Deck 8: Liking, Loving, and Interpersonal Sensitivity

Question 1

Dabbs and Leventhal point to several factors that they did not systematically control, which could have affected their results. Among these factors are:

A) the order of presentation of the manipulations of fear, effectiveness, and pain.
B) the subjects' direct experience with medical practices and techniques.
C) the subjects' academic field of study-science and pre-med students may have been more knowledgeable about inoculation procedures than students majoring in the humanities or social sciences.
D) the effects of not giving all subjects in the experiment specific instructions on how to get a tetanus shot.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In general, getting someone else to do you a favor is ________ effective in increasing his liking for you than your doing a favor for him, due to ________.

A) less; his negative reinforcement
B) more; his process of justification
C) less; your process of justification
D) more; your positive reinforcement

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The dependent variables used in the Dabbs and Leventhal experiment to assess the effect of fear arousal on persuasion were:

A) subjects' intentions to take shots and their level of fear as measured on a 7-point anxiety scale.
B) subjects' intentions to take shots and their evaluations of the importance of shots in preventing disease.
C) subjects' actual shot-taking behavior and their perceptions of how painful the shots were.
D) subjects' intentions to take shots and their actual shot-taking behavior.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The advice given by Dale Carnegie, if one wishes to "win friends," is most consistent with which of the following theories?

A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) self-perception theory
C) the gain-loss theory of attraction
D) reward theory

Question 5

If you persuade someone to do you a favor, it is likely that:

A) he or she will like you less.
B) he or she will like you more.
C) you will like him or her less because you feel indebted.
D) his or her self-esteem will decrease.

Question 6

When a near-perfect person commits a blunder, his or her attractiveness generally ________. When a mediocre person commits the same blunder, his or her attractiveness generally ________.

A) increases; decreases
B) stays the same; decreases
C) decreases; decreases
D) decreases; increases

Question 7

Suppose you are observing a highly popular and well-respected politician and a college student eat lunch. Both proceed to spill gravy on their neckties. Generalizing from research cited in Aronson, your liking of the politician will most likely ________ and your liking of the college student will ________.

A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 8

Which of the following variables was not investigated in the Dabbs and Leventhal experiment on tetanus inoculation?

A) effectiveness of inoculation
B) painfulness of inoculation
C) level of fear
D) allergic reaction to inoculation

Question 9

Walster and her colleagues randomly matched incoming students to determine what they looked for in a potential blind date. Which of the following characteristics best determined whether or not subjects liked each other?

A) a sense of humor
B) intelligence
C) physical attractiveness
D) similarity of attitudes

Question 10

As Edward Jones says, "Flattery will get you somewhere," except when:

A) you are flattering a person with very high self-esteem.
B) the person overhears you saying good things about him or her to somebody else.
C) the person you are flattering is too often flattered by others.
D) the person you are flattering thinks you are trying to manipulate him or her.

Question 11

Generalizing from research presented in the text, on a first date, the partner people like most is the one whose physical attractiveness ________; in long-term relationships, they prefer a partner whose physical attractiveness ________.

A) is greatest; matches their own level of attractiveness
B) is greatest; is greatest
C) matches their own level of attractiveness; matches their own level of attractiveness
D) matches their own level of attractiveness; is greatest

Question 12

The general reward theory of attraction is based upon which of the following basic principles?

A) The more often we see another person (repeated exposure), the more we will like him or her.
B) The more control we can exert over another person, the more we will like him or her.
C) We tend to like a person whose behavior provides us with maximum reward at minimum cost.
D) We tend to like a person who grows to like us after initially disliking us.

Question 13

Which of the following subject variables is most strongly related to whether the fear communication was persuasive?

A) sex of the participant
B) self-esteem
C) intelligence
D) latitude of acceptance

Question 14

Aronson's text describes an experiment in which subjects watch a victim supposedly receive electric shocks. Subjects were given the opportunity to vote as to whether the victim should continue to receive the shocks, and the shocks were either terminated or not. Which group of subjects came to like the victim most?

