Deck 12: Consequences of Prejudice

Question 1

_______________ about which people are unaware may lead to _______________ about which they are unaware.

A) Discrimination; stereotypes
B) Prejudice; stereotypes
C) Stereotypes; discrimination
D) Prejudice; discrimination

Answer 1

Prejudice; discrimination

Question 2

Suzanne is reading her 4-year old son Michael a story before he goes to bed. The story is about friendship between a boy named Billy who fixes cars and a girl named Tara who is a seamstress. This story provides an example of how _________________ occurs and creates behavioural expectations for males and females.

A) prejudice
B) stereotypes
C) gender socialization
D) misogyny

Answer 2

gender socialization

Question 3

Correll and colleagues (2002) invited people to press buttons quickly to "shoot" or "not shoot" men who suddenly appeared on-screen holding either a gun or a harmless object such as a flashlight or bottle. Their results show that _______________ more often mistakenly shot targets who were Blacks.

A) Whites
B) both Whites and Blacks
C) Blacks
D) none of these choices

Answer 3

both Whites and Blacks

Question 4

Greenwald and Schuh found that compared with Jewish authors, non-Jewish authors had 40% higher odds of citing non-Jewish names. The authors

A) concluded that non-Jewish authors discriminate against their Jewish colleagues
B) could not determine whether Jewish authors were overciting their Jewish colleagues
C) could not determine whether non-Jewish authors were overciting their non-Jewish colleagues
D) Both B and C.

Question 5

People may believe that are acting in an _______________ fashion, but their behaviour might well be discriminatory.

A) empathic
B) egalitarian
C) evolved
D) exceptional

Question 6

Culture is

A) what's shared by a large group.
B) transmitted across generations.
C) encompasses ideas, attitudes, behaviours, and traditions shared by a group.
D) all of these choices.

Question 7

Harber (1998) found that _______________ students evaluated an essay more _______________ when they were led to think the author was White.

A) Black; positively
B) Black; negatively
C) White; positively
D) White; negatively

Question 8

Which of the following individuals would you expect to receive the worst deal on a new car, based on research by Ayres (1991)?

A) Shania, a White female
B) James, a Black male
C) Jonathon, a White male
D) Michelle, a Black female

Question 9

Research by Ayres (1991) shows that when team members visited 90 Chicago area car dealers to negotiate a car that cost the dealer about $11,000. 00,

A) white males were given a final price that averaged close to $11,000 (specifically: $11,362).
B) black females were given an average price that exceeded the average price given to black males.
C) black males were given an average that exceeded the average price given to the white males and females.
D) all of these choices.

Question 10

A subtle form of prejudice appears as _______________ that leads to exaggerated reactions to isolated minority persons.

A) discrimination
B) race sensitivity
C) race conflict
D) race inequality

Question 11

Amy is disgusted by homeless individuals and believes that they are lazy individuals who are "milking the system". If she was given a brain scan and asked questions about her beliefs and feelings about homeless people, what regions of Amy's brain would be involved in automatic and overt stereotyping?

A) amygdala and frontal cortex
B) cerebellum and hippocampus
C) amygdala and hippocampus
D) frontal cortex and occipital lobe

Question 12

Overpraising accomplishments or overcriticizing mistakes can occur as a result of a subtle form of prejudice known as

A) race sensitivity.
B) multiculturalism.
C) minority exaggeration.
D) discrimination.

Question 13

Between 1980 and 1997, the percentage of women in the full-time workforce has steadily increased from

A) 19 to 39%.
B) 32 to 39%.
C) 5 to 39%.
D) none of these choices.

Question 14

Subtle forms of prejudice are

A) more widespread than explicit prejudice.
B) easy to observe.
C) less common than explicit prejudice.
D) Both A and B.

Question 15

Automatic prejudices are associated with the ______________ whereas prejudice that results from controlled processing is associated with the ______________.

A) frontal cortex; thalamus
B) hippocampus; amygdala
C) amygdala; frontal cortex
D) hippocampus; thalamus

Question 16

Judd and his colleagues (2004) found that when primed with a _______________ face, people think about _______________.

A) White; guns
B) White; sports
C) Black; guns
D) Black; sports

Question 17

Hugenberg and Bodenhausen (2003) found that students who had scored as _______________ prejudiced perceived anger lingering more in ambiguous _______________ faces.

A) most; White
B) most; Black
C) least; White
D) least; Black

Question 18

Explicit racial prejudicial attitudes

A) are very resistant to change.
B) have remained largely unchanged for the past 100 years.
C) can change very quickly.
D) have not been measured since 1942.

