Deck 2: Fundamentals of Social Behavior

Question 1

The socialization process is particularly important to humans because:

A)humans are the only known social animal.
B)humans are relatively immature when they are born.
C)humans can only learn by directly imitating the behavior of others.
D)humans are naturally independent but gradually learn to be social as they grow older.

Answer 1

humans are relatively immature when they are born.

Question 2

The capacity for symbolic thought is most directly involved in which aspect of human experience?

A)imitation
B)the senses
C)movement
D)language

Answer 2

language

Question 3

_____ activates an area of the brain that is also activated during physical pain.

A)Contact with other cultures
B)Social exclusion
C)Failure to successfully complete a task
D)Cultural initiation

Answer 3

Social exclusion

Question 4

Sensitivity to _____ is important in avoiding interpersonal conflicts.

A)the possibility of possibilities
B)social rejection
C)social exclusion
D)status hierarchies

Question 5

The idea that what is evolved or observed in the biological world is inherently good is referred to as:

A)the naturalistic fallacy.
B)survival of the fittest.
C)the theory of adaptation.
D)Lamarckian evolution.

Question 6

_____ and _____ are the two primary sources of the variability necessary for natural selection.

A)Competition;fission
B)Competition;heritability
C)Heritability;sexual recombination
D)Mutation;sexual recombination

Question 7

Anju is walking down a dark street at night and encounters a stranger.Based on research on the evolution of human sociality,what will she immediately try to find out about the stranger?

A)whether the stranger is sexually attractive,and whether the stranger is higher or lower in status
B)whether the stranger is sexually attractive,and the whether the stranger is hiding something from her
C)whether the stranger is a member of her own group,and whether the stranger is higher or lower in status
D)whether the stranger is a member of her own group,and whether the stranger is hiding something from her

Question 8

Which of the following is the MOST evolutionarily unique quality of human beings?

A)culture
B)the ability to make vocal sounds
C)bipedalism
D)a high brain-to-body-mass ratio

Question 9

Biologists discover that in a certain species of lizard,the males tend to have orange tails.These biologists are also aware that (a)there is vegetation in the area that can make animals' skin orange; (b)females of the same lizard species are attracted to the color orange;and (c)predators in the area have difficulty seeing the color orange.Based on what we know about evolutionary processes,which statement best describes the likely cause of the lizards' orange tails?

A)Female lizards are attracted to orange-tailed males.
B)Predators have difficulty seeing the color orange.
C)No factor explains the inheritance of the color orange;it is simply a random mutation.
D)The color orange likely results from a combination of factors,including the vegetation,female preference,and predator characteristics.

Question 10

The two primary components of the process of natural selection are:

A)variability and competition.
B)competition and survival of the fittest.
C)variability and genetic recombination.
D)sexuality and mortality.

Question 11

Our _____ gives us control over the environment as we shape it to fit our vision of how the world should be.

A)sense of self
B)intelligence
C)imagination
D)awareness of others

Question 12

_____ are attributes that help the organism cope with a wide variety of challenges encountered in different environments,while _____ are attributes that help the organism cope directly with particular challenges.

A)Domain-specific adaptations;domain-general adaptations
B)Domain-general adaptations;domain-specific adaptations
C)Genotypes;phenotypes
D)Phenotypes;genotypes

Question 13

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

A)A fairly random mixture of circumstances determines which attributes are adaptive.
B)"Survival of the fittest" means that the strongest will survive.
C)What is "fittest" depends on the organism's natural environment.
D)Over time attributes that were once adaptive may become less so.

Question 14

Jennifer has the capacity for self-awareness and believes that she is a kind person.What is one consequence of this belief?

A)Jennifer wants to be in the proximity of other people.
B)Jennifer's vision of future situations includes decisions to be either kind or unkind.
C)Jennifer can recognize whether a kind person is in her ingroup or not.
D)Jennifer has a natural inclination to protect members of her family.

Question 15

What is an adaptation?

A)a particular way in which an environment is changed as a result of organismal influence
B)an attribute that increases an organism's likelihood of survival and reproduction
C)a behavioral tendency that an organism acquires after years of living in the same environment
D)an attribute that decreases an individual's fitness index

Question 16

Socialization is defined as:

A)the process of learning from parents and others what is desirable behavior in a culture.
B)the experience of being accepted into an exclusive group.
C)the evolution of social instincts across different species.
D)the developmental process through which the brain acquires the ability to recognize social cues in the environment.

Question 17

_____ is the evolutionary process by which nature chooses traits that enable organisms to survive and reproduce.

A)Adaptation
B)Natural selection
C)Sexual recombination
D)The naturalistic fallacy

Question 18

Which of the following statements is the BEST summary of evolution?

