Deck 6: Aggression

Question 1

Steven Pinker and others have argued that the aggression surrounding the establishment of a dominance hierarchy in a group ultimately:

A) decreases aggression between group members.
B) increases aggression between group members.
C) decreases aggression between different groups of the same species.
D) increases aggression between different groups of the same species.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Kuo conducted a study in which he raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat. As an adult, the cat refrained from attacking the rat and, in fact, the two became close companions. The cat never chased or attacked any other rats as well. This study indicates that:

A) aggressive behavior can be inhibited by early experiences.
B) aggression is not instinctive.
C) aggression is not instinctive in cats.
D) the aggressive instinct does not operate when an animal is raised in captivity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sigmund Freud would most likely be associated with the idea that aggression:

A) is instinctive.
B) is a socially learned response.
C) needs to be strictly controlled in order to protect a person's mental health.
D) is a result of societal problems.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Kropotkin's study of chimpanzees documents that when one hungry chimp begs for food from the other, the other chimp reluctantly shares its food. This research is cited to make which of the following points:

A) like aggression, empathy is learned.
B) humans and chimps have many behaviors in common; therefore animal studies are useful in understanding human behavior.
C) aggression has been selected for according to "survival of the fittest."
D) the urge to share may have deep instinctive roots, even among aggressive animals.

Question 5

The tension reducing properties of various types of aggressive acts have been called:

A) catharsis.
B) repression.
C) deindividuation.
D) social facilitation.

Question 6

In the study about littering, Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren found that gender:

A) played a major role with males littering more in all five studies.
B) played a minor role with males littering more in two studies.
C) played a major role with young females littering the most.
D) played no role because the rates were the same for males and females in all five studies.

Question 7

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all of their DNA with humans and chimpanzees. However, different from either chimps or humans, they are one of the least aggressive species on the planet. The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

A) aggression has an innate root and cannot be reduced.
B) aggression has an innate source but can be modified.
C) aggression can be unlearned just like it has been learned.
D) aggression has an unconscious root and we cannot consciously inhibited.

Question 8

The Bonobo are a species that share almost all of their DNA with humans and chimpanzees. The example of this species is used in the chapter to argue that:

A) humans are the most aggressive species on the planet.
B) if lower animals can be peaceful, so can humans.
C) there are more aggressive species than either humans or chimps.
D) if male dominated societies like the Bonobo can be peaceful, so can humans.

Question 9

In the fourth study on littering Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren found that when an area filled with litter was swept into piles or not swept at all, subjects:

A) mostly littered all the time because it did not matter if the litter was organized or not.
B) rarely littered because they could see there was already too much litter.
C) littered least if a confederate littered when there were swept piles of litter.
D) littered the least when the confederate did not litter when the litter was scattered all over.

Question 10

The Iroquois Indians lived in peace for hundreds of years as a hunting nation, but in the seventeenth century, trade introduced by Europeans brought the Iroquois into competition with a neighboring tribe. A series of tribal wars developed, and the Iroquois ultimately became ferocious and successful warriors. This series of events suggest that:

A) warlike behavior is the result of uncontrollable aggressive instincts.
B) competition inevitably leads to violence.
C) changing social conditions can lead to changes in aggressive behavior.
D) aggressive behavior ensures evolutionary survival.

Question 11

In Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren's first study, the independent variable was:

A) whether the participants saw a model picking up a piece of litter.
B) the amount of litter the participants encountered when entering the parking garage.
C) whether a parking garage or a mail box was used.
D) the nature of the flyer's message that was put the car's windshields.

Question 12

One major conclusion from the littering studies by Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren was:

A) observing a person littering is the most important variable in explaining littering.
B) seeing litter at an amusement park influenced people more than seeing it on hospital grounds.
C) reading a sign that warned people not to litter influenced them the most.
D) realizing the norm in the environment is not to litter was the most important variable.

Question 13

Overall, research indicates that:

A) aggression is not instinctive among humans but is instinctive among other animals.
B) aggression is not an instinct in either humans or nonhumans.
C) aggression may have an instinctual component in humans, but it is also highly modifiable by situational factors.
D) over the course of human evolution, aggression has changed from an instinct to a learned behavior.

Question 14

Freud believed that aggressive energy could be channeled so that the person's behavior actually worked toward the good of society. He called this process:

A) catharsis.
B) vicarious aggression.
C) sublimation.
D) Thanatos.

Question 15

Which of the following is an instrumental act of aggression?

