Deck 12: The Architecture of Inequality: Sex and Gender

Question 1

Men who assume that women are helpless and need assistance are displaying _____ attitudes.

A)egalitarian
B)matriarchal
C)sexist
D)subordinate

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sociological research shows that when married,heterosexual women work outside the home,

A)housework becomes much more equally distributed between husbands and wives.
B)food preparation in particular becomes the domain of the husband.
C)women continue to do the majority of the housework.
D)many families choose to hire a housekeeper from outside the family.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Research suggests that gay,lesbian,and bisexual youth are _____times more likely than heterosexuals to attempts suicide.

A)three
B)five
C)ten
D)15

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Men dominate in fields such as business management,engineering,and medicine because

A)women continue to be uninterested in such fields of work.
B)sexism is waning in almost every aspect of American work life.
C)men continue to be better suited for leadership positions.
D)sex segregation persists in the workforce.

Question 5

The 1964 Civil Rights Act does which of the following?

A)prohibits job discrimination based on sex,race,religion,and national origin
B)obligates the federal government to provide financial assistance to poor women who are pregnant
C)prohibits job and housing discrimination based on sexual orientation
D)prohibits job discrimination based on gender identity

Question 6

Which term refers to treating another as an object rather than a human being?

A)patrimony
B)relativism
C)androgyny
D)objectification

Question 7

The problem with depicting masculinity and femininity as natural,biological phenomena is that it confuses

A)men with women.
B)sex with gender.
C)males with females.
D)sexual orientation with sexual identity.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about rape is NOT true?

A)It is often used by men to exert control over women.
B)In most cases,the victim knows the rapist.
C)It is the only serious crime where the victim must prove he or she did not consent.
D)It is illegal in every known society.

Question 9

According to conflict theorists,why has rape traditionally been seen as a crime against men?

A)Men were often victims of rape.
B)Women often falsely accused men of rape.
C)Rape was considered a crime against men's property.
D)Men were often physically injured during the attack.

Question 10

Medicine during the 19th and early 20th century focused on women as products and prisoners of

A)their socioeconomic status.
B)their role in the family.
C)their environment.
D)their anatomy.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes what has happened to the "wage gap"-the disparity between men's and women's earnings-in the United States?

A)It has been widening by roughly 2% each year since 1997.
B)It is a myth.
C)It was eliminated by affirmative action programs.
D)While it has declined over the years,it is still present.

Question 12

A survey of women at a large university shows that women who are raped rarely report the incident because they blame themselves.A survey of male students at the same university shows that men believe forced sex is acceptable in certain instances,such as when a woman "leads him on." To reduce these problems,the university's strategy should focus on

A)reminding women to not wear provocative clothing.
B)teaching all students that forced sex is rape.
C)encouraging students to walk in groups late at night.
D)publishing pamphlets that list "dangerous situations" women should avoid.

Question 13

Although female sexism exists,male sexism has more serious consequences because

A)men still hold most positions of power.
B)women rarely consider men inferior.
C)males are not sexually objectified.
D)most men identify as sexist.

Question 14

Societies dominated by men and characterized by beliefs and values that hold males in higher regard than females are referred to as

A)matriarchies.
B)patriarchies.
C)plutocracies.
D)meritocracies.

Question 15

Unwanted advances and inappropriate touching are examples of ________ harassment.

A)gender
B)sexual
C)personal
D)binomial

Question 16

What is the most frequently committed but infrequently reported violent crime in the United States?

A)sexual harassment
B)rape
C)robbery
D)aggravated assault

Question 17

In 31 states,if a rape leads to a baby,the rapist is

A)automatically convicted of the crime.
B)entitled to visitation rights.
C)assumed to know the victim.
D)given a shorter jail sentence.

Question 18

What is sexism?

A)a female-dominated society that gives higher prestige and value to women than to men
B)a system of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex
C)a society that gives higher prestige and value to men than to women
D)subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of social institutions

Question 19

Men have traditionally used rape and the threat of rape to control women.For example,rape deters women from going out late at night and may cause women to avoid job opportunities.Which perspective draws attention to rape as a means of social control?

A)conflict
B)dramaturgy
C)masochism thesis
D)structural-functionalist

Question 20

What are "corrective" rapes?

A)the rape of lesbian women by men who believe that they can "cure" women of their lesbian sexual orientation
B)a method of intimidating women during wartime
C)the terrorizing of women by their husbands in South Africa
D)a type of gang rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Question 21

Which of the following have some evangelical pastors identified as problems with mainstream Protestant religions?

