Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

Monica was participating in a psychology experiment and was asked to discuss her sense of who she is. She mentioned that she is a psychology major, volleyball player, Canadian, woman, daughter, sister, and a volunteer. This is an instance of Monica using her

A) social comparisons.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) social identity.

Answer 1

social identity.

Question 2

We come to know ourselves in part by looking at others and evaluating our abilities and opinions in light of others around us. This process is known as

A) social comparison.
B) social identity.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) self-esteem.

Answer 2

social comparison.

Question 3

argued that we come to know ourselves by seeing our reflection in how we appear to others. Other people's judgments, then, help to shape what he called

A) the social self.
B) the perceived self.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) self-appraisal.

Answer 3

the looking-glass self.

Question 4

Your description of what qualities encompass who you are defines your

A) self-esteem.
B) possible self.
C) self-concept.
D) social identity.

Question 5

According to social identity theory, when is Rose most likely to be aware of being female?

A) On a date with her boyfriend.
B) At a night-club with her female friends.
C) At home with her brothers and sisters.
D) At a piano recital with her male friends.

Question 6

Jessica attends a friend's wedding wearing last year's fashions. Jessica feels as if everyone is looking at her and noticing her dress, and as a result, feels very self-conscious and uncomfortable. Her self-evaluations are related to the concepts of

A) naturalistic and self-evaluative fallacies.
B) implicit and explicit processing.
C) the looking-glass self and social comparisons.
D) social comparison and the dual attitude system.

Question 7

Our perceiving ourselves as musical, intellectual, artistic, or assertive constitutes our

A) egocentric beliefs.
B) interdependent self.
C) self-schemas.
D) self-references.

Question 8

If you wanted to improve the self-evaluations of your sales staff, when would be the best time to show them a video celebrating the achievements of a top sales representative?

A) When they are being newly trained for the job.
B) After their first few months on the job.
C) After at least one year on the job.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 9

Children that have just learned how to read tend to have more positive school self-concepts in classes with fewer students that know how to read. This fact reflects

A) the self-reference effect.
B) self-handicapping.
C) self-concept.
D) social comparison processes.

Question 10

The most researched topic in psychology today is

A) the self.
B) attitudes.
C) cultural influence.
D) problem solving.

Question 11

We are more likely to be conscious of our social identity when our social group

A) is in the majority.
B) is in the minority.
C) is esteemed by others.
D) is threatened.

Question 12

The aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships is called

A) collective efficacy.
B) social identity.
C) personal identity.
D) social comparison.

Question 13

John works out every day. He also tends to notice others' bodies and athletic skills. Compared to Tim, who never works out and doesn't pay any attention to others' physiques, John probably has

A) "athletic" as part of his self-schema.
B) a higher self-reference effect.
C) less self-handicapping.
D) more positive possible selves.

Question 14

The images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future constitute our ___________ selves.

A) unlikely
B) imaginary
C) future
D) possible

Question 15

Psychologists would consider your dream of becoming a famous politician and your recurrent fear of being unemployed to be part of your

A) self-esteem.
B) possible self.
C) anticipatory self.
D) unlikely self.

Question 16

When climbing the ladder of success, we tend to look

A) up, not down.
B) down, not up.
C) from side to side.
D) straight ahead.

Question 17

Immune neglect includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) not considering resilience in an estimation of our recovery from bad things happening.
B) not adapting to exam failures, disabilities, and personal defeats.
C) a tendency to underestimate the strength of the "psychological immune system."
D) a tendency to underestimate the speed of recovery from a disturbing event.

Question 18

Beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information is called

A) social comparison.
B) social identity.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) self-esteem.

Question 19

Imagine that John is a white man attending a multi-racial support group for stay-at-home-parents. There are 40 percent Whites, 30 percent Blacks, and 30 percent Hispanics attending. Ninety percent of the group are mothers. John is most likely to be conscious of his identity as

A) a parent.
B) a White person.
C) a man.
D) an unemployed person.

Question 20

According to ____________ theory, a ballet dancer who excelled during her time with a local dance company may find her self-esteem threatened once she joins a nationally famous dance company.

A) social identity
B) self-monitoring
C) social comparison
D) self-schema

Question 21

Marlon has just graduated with a business degree, and is starting his career at a large corporation. He feels confident in his abilities and defines himself as a business man who worked hard to achieve his own success. He strongly believes that the harder he works the more rewards he will earn for himself in the future. Marlon is likely from which of the following places?

A) Japan
B) Australia
C) Malaysia
D) South America

Question 22

Jack is deciding when he should start an assignment. He predicts it will take him a couple of hours so he decides to leave it until the night before. This is an example of

A) immune neglect.
B) impact bias.
C) planning fallacy.
D) temporal comparison.

