who worked hard to achieve his own success. He strongly believes that the harder he works the more rewards he will earn for himself in the future. Marlon is likely from which of the following places?

A) Japan
B) Australia
C) Malaysia
D) South America

Question 31

Western culture celebrates the ________ individual more than the person who __________.

A) creative; follows others
B) self-reliant; fulfills others expectations
C) active; is passive
D) cooperative; is self-reliant

Question 32

Which of the following is seen less in cultures where individualism flourishes?

A) traditional values
B) mobility
C) urbanism
D) mass media

Question 33

"They have not one self but many selves." This statement defines people who have a/an

A) dependent self.
B) independent self.
C) interdependent self.
D) mature self.

Question 34

When discussing the relationship between individualism-collectivism, some researchers argue that

A) these distinctions are rooted in evolutionary forces that shaped status hierarchies and affiliation needs.
B) self-concept is shaped independent of whether one's culture is individualistic or collectivistic.
C) there are few regional or political variations within a particular culture as they endorse the broader culture viewpoint.
D) pigeonholing cultures as one or the other oversimplifies the variation within each culture.

Question 35

Collectivism refers to

A) one's identity as a person.
B) giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
C) giving priority to the individual in the culture and identifying with the culture.
D) none of these choices.

Question 36

Which statement is not reflective of Western culture?

A) "I did it my way."
B) "I gotta be me."
C) "I should respect and follow my parents' values."
D) "The greatest love of all is loving oneself."

Question 37

Identity in individualistic cultures is

A) private issues-contained.
B) self-contained.
C) family issues-contained.
D) ideal self-contained.

Question 38

Jana is a first-year university student and is very critical of her own success in school. She doesn't need others to affirm her success, but she feels it is very important to please her family and succeed so that she can honour those she loves. Jana is likely from which of the following places?

A) Britain
B) Australia
C) Malaysia
D) Ireland

Question 39

With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of

A) self-esteem.
B) belonging.
C) his/her culture.
D) his/her social support.

Question 40

In your first year of university, it appeared that all your professors thought you were a very competent student. As a result, you enter second year confident of your academic abilities. This is an example of

A) the self-referencing effect.
B) the looking-glass self.
C) the self-monitoring effect.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 41

Carlos often thinks about his future and looks forward to graduating, getting married, and having children. He feels strongly that these events will make him a very happy man and he will feel a deep sense of contentment and satisfaction. According to the research by Wilson and Gilbert (2003) that has found that people often mispredict how they will feel at some point in the future, Carlos' beliefs about his future happiness

A) will be accurate because he knows himself and his feelings very well.
B) have no relationship to how he will actually feel in the future.
C) will be more accurate than his friend's predictions of how happy these events would make Carlos.
D) will not be accurate because we are vulnerable to the impact bias.

Question 42

According to the concept of dual attitudes, although __________ attitudes may change with education and persuasion, ___________ attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) reasons; feelings
D) feelings; reasons

Question 43

Research suggests that drawing people's attention to ____________ diminishes the usefulness of attitude reports in predicting behaviours driven by ____________.

A) values underlying their behaviour; self-esteem
B) reasons for their behaviour; feelings
C) feelings underlying their behaviour; physical safety
D) reasons for their behaviour; cognitions

Question 44

According to research cited in your text, people have difficulty predicting

A) the intensity of their future emotions.
B) the duration of their future emotions.
C) the intensity and duration of their future emotions.
D) any behaviour.

Question 45

According to the "top-down" theory of global self-esteem, if Jerzy feels _______ about himself in general, he is likely to feel _________ about his ability to pass an exam.

A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) either B or C

Question 46

Epley and Dunning (2000) discovered that we can

A) better predict people's behaviour by asking them to predict others' actions rather than their own.
B) better predict people's behaviour by asking them to talk about their behaviour in the past.
C) better predict people's behaviour by asking them what their behaviour is going to be.
D) not predict people's behaviour irrespective of what strategy we use.

Question 47

The bottom-up view of self-esteem means

A) people have high self-esteem when they feel good in particular domains important to their self-esteem.
B) people who value themselves in a general way-those with high self-esteem are more likely to accept their looks and abilities.
C) self-esteem has multiple causes.
D) self-evaluation happens before self-esteem.

Question 48

According to research by Abraham Tesser, who among the following is likely to have the strongest motive for self-esteem maintenance?