A) dropping a bomb on a ball-bearing factory of the enemy during World War II
B) the My Lai massacre
C) a person who hits an enemy in anger
D) watching a violent boxing match on TV

Question 16

According to Berkowitz, who stresses the role of learning in human aggression:

A) aggressive behavior is almost entirely the result of social influences.
B) once learned, aggressive behavior is nearly impossible to modify.
C) aggressive behavior is the result of an interplay between innate propensities, learned responses, and specifics of social situations.
D) once learned, aggressive feelings must be released through catharsis.

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely be considered an act of aggression by Aronson's definition?

A) a football player tackling a practice dummy
B) an actor rehearsing a fight scene who accidentally punches a stuntman, breaking his nose
C) a middle school child angrily, but harmlessly, hits his father
D) a person whose comment unintentionally hurts a friend's feelings

Question 18

Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren found in their first study about littering that when people exited a parking garage, they were least likely to litter:

A) when the confederate littered one piece of litter into a clean environment.
B) when the confederate did not litter in a clean environment.
C) when the confederate littered into a dirty environment.
D) when the confederate did not litter into a dirty environment.

Question 19

According to Freud, society performs an essential and beneficial function in regulating the instinct of aggression by:

A) forbidding opportunities for people to express their aggressive feelings.
B) giving people free reign to express their aggressive feelings at those who provoke their anger.
C) helping people to sublimate destructive energy into acceptable or useful behavior.
D) helping people to direct their aggressive energy inward, in the form of self-punishment.

Question 20

Instrumental aggression differs from hostile aggression in that:

A) instrumental aggression involves the intent to harm another person.
B) instrumental aggression involves both emotional and physical harm to another person.
C) instrumental aggression involves harming someone in order to achieve a goal, rather than for the goal of causing pain.
D) instrumental aggression is an end in itself rather than a means to an end.

Question 21

According to cognitive dissonance theory, why will edict of an "eye for an eye" fail to stop a cycle of violence?

A) Because we must denigrate our victim to justify our act of retribution.
B) The act of retribution leads to repressed feelings of hostility that are expressed later.
C) There is too little external justification to lead to internalization.
D) The release of cognitive dissonance requires the retribution to have a cathartic effect.

Question 22

Patterson measured the hostility of high-school football players both one week before and one week after the football season. He found that:

A) players exhibited an increase in hostility over the course of the season.
B) players exhibited a decrease in hostility over the course of the season.
C) players from teams with losing records displayed higher rates of hostility over the course of the season.
D) players from teams with winning records displayed higher rates of hostility over the course of the season.

Question 23

In the experiment by Barker, Dembo, and Lewin, in which children were delayed or not delayed from playing with attractive toys, the greater aggression of children who were delayed from playing with the toys probably occurred because:

A) of relative deprivation.
B) they were angry at the children who weren't delayed from playing with the toys.
C) they were frustrated at not getting what they had been led to expect.
D) being delayed caused them to dislike the toys.

Question 24

John is frustrated by doing poorly on a college chemistry test because he felt he really knew the material. After the test, he thought he would "blow off steam" by going to his favorite bar and playing video games. This example highlights the principle underlying:

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) instinct.
D) catharsis.

Question 25

Freud's catharsis theory suggests that a violent or aggressive act will release pent-up aggression, and decrease future acts of violence. What does the research into this idea suggest?

A) The theory is correct, and acting aggressively does vent our violent tendencies.
B) The theory is correct, but only when applied to physical aggression.
C) The theory is correct, but only when applied to verbal or psychological aggression.
D) The theory is incorrect, as aggression tends to lead to more aggression.

Question 26

Alcohol is involved in ________ percent of violent crimes arrests.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 95

Question 27

When the amygdala is stimulated in a monkey's brain it will:

A) be rewarded.
B) experience fear.
C) attack.
D) display empathy.

Question 28

The catharsis theory of aggression holds that:

A) aggressive impulses, if kept bottled up, will eventually fade away.
B) one act of aggression usually leads to further aggression.
C) one act of aggression reduces the likelihood of further acts of aggression.
D) frustration leads to aggression.

Question 29

Which of the following are NOT true about males and females in regards to aggression?

A) Boys are physically more aggressive than girls.
B) Women are more often arrested for property crimes than for crimes of violence against people.
C) Prisoners with higher levels of testosterone in prison violate more rules.
D) Girls and women engage in more relational aggression than boys and men.

