Deck 4: Socialization and the Life Course

Question 1

Which term is refers to a person's typical patterns of attitudes,needs,characteristics,and behavior?

A)personality
B)social promotion
C)socialization
D)human nature

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Charles Horton Cooley is responsible for developing the concept of

A)impression management.
B)reverse socialization.
C)the looking-glass self.
D)the preparatory stage.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that

A)early childhood deprivation could always be reversed with intense resocialization.
B)social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys.
C)there was no comparison between the development of the monkeys and human development.
D)midlife deprivation was more serious than early childhood deprivation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another,thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint,is known as

A)role strain.
B)resocialization.
C)face-work.
D)role taking.

Question 5

The self is the

A)distinct identity that sets us apart from others.
B)child's awareness of the attitudes,viewpoints,and expectations of society as a whole.
C)child's awareness of the attitudes,viewpoints,and expectations of the people who are most important in his or her life.
D)person's typical patterns of attitudes,needs,characteristics,and behavior.

Question 6

Socialization is the process

A)of mentally assuming the perspective of another.
B)of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
C)whereby people learn the attitudes,values,and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.
D)whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

Question 7

Sara takes her four-year-old brother Matt to a carnival for the first time.They decide to ride the merry-go-round.Matt runs to the front of the line.His sister pulls him back and explains they have to stand in line.This is an example of

A)nature vs.nurture.
B)socialization.
C)personality.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

George Herbert Mead suggested that the self is

A)a static phenomenon.
B)continually developing and changing.
C)a replication quite similar to others.
D)a quality that one is "born in."

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a symbol?

A)a hug
B)a Coca-Cola bottle
C)a frown
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 10

In the nature versus nurture debate,which position do social scientists take?

A)Environmental factors are more important than biological inheritance in human development.
B)Biological inheritance is more important than environmental factors in human development.
C)It is the interaction between environmental factors and biological inheritance that is important in human development.
D)Biological factors are irrelevant in human development.

Question 11

The analysis of Isabelle is important because it emphasizes the relevance of

A)twin studies in sociology and psychology.
B)the consistency of the developmental processes.
C)the sensorimotor stage of development.
D)social interaction in human development.

Question 12

A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class.As part of the preparation,the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater.This is an example of

A)the dramaturgical approach.
B)social promotion.
C)socialization.
D)role taking.

Question 13

In forming a sense of ourselves,we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us,and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions.This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 14

Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as

A)folkways.
B)norms.
C)rites of passage.
D)symbols.

Question 15

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of the self,the preparatory stage occurs when

A)children imitate the people around them,particularly family members.
B)children become able to pretend to be other people.
C)children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them.
D)we observe ourselves through the looking-glass self.

Question 16

According to the concept of the looking-glass self,development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to

A)an increase in self-esteem.
B)the sensorimotor stage of development.
C)destruction of the looking-glass self.
D)a negative self-identity.

Question 17

The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over

A)nature versus nurture.
B)role versus status.
C)manifest versus latent functions.
D)sociobiology versus biosociology.

Question 18

Studies of identical twins have

A)proved conclusively the importance of biological factors in human development.
B)proved conclusively the importance of environmental factors in human development.
C)proved conclusively that human development is a result of the interaction between environmental and biological factors.
D)been based on extremely small samples and should be viewed as preliminary analyses at best.

Question 19

The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously.At this point in development,children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them.Mead calls this stage the

A)preparatory stage.
B)play stage.
C)imitative stage.
D)game stage.

Question 20

The looking-glass self is the

A)sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others.
B)child's awareness of the attitudes,viewpoints,and expectations of society as a whole.
C)phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others.
D)person's typical patterns of attitudes,needs,characteristics,and behavior.

Question 21

According to George Herbert Mead,during which stage of development does a child respond to numerous members of the social environment and grasp his or her distinctive social position?

A)the preparatory stage
B)the game stage
C)the play stage
D)the concrete operational stage

Question 22

Becky has a toy vacuum.She often pushes it around the living room.Becky is in the

A)preparatory stage.
B)game stage.
C)play stage.
D)concrete operational stage.