A)the "feminization" of Christ
B)Tolerance and sensitivity have been overemphasized.
C)There isn't enough attention paid to matters of damnation and salvation.
D)All of the above

Question 22

While at a restaurant,you overhear a conversation taking place at an adjacent table.Three women,who seem to be friends,are discussing the menu."The flatbreads here are really good," one says to the others.You notice that while the woman was making a statement,her intonation,which rose toward the end of the sentence,made it sound like a question.What is the word for this linguistic phenomenon?

A)backspeak
B)fry voice
C)creaky voice
D)uptalk

Question 23

Several researchers studying the division of labor in families have found that mothers in two-parent households continue to be the primary caretakers of children and that both parents express a preference for this arrangement.Which of the following sociological concepts explains these findings?

A)gender identity
B)gender needs
C)gender roles
D)gender harassment

Question 24

Why is the psychiatric diagnosis for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder so controversial?

A)Most women do not suffer premenstrual symptoms.
B)The diagnosis reinforces sexist beliefs that women are emotionally unstable.
C)It is a clear physical ailment and not a psychological disorder.
D)Some medical researchers are receiving large grants to research it.

Question 25

In his analysis of contestants' speech on the game show Jeopardy!,Linneman found

A)only females used uptalk.
B)males and females both used uptalk when giving an answer about which they were uncertain and that turned out to be incorrect.
C)only females and effeminate males used uptalk.
D)males were far more likely than females to use uptalk.

Question 26

Research indicates that men who have been recently laid off tend to

A)take on more household work.
B)take on less household work.
C)continue performing the same amount of household work as before they were laid off.
D)get hooked on daytime cooking shows.

Question 27

A female business executive noisily enters a meeting room full of male executives and vigorously shakes hands with everyone.During the meeting,she frequently interrupts the men to give her own opinion on the subject.According to prevailing norms of social interaction between men and women,the men in the meeting room will most likely

A)admire the woman's ability to be an effective leader.
B)question the woman's femininity.
C)begin telling dirty jokes.
D)walk out of the room.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about reactions to a woman who openly displays her knowledge and expertise is true?

A)Others may question her femininity.
B)She is likely to meet with negative reactions.
C)She risks being deemed unlikable.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 29

Three fourths of the pictures in Adam's sixth-grade science textbook that show children engaging in scientific activities are of boys;the remaining one fourth of the pictures are of girls.The differences in the depiction of boys and girls in this textbook is an example of

A)personal sexism.
B)institutionalized sexism.
C)comparable worth.
D)objectification.

Question 30

A common tactic used in advertising involves posing an attractive female model next to,leaning against,or holding a product.These women usually say nothing,but are simply there as an attractive background for the product.This use of women in advertising is an example of

A)objectification.
B)personal sexism.
C)matriarchy.
D)sexual harassment.

Question 31

Which country has yet to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women?

A)Germany
B)France
C)the United States
D)Sweden

Question 32

When researchers studied the weights of Miss America pageant winners from 1922 to 1999,they found that the weights of pageant winners

A)fluctuated from year to year.
B)had increased over time.
C)had decreased over time.
D)had increased until about 1960 and then started to decrease.

Question 33

On a given day,men are more likely than women to spend time engaged in which household activity?

A)food preparation
B)telephone calls,mail,and e-mail
C)lawn and garden care
D)purchasing goods and services

Question 34

Which of the following statements about gender and attitudes toward homosexual people is true?

A)Heterosexual males tend to be more comfortable with lesbian women than they are with gay men.
B)Heterosexual males and females tend to express similar levels of discomfort toward same-sex oriented people.
C)Females are far more uncomfortable than heterosexual men when in the presence of gay men.
D)Males and females both express more discomfort with lesbian women than with gay men.

Question 35

The proportion of young girls who are concerned about their weight has increased dramatically over the past 20 years.A sociological explanation for this phenomenon is

A)the prevalence of images of women with bodies that are unattainable or unrealistic for most females.
B)the lack of exercise among America's youth.
C)increasing public awareness of anorexia and other eating disorders.
D)the movement of women into the paid labor force.

Question 36

At a dinner party,a married woman and mother of two children who does not work outside the home apologetically describes herself as "just a housewife." Each of the following contributes to this woman's devalued definition of her role EXCEPT

A)the public-private dichotomization of work after industrialization.
B)the different values placed on the kinds of work men and women are expected to do.
C)women's presence in the paid-labor force.
D)traditional expectations for responsibilities of husbands and wives.