A) An adult whose spouse depends on him or her for support.
B) An adult whose opposite-sex sibling has been fired from his or her job.
C) A child whose parents have moderate hopes for him or her.
D) An older child whose younger sibling is very talented.

Question 49

Wilson et al. (1989; 2002) found that

A) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually do not predict later behaviour well, nor does the over analysis of their feelings.
B) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually do not predict later behaviour well, and over analysis of their feelings also renders future behaviour predictions useless.
C) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually predict later behaviour well, as does the over analysis of their feelings.
D) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually predict later behaviour well; over analysis of their feelings, however, renders future behaviour predictions useless.

Question 50

Why might a large-scale survey not be the best method for a social psychologist to study self-knowledge?

A) It is too difficult to achieve a truly representative sample.
B) One cannot reach cause-and-effect conclusions through survey research.
C) It is impossible to measure a person's self-knowledge.
D) Self-report data are often unreliable.

Question 51

Gilbert and his colleagues (2004) report that

A) major trauma can be much more distressing than minor routine irritations (e.g., getting caught in traffic each morning on your way to work).
B) major negative events can be less enduringly distressing than minor irritations.
C) major negative events are just as hard to endure as minor irritations.
D) we are not resilient to intense emotional experiences.

Question 52

The notion that we often have implicit attitudes that differ from our explicit attitudes defines the concept of

A) an independent self-construal.
B) dissonance.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) dual attitudes.

Question 53

Which of the following is a practical implication of findings discussed in the chapter on the self?

A) The sincerity with which people report their experience is one useful indicator of their testimony's accuracy.
B) Self-reports are less erroneous and more trustworthy than the reports of external observers.
C) The persuasiveness of personal testimonies is highly predictive of their accuracy.
D) Introspective self-reports are often untrustworthy.

Question 54

According to the text, people

A) err frequently when predicting the fate of their relationships.
B) make accurate predictions when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
C) receive less accurate than their own from parents and roommates when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
D) are likely less accurate when predicting negative behaviours than positive behaviours.

Question 55

Jan waited weeks to learn if she would land her dream job, then found out that she did get the job. When she finally starts the new job, which scenario is most likely to be true?

A) She is much happier than she had expected.
B) She is less happy than she had expected.
C) She is more worried about her performance than she had expected.
D) She is less happy than if she had not gotten the job.

Question 56

Emily and her two sisters are all musicians. According to research on the self-esteem maintenance model, Emily will be most motivated to act in ways that maintain her own self-esteem if

A) she is the best musician of the three.
B) her older sister is a better musician than she is.
C) her younger sister is a better musician than she is.
D) of the three, she is the least interested in a music career.

Question 57

Research on self-knowledge suggests that

A) you are the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
B) your mother is a better judge than you of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
C) your romantic partner is the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
D) None of these choices.

Question 58

The top-down view of self-esteem holds that

A) people with generally high self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
B) people with positive specific attributes are more likely to have high self-esteem.
C) people with low self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
D) people with positive specific attributes are more likely to struggle with low self-esteem.

Question 59

A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth constitutes his or her

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-awareness.
C) possible self.
D) self-esteem.

Question 60

According to research in your text, people overestimate the enduring impact of emotion-causing negative events. For example,

A) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later it is more likely for the bad news recipients to be less distraught than the good news recipients.
B) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later the bad news recipients are more distraught than they anticipated and the good news recipients are not as elated as they thought they will be.
C) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later the bad news recipients are more distraught than they anticipated originally and the good news recipients more elated than they thought they will be.
D) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later it is more unlikely for the bad news recipients to be less distraught than the good news recipients.

Question 61

Which group of people is somewhat more vulnerable to assorted clinical problems including anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders?

A) Individualistic people.
B) People with low self-esteem.
C) People with high self-esteem.
D) Narcissistic people.

Question 62

In response to a threat to self-esteem, high-self-esteem people become considerably more

A) co-operative.
B) altruistic.
C) antagonistic.
D) individualistic.

Question 63

According to Leary (1998, 1999) self-esteem feelings are like a fuel gauge in that they alert us threatened social rejection, motivating us to

A) stay away from people we don't like.
B) be more empathetic to others people's situations.
C) act with greater sensitivity to other's expectations.
D) act with less sensitivity to other people's expectations.