A) those who voted to terminate the shocks, but the shocks were not terminated
B) those who voted to terminate the shocks, and the shocks were terminated
C) those who voted to not terminate the shocks, but the shocks were terminated
D) those who voted to not terminate the shocks, and the shocks were not terminated

Question 15

Suppose you turn in a paper that is graded by two professors. Professor Jones is very complimentary whereas Professor Smith is very critical of your work. Generalizing from the results of a similar experiment described in the text, you would believe that Professor _______ is more intelligent and you would like Professor _______ best.

A) Jones; Jones
B) Smith; Smith
C) Jones; Smith
D) Smith; Jones

Question 16

From a study in which college students were paired up on "blind dates," the primary determinant of how much subjects initially liked their dates was:

A) the date's physical attractiveness.
B) the date's personality.
C) the date's sensitivity.
D) the similarity of attitudes and backgrounds of the experiment's participants.

Question 17

When people do favors for us, we:

A) only like them better when our self-esteem is low.
B) only like them better if the favor was unanticipated.
C) don't like them better, because they seem superior and make us feel insecure.
D) only like them if we don't feel indebted to return the favor.

Question 18

In a study by Walster and her associates, in which students were randomly matched for a computer date after taking a battery of psychological tests, it was found that:

A) intelligence and attitude similarity were significantly related to mutual liking.
B) the physical attractiveness of the individuals involved was significantly related to mutual liking.
C) complementary needs such as dominance/submissiveness were significantly related to mutual liking.
D) comparable levels of self-esteem were significantly related to mutual liking.

Question 19

The main reason we tend to like people whose opinions are similar to our own is probably that they:

A) provide consensual validation for our beliefs.
B) have backgrounds similar to ours.
C) are better able to empathize with us.
D) keep us from having to consider alternative opinions.

Question 20

Dabbs and Leventhal's main experimental finding was that:

A) the dependent variables were affected by manipulations of belief in the effectiveness of tetanus shots.
B) the dependent variables were affected by manipulations of pain.
C) the dependent variables were affected by manipulations of fear.
D) the dependent variables were unaffected by any of the experimental manipulations.

Question 21

According to Frieze and her associates, how are attractiveness and salary related for men and women?

A) For both attractive men and women their starting salary was higher than people who were not as attractive.
B) Attractive men had their starting salaries higher but it was not higher over the years. Attractive women got paid the same when they started and over the years because it was a patriarchal system.
C) For attractive women their starting salary was not affected and neither was their salary over several years.
D) Attractive men had higher starting salaries and earned more money over many years. Attractive women had only higher salaries over the years and not for their starting salary.

Question 22

In a study by Zhong and Leonardelli, participants were asked to recall a personal experience of social inclusion or social exclusion. Then they were asked to estimate the temperature in the room. People who recalled being rejected felt the room was:

A) significantly warmer than people who had been asked to recall an instance of social inclusion.
B) significantly colder than people who had been asked to recall an instance of social inclusion.
C) about the same temperature as people who had been asked to recall an instance of social inclusion.
D) warmer and more crowded than people who had been asked to recall an instance of social inclusion.

Question 23

According to research by Curtis and Miller, which of the following statements reflects the way we behave in response to others who like or dislike us?

A) Others' opinions of us are less likely to influence our behaviors when we judge them to be physically unattractive.
B) The opinions of those who appeared to be wealthy had more influence on our behaviors than the opinions of those who appeared to be poor.
C) Our beliefs about the opinions of others are important determiners of our own behaviors, even if we do not have direct evidence to support these beliefs.
D) Women are more influenced when they believe that others dislike them, and men are more influenced when they believe that others like them.

Question 24

What did Downs and Lyons discover with judges making decisions with male and female defendants charged with a misdemeanor or a felony and their physical attractiveness?