Question 23

Individualism is most prevalent in

A) small cultural groups.
B) large cultural groups.
C) industrialized Western cultures.
D) developing countries.

Question 24

When discussing the relationship between individualism and collectivism, some researchers argue that

A) these distinctions are rooted in evolutionary forces that shaped status hierarchies and affiliation needs.
B) self-concept is shaped independent of whether one's culture is individualistic or collectivistic.
C) there are few regional or political variations within a particular culture as they endorse the broader culture viewpoint.
D) pigeonholing cultures as one or the other oversimplifies the variation within each culture.

Question 25

People who have ________________ are more self-critical.

A) interdependent selves
B) dependent selves
C) individualistic selves
D) none of the choices are correct

Question 26

With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of

A) self-esteem.
B) belonging.
C) his/her culture.
D) his/her social support.

Question 27

Which of the following does not apply to a person with an interdependent self?

A) They are self-critical.
B) They have a low need for positive self-regard.
C) Their identity is defined in relation with others.
D) They are self-centred.

Question 28

In your first year of university, it appeared that all your professors thought you were a very competent student. As a result, you enter second year confident of your academic abilities. This is an example of

A) the self-referencing effect.
B) the looking-glass self.
C) the self-monitoring effect.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 29

In his study on cultural differences in thought, Nisbett compared groups of American and Japanese students' perception of an underwater scene with fish. Which statement reflects his findings?

A) Japanese students recalled more peripheral features and spoke of objects in terms of relationships than American students.
B) Japanese students recalled more of the central features of the scene (the fish) than American students.
C) American students recalled more of the background features of the scene and spoke about how they would make the scene better if they designed it.
D) American students recalled the central and background features at the same level of accuracy, whereas Japanese students recalled background features better than central.

Question 30

In Western culture it is generally assumed that one's life will be enriched by defining _______ and believing in _________.

A) your possible selves; the power of your unique culture
B) your collective self; the power of your unique culture
C) your unique self; your power of personal control
D) your possible selves; your power of personal control

Question 31

According to the text, people

A) err frequently when predicting the fate of their relationships.
B) make accurate predictions when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
C) receive less accurate than their own from parents and roommates when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
D) are likely less accurate when predicting negative behaviours than positive behaviours.

Question 32

Jana is a first-year university student and is very critical of her own success in school. She doesn't need others to affirm her success, but she feels it is very important to please her family and succeed so that she can honour those she loves. Jana is likely from which of the following places?

A) Britain
B) Australia
C) Malaysia
D) Ireland

Question 33

The statement, "They have not one, but many selves" defines people who have a/an

A) dependent self.
B) independent self.
C) interdependent self.
D) mature self.

Question 34

Which of the following groups tend to define themselves more in terms of their group identity?

A) Americans
B) Japanese
C) Australians
D) British

Question 35

Which of the following is seen less in cultures where individualism flourishes?

A) traditional values
B) mobility
C) urbanism
D) mass media

Question 36

According to the text, several researchers investigated the effects of people's intuition about what factors affect their mood. Their results show that

A) there is a high correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.
B) there is low correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.
C) there is a moderate correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.
D) there is no correlation what so ever between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so.

Question 37

Which statement is not reflective of Western culture?

A) "I did it my way."
B) "I gotta be me."
C) "I should respect and follow my parents' values."
D) "The greatest love of all is loving oneself."

Question 38

Western culture celebrates the ________ individual more than the person who __________.

A) creative; follows others
B) self-reliant; fulfills the expectations of others
C) active; is passive
D) cooperative; is self-reliant

Question 39

Collectivism is to _______________ as individualism is to ________________.

A) individual; self
B) self; individual
C) group; individual
D) individual; group

Question 40

Individualism is

A) the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and dealing one's identity in terms of personal attributions rather than group identifications.
B) the concept of giving in to somebody else's goals over individual goals and dealing with one's identity in terms of group identification rather than personal attributions.
C) identification with one's country.
D) identification with two or more people.

Question 41

Which of the following is a practical implication of findings discussed in the chapter on the self?

A) The sincerity with which people report their experience is one useful indicator of their testimony's accuracy.
B) Self-reports are less erroneous and more trustworthy than the reports of external observers.
C) The persuasiveness of personal testimonies is highly predictive of their accuracy.
D) Introspective self-reports are often untrustworthy.

Question 42

Why might a large-scale survey not be the best method for a social psychologist to study self-knowledge?

A) It is too difficult to achieve a truly representative sample.
B) One cannot reach cause-and-effect conclusions through survey research.
C) It is impossible to measure a person's self-knowledge.
D) Self-report data are often unreliable.

