Deck 9: Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Question 1

Nucleic acid assays are based on the _____ of the organism and are believed to be more accurate.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) plasmid
D) lysogeny

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If an organism fermented glucose only and utilized peptones, what would the TSI reaction be?

A) Acid/acid
B) Alkaline/acid
C) Alkaline/alkaline
D) Acid/alkaline

Answer 2

B

Question 3

This test determines if an organism is a delayed lactose fermenter.

A) $\beta$ -Galactosidase
B) Dihydroxylase
C) Nitrate
D) o-nitrophenyl- $\beta$ -D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) test

Answer 3

o-nitrophenyl- $\beta$ -D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) test

Question 4

During this process, glucose enters the glycolysis pathway, resulting in the formation of pyruvic acid, which is further oxidized to other acids. What is this process called?

A) Oxidation
B) Reduction
C) Fermentation
D) Synthesis

Question 5

A technician is reading the biochemical tests for identifying a particular gram-negative rod. The organism has produced acid, indicated by a color change, in the closed tube only. This indicates that the organism is

A) an oxidizer.
B) a fermenter.
C) both an oxidizer and a fermenter.
D) a reducer.

Question 6

If a bacterium utilizes lactose or sucrose and produces H₂S, what will the TSI reaction look like?

A) Acid/acid, black butt
B) Acid/alkaline, black butt
C) Alkaline/alkaline, black slant
D) Alkaline/acid, black slant

Question 7

To inoculate TSI agar or Kligler iron agar (KIA), the laboratory scientist should pick a well-isolated colony with an inoculating needle and

A) touch the bottom of the needle to the bottom of the slant portion of the agar and move the needle back and forth across the surface of the slant all the way to the top of the tube.
B) touch the bottom of the needle to the top of the slant portion of the agar and move the needle back and forth across the surface of the slant all the way to the bottom of the tube.
C) touch the bottom of the needle to the bottom of the slant portion of the agar and move the needle up the slant in a straight line all the way to the top of the tube.
D) stab the butt almost all the way to the bottom of the tube, then move the needle back and forth over the surface of the slant all the way to the top of the tube.

Question 8

The initial screening of gram-negative rods is done by testing for the use of this carbohydrate.

A) Glucose
B) Sucrose
C) Lactose
D) Mannitol

Question 9

When performing the O/F test, one tube is covered with mineral oil and one tube is left uncovered. Why is one tube covered with mineral oil?

A) To create an anaerobic (fermentative) environment
B) To create an aerobic (oxidative) environment
C) To create a reductive environment
D) To create an asaccharolytic environment

Question 10

If a bacterium utilizes lactose or sucrose, what will the TSI reaction look like?

A) Alkaline/acid
B) Alkaline/alkaline
C) Acid/acid
D) Acid/alkaline

Question 11

Bacteria can use carbohydrates by

A) oxidation.
B) synthesis.
C) reduction.
D) induction.

Question 12

These bacteria are unable to ferment either lactose or glucose, but they can degrade the peptones present in the TSI agar or KIA aerobically or anaerobically, resulting in the production of alkaline by-products in the slant or deep, respectively, changing the indicator to a deep red color. What kind of bacteria cannot ferment lactose or glucose?

A) Nonfermenting bacilli
B) Anaerobic bacilli
C) Gram-positive cocci
D) Gram-positive rods

Question 13

The chemical reaction for the ONPG test is

A) $\beta$ -galactosidase hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose
B) glucose -> pyruvic acid -> acetoin
C) $\beta$ -galactosidase hydrolyzes ONPG into galactose and o-nitrophenol (a yellow compound)
D) ONPG is oxidized into acetoin and glucose

Question 14

Other sugars used to differentiate bacteria include all of the following, except

A) raffinose.
B) arabinose.
C) rhamnose.
D) sucralose.

Question 15

Oxidative/fermentative (O/F) basal medium is a medium that will test the oxidative and fermentative capabilities of a microbe. The pH indicator is _____.

A) Sudan IV
B) phenolphthalein
C) bromocresol green
D) bromothymol blue

Question 16

Some bacteria are asaccharolytic. This means that these bacteria

A) ferment glucose and use the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
B) do not utilize any carbohydrate; instead they use other organic molecules for energy.
C) reduce glucose-that is, send it through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.
D) induce glucose into glycolysis, so that it can be oxidized.

Question 17

The methyl red test detects metabolic by-products from what pathway?