A) Both attractive males and females got lower bail and lower fines when charged with a misdemeanor or a felony.
B) Attractive females got lower bail and lower fines when charged with a misdemeanor or a felony, but it was not true for attractive males.
C) Attractive males and females got lower bail and lower fines when charged with a misdemeanor, but when a felony was involved, there was no difference between attractive males and females and unattractive males and females.
D) Attractive males received lower bail and lower fines for both a misdemeanor and a felony, but this did not apply to attractive females.

Question 25

In a study by Zhong and Leonardelli, participants were either included in a ball-toss game or excluded after a few initial tosses. Later, when rating the desirability of foods/beverages, those excluded during the ball-tossing game:

A) rated the coke as significantly more desirable than the control participants.
B) rated the sweet items as significantly more desirable than the control participants.
C) rated the hot soup and hot coffee as significantly more desirable than the control participants.
D) rated more of the food items as desirable than the control participants.

Question 26

In an experiment by Karen Dion and Ellen Berschied concerning physical attractiveness in children, it was found that:

A) physically attractive boys were liked better than unattractive boys.
B) unattractive boys were perceived as less aggressive than attractive boys.
C) physically attractive children got better grades than unattractive children.
D) teachers tended to feel more compassion for the unattractive children.

Question 27

Dion and her colleagues showed subjects pictures of attractive, average, and unattractive people. The results of her study indicated that:

A) men prefer attractive men and women, but women prefer average men and women.
B) men and women prefer attractive people of the opposite sex but average people of the same sex.
C) men prefer attractive women and average men whereas women prefer average men and attractive women.
D) all subjects preferred attractive people regardless of sex.

Question 28

In Walster's experiment in which women were asked for a date by a young man prior to receiving favorable or unfavorable personality evaluations from a psychologist, the results showed that subjects:

A) liked the young man more when the evaluation was positive, since he was associated with a reward.
B) liked the young man more when the evaluation was negative, because he gave their lowered self-esteem a greater boost.
C) liked the young man more when the evaluation was positive, because they felt they deserved to be asked for a date.
D) expected the date to be less enjoyable when the evaluation was negative.

Question 29

Finkel and Eastwick had college students participate in a speed-dating experiment. At the end of the evening, the participants indicated who they would like to see again. In these real face-to-face interactions, women desired _________ and men desired ___________.

A) physically attractive men; physically attractive women
B) men with high socioeconomic status; women with low socioeconomic status
C) physically attractive men; women with high socioeconomic status
D) men with high socioeconomic status; physically attractive women

Question 30

Dion asked women to examine reports of behavior disturbances caused by attractive and unattractive boys and girls. Which group of children is most likely to be blamed for the disturbance and thought to be chronic trouble makers?

A) unattractive boys
B) unattractive girls
C) unattractive boys and girls
D) unattractive boys and attractive girls

Question 31

Evolutionary psychology suggests that male and female differences in the desire for mates to be physically attractive is due to:

A) the desire of males for secondary gain from the attractiveness of their female mate.
B) the desire of females to use attractiveness as a marker for genetic fitness.
C) the desire of females to secure resources to raise their children.
D) the fact that in ancient times there were fewer truly attractive mates to consider.

Question 32

What does Aronson say is one of the most powerful determinants of whether you will like another person?

A) if that person likes you
B) if that person and you are about equally attractive
C) if that person and you have similar attitudes
D) if you have high self-esteem

Question 33

Townsend and Roberts showed men and women pictures and profiles of potential dates who varied in physical attractiveness and had either high or low socioeconomic status (e.g. dressed as a business executive, dressed as a fast food worker). For men, the most important trait was _________ while for women it was ___________.