Question 23

Which child psychologist identified four stages in the development of a child's thought processes?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Edward O.Wilson
C)Shirley Weitz
D)Jean Piaget

Question 24

Which of the following is the best example of a significant other?

A)a casual acquaintance
B)a clerk in a department store
C)a parent
D)someone you met at a party last night

Question 25

Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach,impression management,and face-work?

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)George Herbert Mead
C)Erving Goffman
D)Wilbert Moore

Question 26

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development,the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the

A)sensorimotor stage.
B)preoperational stage.
C)concrete operational stage.
D)formal operational stage.

Question 27

Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of "face-work"?

A)altering the presentation of self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
B)people's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public
C)institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life
D)the variety of interactionism that utilizes theatrical concepts

Question 28

Which of the following is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development?

A)the preoperational stage
B)the concrete operational stage
C)the formal operational stage
D)the sensorimotor stage

Question 29

Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika,who appears to have a scoring opportunity.Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development,according to George Herbert Mead?

A)the preparatory stage
B)the imitative stage
C)the play stage
D)the game stage

Question 30

A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend,"There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." This is an example of

A)reverse socialization.
B)anticipatory socialization.
C)impression management.
D)face-work.

Question 31

The term significant others is

A)Charles Horton Cooley's term for a child's awareness of the attitudes,viewpoints,and expectations of society as a whole.
B)George Herbert Mead's term for altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.
C)George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.
D)George Herbert Mead's term for the sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others.

Question 32

Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism.Consequently,you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion.In this instance,you are effectively

A)demonstrating role taking.
B)playing the part of a significant other.
C)playing the part of a generalized other.
D)completing the preparatory stage of Mead's theory.

Question 33

Which social scientist believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Harry Harlow
C)Charles Horton Cooley
D)George Herbert Mead

Question 34

Bob is on his first date with Mary,whom he really likes.He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him,too,and to want to go out with him again.This is an example of

A)face-work.
B)impression management.
C)idealization of the other.
D)role taking.

Question 35

The dramaturgical approach is

A)a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
B)a framework developed by George Herbert Mead.
C)a phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others.
D)the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.

Question 36

Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes,viewpoints,and expectations of society as a whole?

A)generalized other
B)significant other
C)impression management
D)symbolic other

Question 37

Debbie attends her first day of school,and when she returns home,she "plays school" with her younger brother.As part of this play activity,Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day.According to George Herbert Mead,Debbie is in which stage of development?

A)the preparatory stage
B)the imitative stage
C)the play stage
D)the game stage

Question 38

A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight.This child is probably in which stage of development,according to Jean Piaget?

A)concrete operational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operational
D)preoperational

Question 39

During which of Mead's stages of the self does a child begin to "become" a doctor,a parent,a superhero,or a ship captain?

A)the preparatory stage
B)the game stage
C)the play stage
D)the sensorimotor stage

Question 40

Early in life,a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.This process is known as

A)impression management.
B)reverse socialization.
C)face-work.
D)anticipatory socialization.

Question 41

The statement "African American parents have learned that children as young as two years can absorb negative messages about Blacks in children's books,toys,and television shows" most likely supports the views of which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 42

A retirement party,a high-school graduation party,and a confirmation party are all examples of

A)role taking.
B)impression management.
C)rites of passage.
D)face-work.

Question 43

Most adolescents seek jobs in order to

A)identify a career choice.
B)make spending money.
C)assist with their parents' household expenses.
D)pay for education.

Question 44

Which of the following statements reflects a functionalist view of education as a socializing agent?

A)Schools can reinforce the divisive aspects of society,especially those of social class.
B)Schools are frequently used by those in power to maintain their power and to continue the subjugation of those with lower status.
C)Schools are responsible for teaching the values and norms of the larger society.
D)A teacher's style may often influence classroom interaction.