A) Mixed acid fermentation pathway
B) Butylene glycol pathway
C) Citrate pathway
D) Clark and Lubs pathway

Question 18

What are the sugars present in triple sugar iron (TSI)?

A) Sucrose, glucose, lactose
B) Mannitol, lactose, arabinose
C) Sucrose, glucose, rhamnose
D) Lactose, sucrose, raffinose

Question 19

What chemicals are added to TSI to detect the production of hydrogen sulfide gas?

A) Phenol red and ferrous sulfate
B) Bromothymol blue and sodium thiosulfate
C) Ferrous sulfate and sodium thiosulfate
D) Copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate

Question 20

Biochemical tests are based on the _____ of microorganisms.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) plasmid
D) lysogeny

Question 21

What two reagents can be used to visualize indole in the broth?

A) Indole and xylene
B) 40% sodium hydroxide and α-naphthol
C) 10% ferric chloride
D) Ehrlich's and Kovac's

Question 22

The principle of the citrate test includes all the following, except:

A) Bacteria able to use citrate will use the ammonium salts releasing ammonia.
B) The alkaline pH that results from use of the ammonium salts changes the pH indicator.
C) The pH indicator changes from red to bright yellow.
D) The pH indicator changes from green to blue.

Question 23

Some bacteria produce these enzymes that break down gelatin into amino acids. These enzymes are called

A) DNase.
B) gelatinase.
C) proteolytic.
D) malonate.

Question 24

The two reagents used in the Voges-Proskauer test are

A) methyl red and acetoin.
B) 40% KOH and methyl red.
C) o-nitrophenol and $\alpha$ -naphthol.
D) 40% KOH and $\alpha$ -naphthol.

Question 25

The medium used in the decarboxylase test is called

A) Clark's decarboxylase base medium.
B) Voges' decarboxylase base medium.
C) Moeller's decarboxylase base medium.
D) O/F decarboxylase base medium.

Question 26

Extracellular DNase can be produced by

A) Staphylococcus aureus.
B) Streptococcus agalactiae.
C) Micrococcus luteus.
D) Haemophilus influenzae.

Question 27

A bacterial DNase is

A) an oligonucleotide formed from a native DNA.
B) an oligonucleotide formed from a native RNA.
C) a proteolytic enzyme that forms extracellular DNA in the bacterial cell.
D) an endonuclease that cleaves internal phosphodiester bonds, resulting in smaller subunits of DNA.

Question 28

Bacteria demonstrating weak decarboxylase activity

A) will have a false-negative test.
B) may take up to 4 days to be positive.
C) require extra reagents to show the positive reaction.
D) will have a false-positive test.

Question 29

Amino acids can be metabolized by these substances that remove an amine group. What is this substance?

A) Amino acidase
B) Amylase
C) Deaminase
D) Decarboxylase

Question 30

Why does the Moeller decarboxylase base medium contain glucose if it is testing the decarboxylation of amino acids?

A) The decarboxylation of the amino acids takes place during the glucose metabolic pathway. Once glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid, then the amino acid is modified.
B) To get the energy needed to take the carboxyl group off the amino acid, the bacteria must have glucose.
C) When glucose is fermented, one of the by-products is acetoin. This acetoin is part of the mechanism that cleaves the carboxyl group from the specific amino acid.
D) Decarboxylases are inducible enzymes produced in an acid pH.

Question 31

The biochemical pathway that the methyl red test confirms is

A) glucose $\rightarrow$ pyruvic acid $\rightarrow$ mixed acid fermentation.
B) pyruvic acid $\rightarrow$ glucose $\rightarrow$ mixed acid fermentation.
C) glucose $\rightarrow$ pyruvic acid $\rightarrow$ acetoin $\rightarrow$ diacetyl KOH.
D) butylene $\rightarrow$ pyruvic acid $\rightarrow$ diacetyl KOH.

Question 32

This test is useful in the initial differentiation of Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia species from the rest of the Enterobacteriaceae.

A) Oxidation-fermentation
B) Methyl red
C) Amino acid decarboxylase
D) Phenylalanine deaminase

Question 33

What amino acid is the substrate in indole test broth?

A) Ornithine
B) Arginine
C) Tryptophan
D) Leucine

Question 34

In the Voges-Proskauer test, you are testing for the metabolic by-products of which pathway?