Question 37

When women are laid off,they tend to

A)decrease the amount of time they spend on housework and childcare.
B)double the amount of time they spend on housework and childcare.
C)not change the amount of time they spend on housework and childcare.
D)get hooked on daytime cooking shows.

Question 38

Cross cultural research indicates that

A)there is variation across societies with regard to females' interests in the maths and sciences.
B)in many Asian and Eastern European countries,females display strong mathematical abilities.
C)cultural beliefs and expectations play a role in shaping the ways masculinity and femininity are valued.
D)All of the above

Question 39

What is "uptalking"?

A)excessive and obvious use of flattery when speaking to a person of higher social standing
B)the practice of "playing up" or emphasizing one's positive attributes when speaking about oneself
C)an aggressive way of speaking wherein one increases the volume of his or her voice so that it drowns out the voices of other speakers
D)a way of speaking wherein rising intonation at the end of a statement makes it sound like a question

Question 40

.The International Labour Organization adopted a treaty designed to protect _____from the extreme abuses they had previously suffered.

A)female domestic workers
B)transgender teenagers
C)homosexual males
D)male and female prostitutes

Question 41

According to the Center for Disease Control,which of the following statements about rape is true?

A)Nearly 80% of American women have been raped.
B)Men and women are equally subject to sexual harassment.
C)Almost 20% of American women have been raped in their lifetimes.
D)Fewer than 10% of American women have been raped.

Question 42

In the United States,males make up the majority of all registered nurses.

Question 43

Compare and contrast personal and institutional sexism.Give an example of each.

Question 44

In the United States,cultural beliefs continue to affirm the idea that women's biology makes them less emotionally stable than men.

Question 45

The median weekly earnings for women schoolteachers are higher than the median weekly earnings of male schoolteachers.

Question 46

Females face more pressure than males to conform to traditional gender roles.

Question 47

Sports-like gymnastics and figure skating-that once prized "feminine" qualities (e.g. ,poise,grace,beauty)now emphasize "masculine" abilities (like physical strength).

Question 48

Why was rape once considered (and still considered,in some societies)a crime against men?

Question 49

Every known society has a division of labor based on sex.

Question 50

Males and females are equally likely to "uptalk" in a conversation.

Question 51

In U.S.culture,female menstruation is either ignored or treated as shameful.

Question 52

The National Institutes of Health recently took which step with regard to sex and medical research?

A)levied fines against Bayer for not reporting that aspirin affects men and women differently
B)developed policies making it mandatory for all applicants for government grants to provide assurance that women are being included in their study design
C)levied fines against Bayer for singling out women for inclusion in high-risk studies
D)ordered the pharmaceutical company Breunwick-Meyer to cease deceptive marketing practices for its PMS (premenstrual syndrome)drugs

Question 53

In the United States,rape is the only serious crime that requires that the victim prove lack of consent.

Question 54

Uptalking is more common in female speech than in male speech.

Question 55

In the United States,which of the following crimes is least likely to be reported?

A)simple assault
B)rape
C)burglary
D)robbery

Question 56

The higher the proportion of females in an occupation,the lower the earnings for both men and women in that occupation.

Question 57

The majority of media images of female beauty are artificial and unattainable.

Question 58

Describe the beliefs that we hold,culturally,about a "typical" rapist.How do these perceptions differ from reality?

Question 59

Provide an example of how the nonverbal behavior of men can serve to keep women "in their place." Explain how a woman's own nonverbal behavior may reinforce gender stereotypes.

Question 60

Transgender children are no more likely to be bullied by peers than children who are not transgender.

Question 61

With regard to the crime of rape,what is "blaming the victim"? How does this perpetuate rape myths and hinder rape prevention?

Question 62

In the United States,women typically spend more time than men on household chores and family obligations.How would a structural functionalist explain this?

Question 63

In what ways is "biology" used to devalue women and promote sexism? Give concrete examples.

Question 64

Explain how globalization helps create a market for the international exploitation of women.

Question 65

In heterosexual households,even when women work for wages outside of the home,they do the majority of the domestic labor.Taking a sociological view of the situation,is this a problem? Use what you have learned in this chapter to explain your position.

Question 66

Both males and females may hold sexist beliefs and engage in conduct that is informed by sexist attitudes.Why the sexist beliefs of men,about women,more damaging?

Question 67

In the United States,how do traditional expectations of a husband's roles and responsibilities and a wife's roles and responsibilities contribute to an unequal division of domestic labor?

Question 68

Identify 3 barriers to income equality between U.S.women and men.