Deck 5: Social Interaction,social Structure,and Groups

Question 1

Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan?

A)Most husbands do not call their wife by name.
B)Husbands say "I love you" more often than other nationalities.
C)Most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another.
D)Marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A master status is a

A)category used by sociologists for any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.
B)social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
C)status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.
D)series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?

A)status
B)culture
C)social structure
D)Gemeinschaft

Question 5

According to Herbert Blumer,a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that

A)the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions and evaluations.
B)humans respond to behavior based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others.
C)humans interpret or define each other's actions.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is an achieved status?

A)race
B)gender
C)occupation
D)age

Question 7

When Malcolm X's eighth grade teacher dismissed Malcolm's desired career goal of lawyer and instead suggested he become a carpenter,the teacher was viewing Malcolm's race as a(n)

A)achieved status.
B)master status.
C)ascribed status.
D)assigned status.

Question 8

Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards

A)indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory.
B)demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C)indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 9

Jan,Randy,and Terry are science majors,and when they graduate from college,they find jobs as a nurse,a midwife,and a hospital administrator,respectively.These new positions are examples of

A)statuses.
B)social roles.
C)groups.
D)social networks.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

A)It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B)It has the same social meaning in every society.
C)It is based on an individual's skills.
D)It is generally biological in origin,but significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given culture.

Question 11

Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?

A)socialization
B)social structure
C)social interaction
D)culture

Question 12

An individual can acquire an achieved status by

A)attending school.
B)establishing a friendship.
C)inventing a new product.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 13

Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's

A)race.
B)gender.
C)age.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 14

Social interaction is

A)the process of learning norms,values,beliefs,and other requirements for effective participation in social groups.
B)the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C)the ways in which people respond to one another.
D)a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

Question 15

An achieved status is a social position

A)attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B)"assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
C)that is assigned to an individual at birth.
D)that is given to an individual based upon his or her age,race,or gender.

Question 16

William I.Thomas wrote from which perspective when observing that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but also to the meaning that person or situation has for them?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 17

Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work.Which of the following is his achieved status?

A)social worker
B)male
C)African American
D)college student

Question 18

One crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of the dominant group to

A)define a society's values.
B)define social reality.
C)mold the "definition of the situation."
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 19

An ascribed status is a social position

A)attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B)"assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
C)that is earned.
D)that is reached as a result of negotiation.

Question 20

You walk into your women's studies class,and you look at the person sitting to your left.He is the only male in the class;he is about 20 years old,wears a wedding ring,and carries a bag with a tennis racquet.Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this class?

A)his age
B)his marital status
C)his gender
D)his interest in tennis

Question 21

A(n)________ is any number of people with similar norms,values,and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.

A)group
B)negotiation team
C)organic solidarity
D)aggregate

Question 22

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 23

Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

A)The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B)Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed,but not achieved,statuses.
C)Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D)Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.

Question 24

Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy.She is also a college professor.One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session.Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create

A)role strain.
B)role conflict.
C)role exit.
D)status displacement.

Question 25

Which of the following is true of obesity in regards to social ties?

A)The obese are most frequently in social groups with the non-obese.
B)Weight gain in one person is often related to weight gain of that person's friends and family.
C)Obese people have few social ties.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 26

In Ebaugh's four stages of the process of role exit,which of the following is a core element of the first stage?

A)searching for alternatives
B)identity creation
C)doubt
D)action

Question 27

The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as

A)role conflict.
B)role strain.
C)role exit.
D)resocialization.

Question 28

Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 29

Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions?

A)role strain
B)role conflict
C)role ambiguity
D)role exit

Question 30

Role exit is defined as

A)the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity and the re-establishment of an identity in a new role.
B)a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person.
C)a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an individual.
D)a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about social networks is true?

A)Even network connections that are weak may be useful.
B)Social networks consist exclusively of direct ties to others.
C)Networking in the workplace pays off more for women than for men.
D)About 25 percent of male executives find new jobs through social networks.

Question 32

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?

A)social role
B)structural role
C)achieved role
D)ascribed role

Question 33

Functional prerequisites are

A)tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
B)organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
C)social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D)attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.

Question 34

Which of the following terms is used to refer to organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs?

A)social networks
B)social institutions
C)functional prerequisites
D)communities

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a social institution?

A)the U.S.government
B)a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C)the members of a stamp-collecting society
D)a children's playgroup

Question 36

Studies have shown that which of the following is true in terms of the use of social networks for job searching and career advancement?

A)Networking pays off more for white men.
B)Men are more likely to rely on classified advertisements.
C)Networking pays off more for women.
D)More female executives use networking than male executives.

Question 37

A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers.They give each other job leads and advice,and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance.This group is an example of

A)role connection.
B)impression management.
C)status assistance.
D)social networking.

Question 38

Sociological research that maps sexual relationships among high school students is an example of research on

A)ascribed statuses.
B)role exit.
C)social networks.
D)social institutions.

Question 39

A social network is

A)a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine its character.
B)an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C)a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D)the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

Question 40

Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied

A)role conflict among internal affairs officers in police departments.
B)role exit.
C)social networking among Black businesswomen.
D)sociocultural evolution.

Question 41

Which of the following functional prerequisites was NOT fulfilled by the religious sect known as the Shakers?

A)replacing personnel
B)teaching new recruits
C)producing and distributing goods and services
D)preserving order

Question 42

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)

A)agrarian society.
B)hunting-and-gathering society.
C)horticultural society.
D)slash-and-burn farming society.