A) glucose $\rightarrow$ formic acid $\rightarrow$ formaldehyde
B) glucose $\rightarrow$ pyruvic acid $\rightarrow$ mixed acid fermentation
C) lactose $\rightarrow$ glucose $\rightarrow$ 2,3 butanediol
D) glucose $\rightarrow$ pyruvic acid $\rightarrow$ acetoin

Question 35

A positive test for motility

A) turns the motility media blue.
B) shows hazy appearance throughout or movement away from a stab.
C) appears as a scum on the top of the media.
D) will turn blue after the addition of the indicator bromothymol blue.

Question 36

The decarboxylase tests determine

A) whether the bacteria possess enzymes capable of removing the carboxyl group of specific amino acids in the test medium.
B) whether the bacteria can further metabolize the acids formed during fermentation to 2,3 butanediol.
C) if bacteria can maintain an acid pH if only sucrose is present in the media.
D) to see if $\alpha$ -naphthol can be broken down into its constituent parts: acetoin and diacetyl KOH.

Question 37

Decarboxylase tests exist for all the following amino acids, except

A) lysine.
B) tyrosine.
C) ornithine.
D) arginine.

Question 38

Using Moeller's decarboxylase base medium, what color is a positive reaction and what causes this color to be produced?

A) Purple, alkaline environment produced
B) Yellow, acid environment produced
C) Purple, acid environment produced
D) Yellow, alkaline environment produced

Question 39

This reagent is used to demonstrate a positive phenylalanine deaminase test.

A) 10% ferric chloride
B) Methyl red
C) $\alpha$ -Naphthol
D) 40% sodium hydroxide

Question 40

What type of medium is used in the motility test?

A) Semi-solid
B) Cornmeal
C) Sabouraud dextrose
D) Peptone gel

Question 41

Name the two reagents that are needed to visualize nitrite in the nitrate reduction test.

A) Sulfanilic acid and 40% sodium hydroxide
B) Sulfuric acid and $\alpha$ -naphthol
C) N,N-dimethyl- $\alpha$ -naphthylamine and sulfanilic acid
D) N,N-dimethyl- $\alpha$ -naphthylamine and sulfuric acid

Question 42

What medium is used in the urease test?

A) Christensen media
B) Loeffler's media
C) Moeller's oxidative broth
D) Kovac's reagent

Question 43

This identification system for Enterobacteriaceae has a series of 20 cupules attached to a plastic strip. Inside the cupules are lyophilized pH-based substrates. What is the name of this system?

A) ID Tri-Panel
B) API 20E
C) Microbact
D) Enterotube II

Question 44

Rapid identification of clinical isolates often involves commercially packaged identification kits and fully automated instruments. What do these kits use to assess the preformed bacterial enzymes?

A) Extraction kits
B) Volatile benzenes
C) Chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates
D) Chemiluminescent substrates

Question 45

Commercial identification systems fall into all of the following categories, except

A) pH-based reactions.
B) enzyme-based reactions.
C) visual detection of bacterial growth.
D) use of nitrogen and sulfur sources.

Question 46

What does a lysine iron agar (LIA) slant contain?

A) Ornithine, glucose, ferric ammonium chloride, and urea
B) Lysine, glucose, ferric ammonium citrate, and sodium thiosulfate
C) Acetoin, pyruvic acid, nitrate, and sulfanilic acid
D) Arginine, lactose, ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide, and urea

Question 47

How are organisms identified with commercial identification kits?

A) Numeric codes
B) Color codes
C) Alphabetic codes
D) Alphanumeric codes

Question 48

What advantage do the methods based on enzyme substrates have over conventional methods?

A) They use filter paper as the structure to hold the bacteria.
B) They reduce the amount of substrate needed for the reactions.
C) They use fluorogenic substrates.
D) They do not require growth of the organism in the system.

Question 49

The LIA slant is also useful in differentiating

A) Acinetobacter and Alcaligenes.
B) Klebsiella and Enterobacteriaceae.
C) Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia.
D) Escherichia, Salmonella, and Campylobacter.

Question 50

What does the oxidase test determine?

A) If the bacteria have the enzyme, oxidase, to reduce oxygen to carbon dioxide
B) If the bacteria have oxidase, which will allow for the oxidation of carbohydrates
C) If the bacteria can hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide
D) The presence of the cytochrome oxidase system that oxidizes reduced cytochrome with molecular oxygen