A)All organisms fit together in a harmonious ecosystem.
B)Children develop in a way that parallels the development of the human species.
C)Species change over time and are descended from common ancestors.
D)Change in a species can occur within a generation.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

A)Variability and competition are essential elements for natural selection.
B)The human species evolved as the end goal of a series of progressive stages during which life became increasingly complex and better adapted.
C)Human bipedalism brought with it both advantages and disadvantages.
D)The process of evolution through natural selection does not necessarily have any ultimate "purpose."

Question 20

The human capacity for learning is best considered an example of:

A)a domain-specific adaptation.
B)a genetically determined personality trait.
C)a domain-general adaptation.
D)a mutation.

Question 21

Francine walks into her first social psychology exam with the goal of doing well in her social psychology course.As she begins to fill in the multiple-choice options on the exam,she realizes that her pencil tip keeps breaking and she is not able to successfully fill out the answer sheet.Based on research,how is Francine thinking about her actions in the middle of the exam?

A)She is trying to do well in the social psychology course.
B)She is trying to do well on the first social psychology exam.
C)She is trying to bubble in answers on an answer sheet.
D)She is trying to finish the test on time.

Question 22

As we move down the hierarchy of goals,goals become increasingly _____;as we move up the hierarchy of goals,they become increasingly _____.

A)concrete;abstract
B)abstract;concrete
C)relational;personal
D)personal;relational

Question 23

The rational system of thought is associated with _____ processes.

A)controlled
B)automatic
C)domain-specific
D)domain-general

Question 24

The experiential system of decision-making is associated with _____ processes.

A)controlled
B)automatic
C)domain-specific
D)domain-general

Question 25

Hedonistic avoidance and approach correspond to two basic motivational orientations that guide human behavior.These are _____ and _____.

A)sexuality;self-determination
B)sexuality;growth
C)security;growth
D)self-determination;security

Question 26

Thoughts or actions that occur without conscious attention are called _____,while those that occur through conscious,deliberative effort are called _____.

A)controlled;automatic
B)automatic;controlled
C)domain-specific;domain-general
D)domain-general;domain-specific

Question 27

According to self-determination theory,which of the following is NOT a basic human need?

A)autonomy
B)competence
C)symbolic immortality
D)relatedness

Question 28

Action identification theory suggests that as a person experiences difficulty completing a task,that person will tend to reconceptualize their activity in more _____ terms.

A)automatic
B)future-oriented
C)abstract
D)concrete

Question 29

_____ is the process by which initially difficult,complex,or multistep tasks come to no longer require conscious attention.

A)Socialization
B)Primary appraisal
C)Automatization
D)Adaptation

Question 30

_____ is the human preference for pleasure over pain.

A)Goals
B)Motivation
C)Hedonism
D)Experiential thinking

Question 31

In Rank's conception of the two fundamental psychological motives,_____ can be thought of as a form of approach motivation,and _____ can be thought of as a form of avoidance motivation.

A)sexuality;hedonism
B)hedonism;sexuality
C)growth;security
D)security;growth

Question 32

The _____ system of thought is generally associated with automatic processes,while the _____ system of thought generally supports controlled processes.

A)abstract action;concrete action
B)concrete action;abstract action
C)rational;experiential
D)experiential;rational

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the human capacity for symbolic consciousness?

A)People can be afraid of things that don't even exist.
B)People can imagine who they want to be in future times of their lives.
C)Unlike other organisms,all human behavior occurs as a result of conscious control.
D)People can ask "why?" and "what if?" questions.

Question 34

Sayed is in the middle of studying for his psychology exam.Sayed is thinking about studying:

A)as satisfying his need for autonomy.
B)as satisfying his need for relatedness.
C)in relatively low-level,concrete terms.
D)in relatively high-level,abstract terms.

Question 35

Jamal is trying to learn how to juggle.He is doing this because tomorrow a casting company is holding an audition for a commercial in which the main character juggles.Jamal hopes to appear in the commercial so that he will be noticed by a film director and get a chance to fulfill his dream of acting.In this example,what is Jamal's attempt to learn to juggle?

A)an abstract goal
B)a concrete goal
C)an automatic process
D)a basic need

Question 36

What was the term Rank used to describe how people develop unique personalities as a function of their growth motivation?

A)individuation
B)self-determination
C)socialization
D)hedonism

Question 37

Sarah has always had a desire to feel good about herself and her accomplishments.At this point in her life,Sarah is studying to pass the bar exam in her state.If she passes the exam,Sarah will feel very proud of herself.In this example,one could say that Sarah has a _____ to feel good about herself,and a _____ to pass the bar.

A)goal;need
B)need;goal
C)motive;drive
D)drive;motive

Question 38

Maya is thinking that next week she should study for her final psychology exam.Maya is thinking about studying:

A)as satisfying her need for autonomy.
B)as satisfying her need for relatedness.
C)in relatively low-level,concrete terms.
D)in relatively high-level,abstract terms.