Question 45

An inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by number.This is an example of

A)anticipatory socialization.
B)a rite of passage.
C)a degradation ceremony.
D)ascription.

Question 46

Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life.Children observe their parents as they express affection,deal with finances,quarrel,complain about in-laws,and so forth.Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying this?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 47

Rites of passage are

A)gestures,objects,and language that form the basis of human communication.
B)stressful periods of self-evaluation,often occurring between 35 and 50 years of age.
C)rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another.
D)expectations regarding the proper behavior,attitudes,and activities of males and females.

Question 48

Which sociological perspective emphasizes how schools in the U.S.foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 49

Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life?

A)role divestment
B)resocialization
C)desocialization
D)anticipatory socialization

Question 50

Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S.foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful?

A)Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
B)Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
C)Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann
D)Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas

Question 51

Gender roles are

A)expectations regarding the proper behavior,attitudes,and activities of males and females.
B)the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females.
C)universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females.
D)the biological characteristics of males and females,such as genital organs,hormones,and body hair.

Question 52

Anticipatory socialization refers to

A)the process whereby people learn the attitudes,values,and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a culture.
B)processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions,occupations,and social relationships.
C)the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
D)the process whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of total institutions?

A)All aspects of life are conducted in the same place and are under the control of a single authority.
B)The authorities devise rules and schedule activities after consultation with the participants.
C)Any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances.
D)All aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfill the purpose of the organization.

Question 54

In total institutions,people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as

A)degradation ceremonies.
B)resocialization.
C)anticipatory socialization.
D)reverse socialization.

Question 55

Which of the following is considered a total institution?

A)a high school
B)a mental hospital
C)a Girl Scout troop
D)the New York Mets

Question 56

A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer.She takes swimming lessons,joins her school's swimming team,reads magazine articles about champion swimmers,and goes to swimming meets at a nearby college.This is an example of

A)reverse socialization.
B)resocialization.
C)desocialization.
D)anticipatory socialization.

Question 57

Life-course theorists suggest socialization

A)stops after a person experiences a rite of passage.
B)continues through all stages of the life cycle.
C)is attributable solely to biological influences.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 58

As primary agents of childhood socialization,schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society.This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 59

Which of the following statements about rites of passage is true?

A)The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage.
B)All segments of American society celebrate the arrival of adulthood with the same rites of passage.
C)People in all societies experience adolescence between the ages of 15 and 17.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 60

As children grow older,their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of

A)the family.
B)the state.
C)religion.
D)the mass media.

Question 61

Describe the ways in which the media impacts youth in the U.S.

Question 62

Education,religion,and the government all impact an individual's socialization.

Question 63

Twin studies are viewed with some skepticism because they are based on very small sample sizes.

Question 64

Identify and describe a rite of passage in your culture.

Question 65

Girls are socialized differently than boys within the U.S.

Question 66

The methods of celebrating rites of passage can provide a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status.

Question 67

Using some of the examples from the chapter (Isabelle,Romanian orphans,primate studies,twin studies),discuss the influence of heredity and environmental factors on the socialization process.

Question 68

The second stage of development in George Herbert Mead's model is the game stage.

Question 69

In the nature versus nurture debate,most social scientists maintain that "nurture" is considerably more important than "nature."

Question 70

The members of your nuclear family,your athletic coach,a teacher in a large lecture hall,and your best friend are all significant others.

Question 71

Discuss the nature versus nurture debate with regard to the socialization of one's social self or personality.

Question 72

Some of the most difficult socialization challenges and rites of passage occur in the later years of life.

Question 73

Describe how the functionalist,conflict,and interactionist perspectives view the role of socialization in creating a social self in society.

Question 74

In the early 1900s,Charles Horton Cooley advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others.

Question 75

Explain the differences and similarities among socialization,resocialization,and anticipatory socialization.

Question 76

Describe George Herbert Mead's various stages of the self.Define the terms generalized others and significant others.

Question 77

Identify the various agents of socialization and discuss the importance of each in the formation of a social self.

Question 78

Individuality is often lost within total institutions.