Question 19

If we _______________ associate a particular ethnic group with danger, then faces from that group will tend to capture our attention and trigger arousal.

A) never
B) rarely
C) implicitly
D) explicitly

Question 20

Progress toward racial equality

A) has been rapid and radical.
B) has not yet been realized.
C) is complete.
D) is viewed differently by members of majority and minority groups.

Question 21

Prejudice is ______________, and ______________ is ______________.

A) after-judgment; prejudgment; inevitable.
B) pre-judgment; pre-judgment; inevitable.
C) illusory; judgment; subject to change.
D) None of the above choices.

Question 22

Randy makes a comment that his girlfriend is "overemotional, hyper-sensitive, and too career-oriented to deal with everyday life". Randy's comment is an example of

A) benevolent sexism.
B) hostile sexism.
C) gender discrimination.
D) gender roles.

Question 23

According to the text, women often recall receiving ______________ math grades and ______________ art grades than were actually the case.

A) worse; worse
B) better; worse
C) worse; better
D) better; better

Question 24

According to the text, when someone's behaviour doesn't fit our stereotype, we can

A) change the stereotype.
B) split off a subtype.
C) attribute the behaviour to the peculiar situation.
D) all of these choices.

Question 25

Williams and colleagues found that (2000) found that folks everywhere perceive

A) women as more agreeable.
B) men as more outgoing.
C) women as more outgoing.
D) Both A and B.

Question 26

"Benevolent" and "hostile" characterize two types of stereotypes about

A) women.
B) men.
C) children
D) Both A and B.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Experiments have not demonstrated any overall tendency to devalue women's work.
B) Both males and females tend to deprecate women's work.
C) Males tend to deprecate women's work while females do not.
D) Females but not males tend to deprecate women's work.

Question 28

Learning that your male neighbour knows how to knit may make you explain his behaviour as due to

A) his personality.
B) the amount of free time he has.
C) special circumstances
D) gender norms

Question 29

In a famous study, Goldberg (1968) gave women several short articles and asked them to judge the value of each. In general, the articles received lowest ratings when attributed to a ______________.

A) journalist
B) scientist
C) male
D) female

Question 30

Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group is called

A) subgrouping.
B) subtyping.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) characterization.

Question 31

Telling someone that "Maria played hockey" and others that "Mark played hockey" may make ___________________.

A) Mark seem more athletic than Maria.
B) Maria seem more athletic than Mark.
C) hockey seem like a popular sport.
D) them feel less athletic.

Question 32

Which of the following examples describes gender discrimination?

A) Two-thirds of the world's unschooled children are girls.
B) In Saudi Arabia, women are forbidden to drive.
C) Around the world, people tend to prefer having baby boys.
D) All of these choices.

Question 33

If you meet Ari, who has a reputation as a short-tempered person, you are most likely to

A) misinterpret his behaviour.
B) notice his calm demeanour.
C) be more accepting of him.
D) try not to provoke him.

Question 34

According to the text, most people like

A) women more than they like men.
B) men more than they like women.
C) men and women equally.
D) none of these choices.

Question 35

According to the text, overt prejudice against _______________ is less common today than it was four decades ago.

A) people of colour
B) women
C) homosexuals
D) all of these choices

Question 36

Jackman and Senter (1981) found that

A) both men and women think that women were more emotional.
B) men think that women are more emotional than men.
C) women think that women are more emotional than men.
D) None of the above.

Question 37

Jerome believes that police officers are racist, power-hungry, control freaks. A new neighbour, who is nice, level-headed, and generally concerned about the welfare of others, moves into his apartment building. Only later does Jerome find out that his new friend is a police officer. As a result, he forms a new and different stereotype of "young professional officers." His thinking best reflects

A) subtyping.
B) subgrouping.
C) the group-serving bias.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 38

Although John knows a few successful, hardworking Black businessmen, he maintains his belief that Blacks are lazy and shiftless. His thinking best reflects

A) group-serving bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) regression toward the average.
D) subtyping.

Question 39

Which of the following statements best describes benevolent sexism?

A) Women have a superior moral sensibility.
B) Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash.
C) Women are intuitive.
D) Women are ferocious.

Question 40

Stereotypes are _______________.

A) beliefs
B) prejudices
C) not prejudices
D) both A and C

Question 41

In his study on stereotype threat and athletic performance, Stone and colleagues found that

A) when people are reminded of a positive stereotype about themselves, it can adversely affect performance.
B) when people are reminded of a negative stereotype about themselves, it can adversely affect performance.
C) when people are reminded of a positive stereotype about themselves, it can facilitate performance.
D) when people are reminded of a negative stereotype about themselves, it can facilitate performance.