Question 64

According to the text, which people are more likely to be shy, modest, and self-effacing?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Depressed people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 65

In an experiment by Bushman and Baumeister (1998), high-self-esteem individuals who had previously been criticized by their opponent were

A) more likely to lose a reaction time game with that person.
B) more likely to win a reaction time game with that person.
C) exceptionally aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).
D) less aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).

Question 66

Which group of people is more likely to be obnoxious, to interrupt, and to talk at people rather than with them?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Depressed people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 67

Martin Seligman notes a basic similarity between learned helplessness in dogs and _____________ in people.

A) conformity
B) collective efficacy
C) schizophrenia
D) depression

Question 68

Baumeister and Exline (2000) suggest that self-control

A) operates like an engine: it needs fuel to keep it going.
B) operates like muscular strength: it's weaker immediately after exertion but strengthened with exercise.
C) operates like a finite resource: once used up, it cannot be replenished.
D) none of these choices.

Question 69

Low self-esteem predicts increased risk of drug abuse, some forms of delinquency, and

A) schizophrenia.
B) depression.
C) personality disorders.
D) child abuse.

Question 70

When facing failure, high-self-esteem people sustain their self-worth by

A) perceiving other people as failing, too, and by exaggerating their superiority over others.
B) perceiving themselves as interdependent and thus as only part of a larger group effort.
C) engaging in altruistic acts.
D) refusing to think about the failure and by practising self-forgetfulness.

Question 71

Jenny, who has low self-esteem, has also recently experienced difficulties in her relationship with her boyfriend Travis. She

A) does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her, and lacks security in their relationship.
B) does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her, but feels secure in their relationship.
C) appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her, but lacks security in their relationship.
D) appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her, and feels secure in their relationship.

Question 72

Teen males who engage in sexual activity at an "inappropriately young age" tend to

A) suffer from depression.
B) suffer from schizophrenia.
C) have higher than average self-esteem.
D) have lower than average self-esteem.

Question 73

Baumeister and colleagues (2003) have researched the "dark side of self-esteem" and found that individuals with low self-esteem, when feeling bad or threatened, are more likely to

A) notice and remember others' worst behaviours and to think others don't love them.
B) internalize their feelings and act aggressively towards themselves.
C) portray themselves as having high self-esteem in attempts to deny or overcome their feelings.
D) act aggressively against others in order to conceal their inner insecurities and feel a sense of control over their situation.

Question 74

Research indicates that people with high self-esteem tend to

A) be very modest when explaining their successes.
B) note that there are as many weaknesses as there are strengths in their own group.
C) see others' strengths as more important than their own.
D) none of these choices.

Question 75

Jordan and colleagues (2003, 2005) have found that individuals have two forms of self-esteem: explicit and implicit. When individuals show a high explicit self-esteem but negative implicit views of themselves, they are said to have ___________ self-esteem. On the other hand, high explicit self-esteem and positive implicit views are associated with _________ self-esteem.

A) fragile; secure
B) self-defeating; self-inflating
C) incongruent; congruent
D) unrealistic; realistic

Question 76

Teen gang leaders, bullies, and genocidal dictators tend to

A) have higher than average self-esteem.
B) suffer from schizophrenia.
C) suffer from depression.
D) have lower than average self-esteem.

Question 77

James is a highly narcissistic male with a big ego. He participates in a psychology experiment where he first received negative feedback from another student about his performance on a writing task, and then played a game against this student and won. As a result of winning, James was given the task of deciding the intensity and duration of an aversive auditory stimulus that would be played to the other student. According to research, James would have administered ________ auditory torture compared to people with normal self-esteem because wounded pride motivates ___________.

A) the same amount of; humility.
B) more; retaliation.
C) less; embarrassment.
D) no; shame.

Question 78

When they find their favourable self-esteem threatened, people often react by

A) putting others down, sometimes with violence
B) telling a lie
C) crying
D) laughing

Question 79

According to the text, when a youth with a big ego is threatened or deflated by social rejection, he or she is

A) potentially dangerous.
B) potentially an altruistic person.
C) in danger of mental disorders.
D) in danger of suicide.

Question 80

Which people, when feeling bad or threatened, are more likely to notice and remember others worst behaviours and to think their partners don't love them?

A) people with low self-esteem.
B) people with high self-esteem.
C) competitive people.
D) individualistic people.