Question 39

Taufik was raised in a traditional Islamic family in Indonesia.However,ever since he met a North American missionary in his youth,he has dreamed of traveling to the United States and becoming a Christian.Eventually,an opportunity arises for Taufik to leave;however,he decides to remain with his family and to stick to his religious background.According to Rank's theory of fundamental psychological motivations,Taufik has prioritized his motive for:

A)satisfaction.
B)growth.
C)security.
D)competence.

Question 40

The process of expending energy to achieve or avoid a particular outcome is generally referred to as:

A)motivation.
B)symbolism.
C)hedonism.
D)adaptation.

Question 41

The part of the brain that is the most involved in primary appraisal is the:

A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)thalamus.

Question 42

According to research on the cognitive impacts of mood,people who have been put into a generally bad mood tend to do which of the following?

A)make more quick but rational judgments
B)rely on preexisting knowledge rather than analyzing information carefully
C)make more external attributions for any difficulties they experience
D)pay careful,critical attention to information about themselves and their environments

Question 43

A _____ sets the stage for more specific affective reactions.

A)primary appraisal
B)background emotion
C)primary emotion
D)secondary emotion

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a secondary emotion?

A)delight
B)misery
C)anxiety
D)anger

Question 45

Anais notices a strange object moving in the corner of her room and immediately experiences unease and an increased heart rate.She then remembers that she left her toy robot with the battery running in the corner of the room,and she realizes that must be the object.She begins to experience the emotion of relief.According to Lazarus's theory of emotions,how should we classify Anais's memory of her toy robot?

A)a primary appraisal
B)a secondary appraisal
C)a background emotion
D)a secondary emotion

Question 46

When people experience a social emotion,all of the following apply EXCEPT which statement?

A)They pay closer attention to inappropriate behavior.
B)They try to maintain appropriate behavior.
C)They avoid particular objects in their environment.
D)They try to repair disrupted relationships.

Question 47

A researcher is interested in determining whether there is a social function to sadness.Which of the following study designs might BEST determine if this is the case?

A)asking participants to open an email containing sad news either alone or in the presence of others and recording their facial expressions
B)asking participants to complete measures of extraversion and emotionality
C)asking participants to open an email containing either sad news or happy news and then measuring their level of sadness
D)asking participants to go to a party and then measuring how sad they are

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the universality of basic emotions?

A)Basic emotions appear to be triggered by similar stimuli in diverse settings around the world.
B)People in more collectivist cultures tend to experience higher levels of guilt.
C)People from isolated cultures can recognize expressions associated with basic emotions from people of a different culture.
D)Basic emotions are associated with activation of brain regions that emerged early in human evolution.

Question 49

Tonio tells his friend that he is in a "really good mood today." Tonio's statement describes his _____ emotions.

A)background
B)primary
C)secondary
D)appraisal

Question 50

All of the following are true about the hierarchy of goals EXCEPT which statement?

A)Goals serve a single purpose.
B)A single action can serve multiple purposes.
C)Observers can interpret an action at multiple levels.
D)There is a temporal factor in whether goals are concrete or abstract.

Question 51

The idea that specific emotional experiences are shaped by a two-step process-initial general arousal and general perception of harm or benefit,followed by the influence of higher-order cognitive processes-is called:

A)action identification theory.
B)the secondary appraisal process.
C)cognitive appraisal theory.
D)two-system cognition theory.

Question 52

Contemporary emotion researchers distinguish between which kinds of emotions?

A)feelings,moods,and affects
B)background,primary,and secondary emotions
C)innate,secondary,and tertiary emotions
D)cognitive emotions and motivational emotions

Question 53

Which of the following emotions is NOT a social emotion?

A)surprise
B)sympathy
C)guilt
D)pride

Question 54

A set of beliefs,attitudes,values,norms,morals,customs,roles,statuses,symbols,and rituals shared by members of a group who see themselves as a group is referred to as:

A)social identity.
B)group perspective.
C)culture.
D)reality.

Question 55

Javier is excellent at being able to recognize his own emotions.He is very good at realizing whether he is sad or depressed.Javier is demonstrating:

A)primary appraisal.
B)secondary appraisal.
C)emotion differentiation.
D)domain-general adaptations.

Question 56

All of the following are psychological dimensions of the individual EXCEPT which one?

A)the collective
B)the universal
C)the individual
D)the cultural

Question 57

According to cognitive appraisal theory,emotions consist of a primary appraisal that involves _____ and a secondary appraisal that involves _____.

A)security motivation;growth motivation
B)growth motivation;security motivation
C)high-level cognition and the rational system;physiological arousal and the experiential system
D)physiological arousal and the experiential system;high-level cognition and the rational system

Question 58

According to research on cognition and mood,people who are in a good mood generally tend to do which of the following?