A) physical attractiveness; physical attractiveness
B) socioeconomic status; socioeconomic status
C) physical attractiveness; socioeconomic status
D) socioeconomic status; physical attractiveness

Question 34

Suppose you see two men. One is sitting with a highly attractive woman. The other is with an unattractive woman. Generalizing from research presented in Aronson:

A) the man with the attractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident.
B) the man with the unattractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident.
C) there will be an interaction; only attractive men benefit from sitting with unattractive women.
D) the attractiveness of the woman does not generalize to the man.

Question 35

Finkel and Eastwick had college students participate in a speed-dating experiment. At the end of the evening, the participants indicated who they would like to see again. In these real face-to-face interactions, women appeared to care, just as much as men, about physical attractiveness because:

A) the men were much more attractive than typical college men.
B) the men tried and made more effort to get to know the women in the speed-dating format.
C) this was the only trait available to them to base their selections upon.
D) there were no real differences in the socioeconomic status among the males.

Question 36

In their study of the influence of physical attractiveness on court decisions, Downs and Lyons found that:

A) judges assessed lower fines and bail only for attractive women.
B) judges assessed lower fines and bail for attractive defendants only when misdemeanors were involved.
C) judges assessed higher fines and bail for unattractive males only when felonies were involved.
D) judges assessed similar fines and bail for both attractive and unattractive defendants.

Question 37

Harold Sigall and Aronson conducted an experiment in which a female confederate was made up to appear either physically attractive or unattractive. Posing as a graduate student in clinical psychology, she interviewed college men and evaluated half favorably and half unfavorably. The results showed that:

A) she was disliked more when she was homely than when she was attractive, regardless of the evaluation she gave.
B) she was disliked more when her evaluation was negative than when it was positive, regardless of her physical attractiveness.
C) she was well-liked in every condition except the one in which she was unattractive and also gave a negative evaluation.
D) when she was attractive, the kind of evaluation she gave had a strong effect on men's liking for her, but when she was unattractive, it had virtually none.

Question 38

Suppose two young men had taken a test of intelligence. Ralph believed he did very well and Fred believed he did poorly. Both have the occasion to meet a young woman. Which of the following best describes how they would most likely react, based on her physical attractiveness?

A) Ralph would like her more if she is attractive, Fred if she is unattractive.
B) Fred would like her more if she is attractive, Ralph if she is unattractive.
C) Ralph and Fred would both like her more if she is attractive.
D) In this instance, attractiveness would not be related to how much the men like the woman.

Question 39

According to research on dating, people:

A) with low self-esteem are more selective about whom they will accept as dates, because they are less willing to take risks.
B) with low self-esteem are more likely to initiate interactions with attractive people, since they have less to lose by being rejected.
C) with high self-esteem are less likely to initiate interactions with attractive people, because they want to protect their self-esteem.
D) tend to have longer relationships with someone who matches their level of physical attractiveness.

Question 40

Evolutionary psychology suggests that physical attractiveness is desired because:

A) we have learned over the generations that attractiveness is reinforcing.
B) it is a signal for reproductive fitness.
C) it is a nontransituational trait.
D) it is associated with competency, which is fundamental to our self-image.

Question 41

The gain-loss theory of attraction predicts that:

A) you like people more when they say all positive things about you than if they say some negative things.
B) you like people more when they begin by disliking you and gradually increase their liking for you.
C) you like people more when they initially like you and then gradually decrease their liking for you.
D) the more people like you, the less you like them.

Question 42

Conventional wisdom says that when someone says good things about us we like them more, and when someone says bad things about us, we will like them less. What does Aronson say about this idea?

A) It is true and is supported by research.
B) It is only true if the person saying good things about us is attractive or if the person saying bad things is unattractive.
C) Our liking of a person depends not only on what they say about us now, but also on what they've said about us in the past.
D) We tend to make judgments about others irrespective of their opinions of us.

Question 43

Compared to passionate love, companionate love tends to:

A) assume less importance in a long-term relationship.
B) decline over the course of a relationship.
C) deepen over the course of a relationship.
D) be rapid in onset.