Question 42

The result of studies about positive stereotypes show that when Asian-American females were asked biographical questions that reminded them of their gender identity before taking a math test, their performance ______________ a control group that was not reminded of their gender identity.

A) was better than
B) was the same as
C) was worse than
D) was, depending on their mood, sometimes better and sometimes worse than

Question 43

Which of the following does not go with the rest?

A) Withdrawal
B) Self-hate
C) Aggression against your own group
D) Suspiciousness

Question 44

How likely people are in expecting that others will stereotype them defines

A) prejudice.
B) consciousness.
C) stigma consciousness.
D) vivid recollections.

Question 45

In studies of stereotype threat, students led to think they have benefited from gender or race-based preferences in gaining admission to a college or academic group tend to perform ________ those not led to think so.

A) better than
B) the same as
C) some times better some times worse than
D) worse than

Question 46

Three ways in which stereotype threat interferes with performance are ______________, ______________, and ______________.

A) emotional; cognitive; behavioural
B) emotional; cognitive; motivational
C) direct; indirect; hidden
D) immediate; short-term; long-term

Question 47

Which of the following are possible effects of stigma consciousness

A) lower well-being
B) enhanced feelings of social identity
C) individual self-esteem is buffered
D) All of these choices.

Question 48

Stereotype threat causes people to monitor their performance, which ______________ mental demands and ______________ working memory.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Question 49

Which of the following does not go with the rest?

A) Fighting back
B) Suspiciousness
C) Withdrawal
D) Increased group pride

Question 50

______________ gradually hammers one's reputation into one's self-concept, whereas ______________ has immediate effects.

A) Stereotype threat; a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) A self-fulfilling prophecy; stereotype threat
C) Discrimination; prejudice
D) Explicit prejudice; automatic prejudice

Question 51

Perceived prejudice can be negative in that victims deal with the stress of ______________, and positive in that it ___________________.

A) social identity; leads people to have a stronger sense of self.
B) stereotype threats; helps to buffer individual self-esteem.
C) discrimination; can be transferred to the "black sheep" of the group.
D) group action; influences perceptions and makes people more aware.

Question 52

Word, Zanna, and Cooper had White men interview both White and Black job applicants. When the applicant was Black, the interviewers ______________ than when the applicant was White.

A) ended the interview sooner
B) sat farther away from the applicant
C) made more speech errors
D) all of these choices.

Question 53

Stereotype threat refers to

A) the greater likelihood that minority groups will be negatively stereotyped.
B) the tendency for stereotypes to change over time.
C) the tendency for stereotyping to lead to prejudice and discrimination.
D) a disruptive concern that one's behaviour will verify a negative stereotype.

Question 54

Word, Zanna, and Cooper (1974) found that

A) self-fulfilling prophecies and prejudice affects its targets.
B) social beliefs can be self-confirming.
C) social beliefs are not self-confirming.
D) both A and B.

Question 55

Allport believed that effects of victimization were reducible to two basic types-those that involve ______________ and those that involve ______________.

A) blaming yourself; blaming external causes
B) breaking down; fighting back
C) denial; acceptance
D) fighting; fleeing

Question 56

Two ways in which we deal with information that is inconsistent with a stereotype are

A) microstereotyping and macrostereotyping
B) subgrouping and subtyping
C) microgrouping and macrogrouping
D) substereotyping and subgrouping

Question 57

According to research,

A) self-conscious interactions between a majority and minority person can feel tense even when both are well intentioned.
B) self-conscious interactions seldom affect stereotyping behaviours.
C) self-conscious interactions refute the distinctiveness factor that leads to stereotyping behaviour.
D) none of these choices.

Question 58

The result of studies about positive stereotypes show that when Asian-American females were asked biographical questions that reminded them of their Asian identity before taking a math test, their performance ______________ a control group that were not reminded of their gender identity.

A) was better than
B) was the same as
C) was worse than
D) was, depending on their mood, sometimes better and sometimes worse than

Question 59

In a study by Kleck and Strenta, women were made to feel disfigured and then placed in social contexts where they had to interact with another woman. When evaluating the interactions, the researchers found that

A) disfigured women were excessively shy and withdrew from social interactions.
B) non-disfigured women seemed more uncomfortable in the social interaction than disfigured women.
C) disfigured women misinterpreted mannerisms and comments they would otherwise not have noticed.
D) disfiguration had no effect on social interactions as women are more sensitive and considerate.

Question 60

Unfortunately, Mr. Smith, a high school speech teacher, communicates to his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. As a result, some of the girls in his class become apprehensive in preparing and giving speeches in Mr. Smith's class. The girls are experiencing

A) stereotype threat.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the scapegoating effect.
D) personal/group discrimination discrepancy.