A)rely on preexisting knowledge rather than carefully analyzing information
B)make more positive judgments about others
C)make more external attributions for their difficulties
D)make careful analysis of information about themselves and their environments

Question 59

What is the general consensus in the area of research on emotions?

A)Cognition and emotion are unrelated.
B)Cognitions primarily influence emotions.
C)Emotions primarily influence cognitions.
D)Cognition and emotion influence each other.

Question 60

Research suggests that positive emotions are associated with _____ motivation,while negative emotions are associated with _____ motivation.

A)security;growth
B)avoidance;approach
C)approach;avoidance
D)controlled;automatic

Question 61

Which of the following factors does NOT help the process of cultural diffusion?

A)advances in modes of transportation
B)communication technology
C)geographic isolation
D)the extent to which a belief or practice contributes to the material success of a culture

Question 62

Which of the following values is NOT primarily related to the basic growth motive?

A)self-direction
B)achievement
C)conformity
D)stimulation

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 cross-culturally accepted universal values identified by Schwartz and colleagues?

A)hedonism
B)chastity
C)power
D)self-direction

Question 64

Pakistani culture places strong emphasis on the value of tradition.Which of the following types of morals is Pakistani culture MOST likely to strongly hold?

A)divinity
B)benevolence
C)autonomy
D)community

Question 65

In a strong situation,there are _____ norms for appropriate behavior,whereas in a weak situation there are _____ norms for appropriate behavior.

A)security;growth
B)growth;security
C)clear;unclear
D)unclear;clear

Question 66

In research across cultures by Schwartz and colleagues,which of the following values ranked as most important?

A)benevolence
B)security
C)achievement
D)tradition

Question 67

In a study in which some Asian Americans were told that they didn't look very American,what were these participants more likely to do than those who had not been told this?

A)choose a typically American meal
B)eat food that was less rich in calories
C)choose a typically Asian meal
D)defend their national identity on a patriotism test

Question 68

Violations of autonomy morals elicit reactions of _____,while violations of divinity morals elicit reactions of _____.

A)disgust;anger
B)anger;disgust
C)legality;religiosity
D)religiosity;legality

Question 69

Which of the following entities is the BEST example of a cultural symbol in the United States?

A)a parent
B)a monkey
C)the U.S.Constitution
D)the Pacific Ocean

Question 70

Hans has lived in the United States all of his life.Hans's German mother made sure that he was able to speak German,so he would thoroughly understand the German way of life.Hans's mother has passed on a _____ to him.

A)norm
B)standard
C)value
D)culture

Question 71

Which is NOT one of the three basic moral domains,according to Shweder et al.?

A)community morals
B)competence morals
C)divinity morals
D)autonomy morals

Question 72

_____ are accepted ideas about reality,and _____are preferences or opinions about what is good and bad.

A)attitudes;values
B)Values;beliefs
C)Beliefs;attitudes
D)Morals;norms

Question 73

Compared with biological evolution,cultural evolution is:

A)faster.
B)slower.
C)inefficient.
D)purposeless.

Question 74

As a college senior,Ali is about to participate in his university commencement ceremony.What is the most precise social psychological description of what Ali is about to do?

A)develop a new set of customs by learning about a set of cultural attitudes
B)enact the cultural value of benevolence
C)fulfill his motives for security and growth
D)participate in a ritual celebrating his entrance into a new social role

Question 75

_____ are specific patterns or styles of dress,speech,and behavior deemed appropriate in a particular context,while _____ are patterns of action performed in particular contexts to reinforce cultural beliefs,values,and morals.

A)Rituals;customs
B)Symbols;norms
C)Norms;symbols
D)Customs;rituals

Question 76

The fact that devout Jews and Muslims refuse to eat pork is most clearly an example of:

A)differences in the value of self-direction.
B)cultural imperialism.
C)irrational behavior.
D)the symbolic or metaphysical aspects of food consumption.

Question 77

A culture that places a strong emphasis on the sacredness of marriage is demonstrating a(n)_____ moral.

A)autonomy
B)community
C)divinity
D)benevolent

Question 78

_____ are shared beliefs about appropriate or expected behaviors in particular situations.

A)Norms
B)Values
C)Ideas
D)Attitudes

Question 79

What is the definition of a social role?

A)a set of strong norms for behavior within a particular setting
B)a position within a group that determines particular ways of acting and dividing responsibility and resources
C)an individual's level of security compared with another individual's within the same culture
D)a pattern of action that is only performed in particular contexts to reinforce cultural beliefs

Question 80

_____ is the process whereby inventions and ideas transfer from one culture to another,while _____ is the process whereby cultures develop,through beliefs and behaviors that contribute to their success.

A)Cultural evolution;cultural diffusion
B)Cultural diffusion;cultural evolution
C)Cultural transmission;cultural symbols
D)Cultural symbols;cultural transmission