Question 43

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)

A)industrial society.
B)postindustrial society.
C)postmodern society.
D)preindustrial society.

Question 44

In Gerhard Lenski's view,societal organization is highly dependent on its level of

A)farming.
B)education.
C)technology.
D)banking.

Question 45

In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society,members are engaged primarily in food production.They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow.This type of society is called a(n)

A)hunting-and-gathering society.
B)agrarian society.
C)horticultural society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 46

The conflict perspective holds that social institutions

A)maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
B)preserve order and equality.
C)train personnel equitably.
D)provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.

Question 47

The Yanomamö,a South American culture,live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens.Their primary tool is a stone ax,which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens.The Yanomamö are an example of a(n)

A)agrarian society.
B)horticultural society.
C)hunting-and-gathering society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 48

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large,impersonal,and often urban,with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.

A)Gemeinschaft
B)Gesellschaft
C)mechanical solidarity
D)organic solidarity

Question 49

Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?

A)Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units.
B)Individuals,villages,and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.
C)Formal educational institutions developed.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 50

The industrial revolution,pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization,first appeared when?

A)1910-1940
B)1870-1905
C)1835-1870
D)1760-1850

Question 51

In a small town in the Midwest,all of the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church.Everyone in this community knows everyone else,and they have shared numerous experiences with one another.This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term

A)Gesellschaft.
B)organic solidarity.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)Gemeinschaft.

Question 52

In a society organized around mechanical solidarity,which of the following tasks would you likely engage in?

A)preparing food
B)building homes
C)making clothing
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 53

Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a

A)Gemeinschaft.
B)Gesellschaft.
C)Gesundheit.
D)Glockenspiel.

Question 54

Today,Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries.Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger,and on his way home he stopped at an intersection,where an unknown police officer raised her hand.These experiences are all characteristic of

A)Gesellschaft relationships.
B)organic solidarity.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)Gemeinschaft relationships.

Question 55

The patriotic behavior of U.S.citizens on January 20,2009 in coming to witness the Inauguration of President Barack Obama represents what kind of functionalist prerequisite?

A)teaching new recruits
B)preserving order
C)replacing personnel
D)providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

Question 56

Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity,innovation,and selection?

A)postmodernism
B)negotiated order
C)industrialization
D)sociocultural evolution

Question 57

Mitchell Duneier studied the social network and social behavior of whom,as a method of researching the effects of social institutions on them?

A)street corner preachers
B)female word processors
C)warehouse workers
D)tollbooth operators

Question 58

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by

A)Ferdinand Tönnies.
B)Gerhard Lenski.
C)Jonathan Kozol.
D)William I.Thomas.

Question 59

Mitchell Duneier's work regarding social networks operates from which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 60

Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex,the nature of solidarity becomes more

A)mechanical.
B)organic.
C)preservationist.
D)institutionalized.

Question 61

Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 62

A group to which people feel they do not belong is called a(n)

A)social network.
B)primary group.
C)reference group.
D)out-group.

Question 63

A woman who has not attended school in 13 years enrolls for classes at the local community college.She is afraid that her younger classmates might not accept her.On the first day of class,she observes the clothing styles of her classmates,and after school she goes shopping and purchases similar clothes.Her classmates could be considered

A)a reference group.
B)an in-group.
C)a focus group.
D)both a reference group and an in-group.

Question 64

The distinction between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by

A)Erving Goffman.
B)Philip Zimbardo.
C)William Graham Sumner.
D)Charles Horton Cooley.

Question 65

Which term is used to refer to a formal,impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?

A)primary group
B)secondary group
C)tertiary group
D)reference group

Question 66

Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?

A)primary group
B)secondary group
C)tertiary group
D)reference group

Question 67

A primary group is a small group that is

A)characterized by impersonality,with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B)characterized by intimate,face-to-face association and cooperation.
C)used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior.
D)characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

Question 68

Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n)

A)dyad.
B)triad.
C)in-group.
D)out-group.

Question 69

Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles and statuses?

A)secondary groups
B)primary groups
C)aggregates
D)formal organizations

Question 70

In the U.S. ,we listen to music imported from Jamaica,eat sushi and other Japanese foods,and watch movies produced in Italy.These are all features of a(n)

A)preindustrial society.
B)industrial society.
C)postindustrial society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 71

Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group.Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of "in-group virtues" into

A)"in-group vices."
B)"out-group virtues."
C)"out-group vices."
D)goal displacement.

Question 72

Which type of group is most important for socialization?

A)primary groups
B)coalitions
C)out groups
D)All of these groups are critical for socialization.

Question 73

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n)

A)industrial society.
B)postmodern society.
C)postindustrial society.
D)agrarian society.

Question 74

Which of the following is likely to be a primary group?

A)all of the players in the National Hockey League
B)the American Civil Liberties Union
C)the members of a neighborhood softball team
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 75

Which of the following is most likely to be a secondary group?

A)the members of a small weekly seminar class in cultural diversity
B)the members of a small commune in Idaho
C)the members of the United Nations General Assembly
D)the members of a family

Question 76

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)

A)preindustrial society.
B)industrial society.
C)postindustrial society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 77

The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 78

Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual,because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health,education,and the environment working for the common good.Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 79

Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health,education,and the environment?

A)Everett Hughes
B)William I.Thomas
C)Daniel Bell
D)Karl Marx

Question 80

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n)

A)preindustrial society.
B)postindustrial society.
C)industrial society.
D)postmodern society.