Question 43

The notion that we often have implicit attitudes that differ from our explicit attitudes defines the concept of

A) an independent self-construal.
B) dissonance.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) dual attitudes.

Question 44

, high-self-esteem individuals who had previously been criticized by their opponent were

A) more likely to lose a reaction time game with that person.
B) more likely to win a reaction time game with that person.
C) exceptionally aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).
D) less aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).

Question 45

According to research cited in your text, people have difficulty predicting

A) the intensity of their future emotions.
B) the duration of their future emotions.
C) the intensity and duration of their future emotions.
D) any behaviour.

Question 46

Research on self-knowledge suggests that

A) you are the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
B) your mother is a better judge than you of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
C) your romantic partner is the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
D) your landlord is the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.

Question 47

According to research by Abraham Tesser, who among the following is likely to have the strongest motive for self-esteem maintenance?

A) An adult whose spouse depends on him or her for support.
B) An adult whose opposite-sex sibling has been fired from his or her job.
C) A child whose parents have moderate hopes for him or her.
D) An older child whose younger sibling is very talented.

Question 48

The general view of self-esteem holds that

A) people with generally high self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
B) people with positive specific attributes are more likely to have general self-esteem.
C) people with low self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
D) people with positive specific attributes are more likely to struggle with low self-esteem.

Question 49

Jan waited weeks to learn if she would land her dream job, then found out that she did get the job. When she finally starts the new job, which scenario is most likely to be true?

A) She is much happier than she had expected.
B) She is less happy than she had expected.
C) She is more worried about her performance than she had expected.
D) She is less happy than if she had not gotten the job.

Question 50

that has found that people often mispredict how they will feel at some point in the future, Carlos' beliefs about his future happiness

A) will be accurate because he knows himself and his feelings very well.
B) have no relationship to how he will actually feel in the future.
C) will be more accurate than his friend's predictions of how happy these events would make Carlos.
D) will not be accurate because we are vulnerable to the impact bias.

Question 51

report that

A) major trauma can be much more distressing than minor routine irritations (e.g., getting caught in traffic each morning on your way to work).
B) major negative events can be less enduringly distressing than minor irritations.
C) major negative events are just as hard to endure as minor irritations.
D) we are not resilient to intense emotional experiences.

Question 52

, self-esteem feelings are like a fuel gauge. They alert us to threatened social rejection, motivating us to

A) stay away from people we don't like.
B) be more empathetic to others people's situations.
C) act with greater sensitivity to other's expectations.
D) act with less sensitivity to other people's expectations.

Question 53

The bottom-up view of self-esteem means

A) people have high self-esteem when they feel good in particular domains important to their self-esteem.
B) people who value themselves in a general way-those with high self-esteem are more likely to accept their looks and abilities.
C) self-esteem has multiple causes.
D) self-evaluation happens before self-esteem.

Question 54

Emily and her two sisters are all musicians. According to research on the self-esteem maintenance model, Emily will be most motivated to act in ways that maintain her own self-esteem if

A) she is the best musician of the three.
B) her older sister is a better musician than she is.
C) her younger sister is a better musician than she is.
D) of the three, she is the least interested in a music career.

Question 55

found that

A) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually do not predict later behaviour well, nor does the over analysis of their feelings.
B) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually do not predict later behaviour well, and over analysis of their feelings also renders future behaviour predictions useless.
C) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually predict later behaviour well, as does the over analysis of their feelings.
D) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually predict later behaviour well; over analysis of their feelings, however, renders future behaviour predictions useless.

Question 56

According to the theory of global self-esteem, if Jerzy feels _______ about himself in general, he is likely to feel _________ about his ability to pass an exam.

A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) positive; reluctant

Question 57

According to the concept of dual attitudes, although __________ attitudes may change with education and persuasion, ___________ attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) new; old
D) old; new

Question 58

A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth constitutes his or her

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-awareness.
C) possible self.
D) self-esteem.

Question 59

Which of these statements is NOT true?

A) The sincerity with which people report and interpret their experiences is a guarantee of the validity of those reports.
B) Personal testimonies are powerfully persuasive.
C) The sincerity with which people report and interpret their experiences is not a guarantee of the validity of those reports.
D) Personal testimonies are often wrong.

Question 60

discovered that students

A) underestimate their spending for the week even if they have evidence of overspending the week before.
B) overestimate their spending for the week even if they have evidence of overspending the week before.
C) underestimate their spending for the week even if they have evidence of saving from the week before.
D) are good at predicting how much money they will spend in a week.