Question 61

According to research conducted by Kunda and Sinclair, when University of Waterloo students received positive feedback from a "manager", his race ______________, but when they received negative feedback, they saw a ______________ manager as less competent than a ______________ manager.

A) mattered; Black; White
B) did not matter; Black; White
C) mattered; White, Black
D) none of these choices

Question 62

Most women believe that sex discrimination

A) has affected them personally.
B) affects most working women.
C) both given answers are correct.
D) neither of the given answers is correct

Question 63

We evaluate people more ______________ when their behaviour ______________ our stereotypes.

A) fairly; violates
B) harshly; supports
C) harshly; violates
D) fairly; supports

Question 64

Darley and Gross showed that when ______________ are ______________ and the information about someone is ______________, ______________ can subtly bias our judgments of individuals.

A) prejudices; strong; ambiguous; stereotypes
B) stereotypes; strong; ambiguous; stereotypes
C) prejudice; mild; clear; prejudice
D) all of these choices.

Question 65

According to research by Sinclair and Kunda, when students get good grades they tend to like their professors. However, when students get bad grades, they are especially harsh on their ______________ professors.

A) male
B) female
C) attractive
D) unattractive

Question 66

Gender stereotypes are ______________ and have ______________ effect on people's judgments of work attributed to a man or a woman.

A) weak; little
B) weak; a strong
C) powerful; little
D) powerful; a strong

Question 67

Bond and his colleagues found that, after getting to know their patients, White psychiatric nurses put Black patients in physical restraints ______________ often (as compared with White patients).

A) more
B) less
C) equally
D) twice as

Question 68

Negatively valued ethnic groups, the physically handicapped, and the facially disfigured have

A) low self-esteem.
B) as high or higher self esteem than those that don't have to face these challenges.
C) moderate self-esteem.
D) more than one answer is correct.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Stereotype threat can have positive or negative effects on performance.
B) Stereotype threat causes stress, which interferes with functioning in the brain.
C) Stereotype threat is observed mainly among women and minorities.
D) Stereotype threat can cause the individual to disidentify with the stereotyped domain.

Question 70

Research by Locksley and her colleagues found that expectations of a target person's assertiveness were ______________ by knowing the person's sex.

A) not affected
B) affected
C) delayed
D) conflicted

Question 71

According to research, people who face prejudice are vigilant to the possibility that others may discriminate against them and this vigilance

A) helps protect their self-esteem.
B) makes them prone to discriminate against others.
C) creates self-ambiguity.
D) affects negatively their self-esteem.

Question 72

Attributing the negative evaluations you face in public to prejudice will result in

A) depression.
B) anxiety.
C) intact self-esteem.
D) lower self-esteem.

Question 73

Research by Nelson and his colleagues (1990) showed that people judge men to be taller than women even when their heights are equal. The participants' judgments were ______________ when they were offered rewards for accuracy.

A) unchanged
B) more accurate
C) less accurate
D) reversed

Question 74

______________ information usually overwhelms the effect of ______________ information.

A) Base-rate; vivid
B) Vivid; base-rate
C) Gender; ethnicity
D) Ethnicity; gender

Question 75

Groups that experience prejudice protect their self-esteem by attributing the negative evaluations they face in specific situations to ______________.

A) the law of averages
B) displacement
C) prejudice
D) mental illness

Question 76

According to research, in response to a specific negative event, believing that the event was due to prejudice

A) can protect one's self-esteem.
B) can hurt one's self-esteem.
C) is unlikely to affect one's self-esteem.
D) None of the above.

Question 77

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is true?

A) Stereotypes shape evaluations of the group as a whole and all individual members.
B) Positive stereotypes disrupt performance and negative stereotypes facilitate it.
C) People often evaluate individuals more positively than the groups they compose.
D) Stereotypes have minimal impact on judgments of others.

Question 78

What is the overall effect of negative and positive stereotypes on performance?

A) Positive stereotypes facilitate performance whereas negative stereotypes disrupt performance.
B) Positive stereotypes disrupt performance whereas negative stereotypes facilitate performance.
C) Positive stereotypes facilitate performance whereas negative stereotypes do not affect performance.
D) Negative stereotypes disrupt performance whereas positive stereotypes do not affect performance.

Question 79

People often evaluate individuals more ______________ than the groups they compose.

A) negatively
B) positively
C) carefully
D) simplistically

Question 80

______________ stereotypes color our judgments of individuals as well as groups.

A) Mild
B) Medium
C) Strong
D) Some