Question 44

In an experiment by Coan et al. on social support, married women were placed in an fMRI while they anticipated receiving electric shocks. When husbands were allowed to reach into the scanner and hold their wives' hand while she awaited the shocks, the pain-anticipating neural activity:

A) went up slightly compared to women who held the hand of a stranger.
B) went down significantly compared to women who held the hand of a stranger.
C) was unchanged from before their husbands held their hand.
D) was about the same as women who held the hand of a stranger.

Question 45

According to Clark and Mills, which type of relationship is marked by a lack of "scorekeeping," and healthy giving and receiving by both partners?

A) romantic relationship
B) consummate relationship
C) exchange relationship
D) communal relationship

Question 46

"I think you are an extremely attractive person." From which of the following sources would this statement probably have the greatest positive effect on your self-concept?

A) a close friend
B) your spouse
C) an attractive stranger
D) someone who just did you a favor

Question 47

You are at a party and are engaged in a discussion with someone you just met. The topic is capital punishment, an issue you feel very strongly about. Based on your discussion, your chances of liking this person will be greatest if he or she:

A) initially disagrees with you, but ultimately comes to accept your position.
B) shows integrity by refusing to be persuaded to adopt your position.
C) consistently agrees with your position.
D) forces you to think up good arguments to defend your beliefs.

Question 48

Evolutionary psychology suggests that our predisposition to pay close attention to instances of social inclusion or exclusion is a direct result of:

A) our more highly developed cortex and cognitive abilities compared to our ancient ancestors.
B) more opportunities to experience complex social situations compared to our ancient ancestors.
C) the fact that by being more attentive, our ancient ancestors were more successful at mating.
D) our more highly developed, visual attentional system compared to our ancient ancestors.

Question 49

According to Sternberg, romantic love is the combination of:

A) commitment and intimacy.
B) commitment and passion.
C) intimacy and passion.
D) commitment, intimacy, and passion.

Question 50

In some experiments on the pain of being rejected, participants played a ball-tossing game while their brains were being scanned in an fMRI. Those excluded during the game showed increased activity in areas of the brain involved in the experience of pain. However, when they were given __________, these regions did not show heightened activity.

A) Tylenol prior to the playing the game
B) a placebo prior to the playing the game
C) a positive feedback on a personality test prior to playing the game
D) a complement by the experimenter prior to playing the game

Question 51

In an experiment by Baumeister et al., college students were lead to believe their future would be full of social rejection. When given this information, participants were more likely to:

A) choose unhealthy over healthy food.
B) procrastinate.
C) make impulsive and unwise decisions.
D) all of these answers are correct.

Question 52

Some experiments indicate that physiological symptoms of rejection are associated with physiological responses and brain activity to pain. According to The Social Animal, which of the following has been identified as occurring for both physical and mental pain?

A) slowing of the heart rate
B) lowering of blood pressure
C) pupil dilation
D) increases in testosterone

Question 53

In some experiments on the pain of being rejected, participants played a ball-tossing game while their brains were being scanned in an fMRI. Those excluded during the game showed increased activity in the ___________ areas of the brain involved in the experience of pain.

A) occipital lobes and the temporal lobes
B) cerebellum and pons
C) motor and sensory mirror cell
D) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and right anterior insula

Question 54

An evolutionary psychology explanation of our attention to social exclusion suggests that in our ancient past when we were rejected by our group, our chances of surviving were severely reduced. Therefore, our predisposition to pay close attention to instances of social inclusion or exclusion is a direct result of our ancestors':

A) being able to reproduce.
B) being independent of all groups thereby avoiding social rejection.
C) rejecting most social norms of their group.
D) conforming to some norms but rejecting others.

Question 55

When someone is initially critical of you and later becomes complimentary:

A) you tend to distrust him or her.
B) you like him or her less because you suspect flattery.
C) you like him or her more than someone who has always been complimentary.
D) you like him or her less than someone who has always been complimentary.