Question 61

Low self-esteem predicts increased risk of drug abuse, some forms of delinquency, and

A) schizophrenia.
B) depression.
C) personality disorders.
D) child abuse.

Question 62

Tom thinks very highly of himself and does not seem to value relationships with others. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A) Tom has low self-esteem.
B) Tom is narcissistic.
C) Tom is not self-centred.
D) Tom is shy.

Question 63

Which people, when feeling bad or threatened, are more likely to notice and remember others' worst behaviours and to think their partners don't love them?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Competitive people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 64

When facing failure, high-self-esteem people sustain their self-worth by

A) perceiving other people as failing too, and by exaggerating their superiority over others.
B) perceiving themselves as interdependent and thus as only part of a larger group effort.
C) engaging in altruistic acts.
D) refusing to think about the failure and by practising self-forgetfulness.

Question 65

Teen gang leaders, bullies, and genocidal dictators tend to

A) have higher than average self-esteem.
B) suffer from schizophrenia.
C) suffer from depression.
D) have lower than average self-esteem.

Question 66

have found that individuals have two forms of self-esteem: explicit and implicit. When individuals show a high explicit self-esteem but negative implicit views of themselves, they are said to have ___________ self-esteem. On the other hand, high explicit self-esteem and positive implicit views are associated with _________ self-esteem.

A) fragile; secure
B) self-defeating; self-inflating
C) incongruent; congruent
D) unrealistic; realistic

Question 67

According to the text, which people are more likely to be shy, modest, and self-effacing?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Depressed people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 68

Research indicates that people with high self-esteem tend to

A) be very modest when explaining their successes.
B) note that there are as many weaknesses as there are strengths in their own group.
C) see others' strengths as more important than their own.
D) overestimate their successes.

Question 69

Which group of people is more likely to be obnoxious, to interrupt, and to talk at people rather than with them?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Depressed people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 70

Which group of people is somewhat more vulnerable to assorted clinical problems including anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders?

A) Individualistic people.
B) People with low self-esteem.
C) People with high self-esteem.
D) Narcissistic people.

Question 71

have researched the "dark side of high self-esteem" and found that individuals with low self-esteem, when feeling bad or threatened, are more likely to

A) notice and remember others' worst behaviours and to think others don't love them.
B) internalize their feelings and act aggressively toward themselves.
C) portray themselves as having high self-esteem in attempts to deny or overcome their feelings.
D) act aggressively against others in order to conceal their inner insecurities and feel a sense of control over their situation.

Question 72

When they find their favourable self-esteem threatened, people often react by

A) putting others down, sometimes with violence.
B) telling a lie.
C) crying.
D) laughing.

Question 73

Learned helplessness leads to

A) conformity.
B) collective efficacy.
C) schizophrenia.
D) feeling no control over outcomes of events.

Question 74

James is a highly narcissistic male with a big ego. He participates in a psychology experiment where he first received negative feedback from another student about his performance on a writing task, and then played a game against this student and won. As a result of winning, James was given the task of deciding the intensity and duration of an aversive auditory stimulus that would be played to the other student. According to research, James would have administered ________ auditory torture compared to people with normal self-esteem because wounded pride motivates ___________.

A) the same amount of; humility
B) more; retaliation
C) less; embarrassment
D) no; shame

Question 75

According to the text, high self-esteem can lead to

A) initiative, resilience, and pleasant feelings.
B) making more money, depression, and abusing drugs.
C) a happy adulthood.
D) making less money, depression, and abusing drugs.

Question 76

Jenny, who has low self-esteem, has also recently experienced difficulties in her relationship with her boyfriend Travis. She

A) does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her, and lacks security in their relationship.
B) does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her, but feels secure in their relationship.
C) appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her, but lacks security in their relationship.
D) appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her, and feels secure in their relationship.

Question 77

Teen males who engage in sexual activity at an "inappropriately young age" tend to

A) suffer from depression.
B) suffer from schizophrenia.
C) have higher than average self-esteem.
D) have lower than average self-esteem.

Question 78

suggest that self-control

A) operates like an engine: it needs fuel to keep it going.
B) operates like muscular strength: it's weaker immediately after exertion but strengthened with exercise.
C) operates like a finite resource: once used up, it cannot be replenished.
D) none of the choices are correct.

Question 79

According to the text, when a youth with a big ego is threatened or deflated by social rejection, he or she is

A) potentially dangerous.
B) potentially an altruistic person.
C) in danger of mental disorders.
D) in danger of suicide.

Question 80

In response to a threat to self-esteem, high-self-esteem people become considerably more

A) co-operative.
B) altruistic.
C) antagonistic.
D) individualistic.