Question 56

In an experiment by Baumeister et al., college students were lead to believe their future would be full of social rejection. When given an IQ test later, they scored:

A) about the same as students in the "future of accidents" condition but lower than those in the "future of being liked" condition.
B) higher if they were allow to wait with another participant in the study.
C) significantly lower on the IQ test than those in the other two conditions.
D) significantly higher on the IQ test than those in the other two conditions.

Question 57

In Aronson and Linder's "gain-loss" experiment, subjects overheard a confederate give a series of evaluations of them that were (1) consistently positive, (2) consistently negative, (3) negative and then increasingly positive (gain), and (4) positive and then increasingly negative (loss). The results showed that, in terms of liking the confederate, subjects rated the confederates (from positive to negative) as follows:

A) 1 4 3 2
B) 1 3 4 2
C) 3 1 4 2
D) 3 1 2 4

Question 58

Suppose you take a class from each of the following four professors: 1, 2, 3, and 4. You write five papers and get the following grades: 1: A A A A A
2: D D C B A
3: A A B C F
4: D D C D D
Generalizing from Aronson, which professor will you like the most?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 59

Which theory is best summarized by the writings of philosopher Baruch de Spinoza around 300 years ago?

A) justification of effort
B) "gain-loss effect"
C) dissonance/consonance diathesis
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 60

In an experiment by Coan et al. on social support, married women were placed in an fMRI while they anticipated receiving electric shocks. When a stranger held their hand while they waited for the shocks, the anticipatory neural activity for pain:

A) went up slightly.
B) went down slightly.
C) was unchanged from before their hand was held.
D) went up significantly.

Question 61

Which of the following statements provides the best illustration of "straight talk"?

A) "You wouldn't act like that if you really cared about me."
B) "I've been feeling competitive with you ever since you got that promotion."
C) "If you want to act like a phony, the choice is yours."
D) "Don't be upset-I didn't mean to hurt your feelings."

Question 62

In Chapter 2, the Schachter and Singer study was described in which the researchers injected subjects with epinephrine to see if the participants would mislabel their arousal to be similar to that of another person in the room. Dutton and Aron extended this work to see if people misattribute their arousal to another person-an attractive experimenter waiting at the end of a swaying, unsteady bridge. Design a replication of the Dutton and Aron swaying-bridge study that takes place in another arousing setting. Describe the independent variables (the variable you are manipulating) and the dependent variable (the measure of the subjects' behavior) and any control variable you may want to add. Finally, explain how your expected results confirm those of Dutton and Aron.

Question 63

Consider the discussion of the gain-loss theory in long-term relationships and then apply this theory to why some partners cheat on their spouses or long-time romantic partners. How would the gain-loss theory explain this behavior?

Question 64

Higher levels of satisfaction in marriage tend to be associated with:

A) long, uninterrupted periods of harmony, marked by few disagreements.
B) a nontraditional attitude regarding the roles of men and women.
C) a nonaggressive, but direct, style of resolving conflicts.
D) the couple's willingness to frequently express their positive feelings toward each other.

Question 65

Using the research on attraction and similarity discussed in Chapter 8, do you think the folk adage "Birds of a feather flock together," is true? In your discussion, be sure to describe two pieces of research that support your position.

Question 66

What kinds of distinctions have social psychologists made between liking and loving, as well as different forms of love? What are the characteristics of these various forms of attachment and attraction? Are they mutually exclusive within a given relationship, or do they have the capacity to co-exist?

Question 67

The gain-loss theory of attraction suggests that individuals are likely to face certain obstacles in maintaining a long-term, loving relationship. What is the nature of these problems? How, and to what extent, might these problems be reduced?

Question 68

The general lesson of our society is to hide one's vulnerabilities from another person. This strategy:

A) often results in defensiveness and poor communication.
B) is seldom useful in some situations, especially when dealing with a true enemy.
C) is essential for survival in our society.
D) prevents us from understanding why we feel vulnerable.

Question 69

Mary has just made a new acquaintance. She wants to be liked by this person and would like to see a friendship develop. What characteristics of interpersonal attraction might she want to consider to achieve her goals? Discuss three studies from your readings on interpersonal attraction and their implications for Mary's situation.

Question 70

"Straight talk" refers to a style of communication in which:

A) you tell a person directly what you think of him or her, without beating around the bush.
B) people discuss their conflicts face-to-face rather than complaining about each other to someone else.
C) people can resolve all of their conflicts, without any discomfort.
D) you offer a clear statement of your feelings and concerns, without accusing or judging the other person.

Question 71

"Absences makes the heart grow fonder" or "While the cats' away the mice will play" are two contrasting folk adages about the effects of proximity on relationships. Using the research on attraction and proximity discussed in Chapter 8, which adage do you think is correct? In your discussion, be sure to describe two pieces of research that support your position.

Question 72

In communicating effectively with another person, giving that person immediate feedback regarding your own feelings is useful:

A) because it keeps the person from having his or her feelings hurt.
B) because it prevents disagreements from occurring.
C) because it increases the person's insight into the impact of his or her actions.
D) because it prompts disagreements to occur that can be resolved.

Question 73

In many parts of the world, marriages are arranged by the families of the couples. Couples who voluntarily take part in arranged marriages report increasing marital satisfaction over the years and that their love for their partner grows over time. Based on Sternberg's concept of love, what type of love do you think the couple in an arranged marriage have at the start of their marriage, and what type of love do you think they have after 15 years? Explain the reasoning behind your answer.

Question 74

Describe both the reward theory of attraction and the gain-loss theory of attraction. How do these two theories differ in their predictions regarding the conditions under which people come to like each other? Discuss a research finding that supports one theory over the other.

Question 75

What does the reward theory of attraction predict regarding the probability that we will like people (a) who are similar to us? (b) who do us favors? (c) who evaluate us positively? (d) who are highly competent? Given your knowledge of research on interpersonal attraction, to what extent are the above predictions supported or open to question? Illustrate your answer with specific examples of research.

Question 76

Define the term "straight talk" and discuss its relevance to interpersonal sensitivity and communication. What are the important characteristics of this form of "feedback" that make it effective? Why is it so often so difficult to engage in straight talk when communicating with other people? Give an example of how a person might deal with an interpersonal conflict by using "straight talk" and contrast it with how someone might approach the same problem using a less-effective approach to communication.
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Question 77

In Joanne Floyd's experiment, young children were asked to share trinkets with another child, who was either a close friend or a stranger. They were led to believe that the other child was acting in either a generous or a stingy manner toward them. The results showed that:

A) they were stingy to stingy strangers and to stingy friends.
B) they were generous to generous strangers and to generous friends.
C) they were generous to stingy friends and to generous strangers.
D) they were generous to generous friends and to stingy strangers.

Question 78

To what extent are physically attractive people perceived and treated differently than less-attractive people? What effect, if any, does this treatment have on their behavior? In more general terms, what is the role of "good looks" in determining whether people are attracted to each other? Support your answer with examples of relevant research.

Question 79

According to Aronson, open and effective communication is especially difficult in many situations because:

A) people are not fully aware of their own needs and feelings.
B) people express their feelings without making sure the other person is ready to hear about them.
C) people have no trouble expressing their negative feelings, but are less likely to express their positive feelings.
D) one person almost always takes more blame and responsibility for the conflict than the other.

Question 80

According to Aronson, expressing one's feelings, rather than one's judgments about another person, is important primarily because:

A) expressing feelings is less hurtful than expressing judgments.
B) people need to know whether their feelings are legitimate.
C) it's not right to feel judgmental about another person.
D) expressing our feelings makes the other person feel trusted.