Question 30

Barker, Dembo, and Lewin's classic study of children who were either delayed or not delayed from entering a room full of attractive toys showed that, with regard to aggression:

A) children who were delayed from playing with the toys experienced dissonance and were thus less aggressive than children who were not delayed.
B) children who were delayed from playing with the toys experienced frustration and were thus more aggressive than children who were not delayed.
C) both groups were equally aggressive, but children who were delayed liked the toys more than children who weren't delayed.
D) both groups were equally aggressive, but children who weren't delayed liked the toys more than children who were.

Question 31

Dissonance reduction theory predicts that once a person has hurt another, he will be ________ likely to hurt the person again in the future. This explanation is ________ the idea of catharsis.

A) more; contrary to
B) less; contrary to
C) more; consistent with
D) less; consistent with

Question 32

Research on the effects of testosterone on aggression suggests that:

A) physical forms of aggression in males are associated with higher levels of testosterone.
B) relational forms of aggression in females are associated with higher levels of testosterone.
C) the association between testosterone and aggression in males is not found consistently across cultures.
D) behaving aggressively temporarily reduce the amount of testosterone in males and the urge to aggress.

Question 33

In Kahn's experiment, students were allowed to express their hostile feelings towards a medical technician who had made derogatory remarks about them. Compared to students who were not allowed to vent, students who vented:

A) felt more remorse after expressing their aggression.
B) expressed the same amount of aggression.
C) disliked the technician more after expressing their aggression.
D) were less likely to aggress when given a second opportunity to vent.

Question 34

In a "natural experiment" in the real world, some technicians who were laid off by their company were given a chance to verbalize their hostility against their ex-bosses, while other technicians did not have this opportunity. Later, when given a chance to talk about their ex-bosses, workers who had voiced their hostility were ________ than workers who had not voiced their hostility.

A) less negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses
B) more negative in their descriptions of their ex-bosses
C) more likely to feel empathy toward their ex-bosses
D) less likely to feel socially inferior to their ex-bosses

Question 35

Broadly speaking, the hormone that is most often associated with aggressive behavior in both humans and lower animals is:

A) testosterone.
B) oxytocin.
C) estrogen.
D) HGH.

Question 36

The fact that monkeys who are lower in the dominance hierarchy of their group will not attack monkeys who are higher in the hierarchy, even when their brain is stimulated, suggests that:

A) aggression is innately determined.
B) aggression is heavily modified by social learning.
C) human aggression cannot be traced along an evolutionary trail back to lower primates.
D) aggression has been solely a learned trait since our earliest evolutionary times.

Question 37

Catharsis refers to the idea that:

A) frustration results when a person can't attain his or her goals.
B) frustration increases the drive, or activity, state of the organism.
C) modeling increases the probability of aggression.
D) violence reduces pent-up aggressive energy.

Question 38

Research on the effect of environmental conditions suggest that higher air temperature:

A) increases hostility and aggression.
B) increases physiological arousal, but not aggression.
C) decreases arousal and thus decreases aggression.
D) has no effect on arousal or aggression.

Question 39

Which of the following perspectives would encourage you to let children watch violent TV programs?

A) psychoanalytic
B) frustration-aggression
C) social learning
D) instinct

Question 40

Neurological research indicates that when we try to use the same amount of force in a retaliation that was used in the original attack on us:

A) we can do so if we consciously make an effort.
B) we apply greater force and find it rewarding.
C) we apply greater force but do not realize it.
D) we apply less force so as not to provide others with external justification for more intense attacks.

Question 41

The rape myth is the belief that:

A) rape occurs much more frequently than we believe.
B) rape occurs mostly with young girls.
C) when a woman says "no," she means "no."
D) women provoke rape and actually enjoy the experience.

Question 42

In Bandura's "Bobo doll" study, children who watched an adult act aggressively toward a plastic, air-filled doll:

A) admired the adult more than if the adult had not acted aggressively toward the doll.
B) admired the adult less than if the adult had not acted aggressively toward the doll.
C) not only imitated the adult's aggressive behavior, but also engaged in new forms of aggressive behavior toward the doll.
D) wanted the adult to be punished for acting aggressively toward the doll.

Question 43

In his study of the effects of televised prize-fights, sociologist David Phillips found that:

A) the U.S. homicide rate increased after domestic fights, but not after overseas fights.
B) the more publicity surrounding the fights, the greater the increase in homicides in the following days.
C) the race of the losers of the fights was related to the race of homicide victims-when blacks lost fights, the rate of white (but not black) homicide victims increased.
D) the effects of televised fights was more pronounced for older men than younger men.

Question 44

In the experiment by Kulik and Brown, subjects attempted to earn money by telephoning potential donors (confederates) for charity pledges. Subjects displayed the most aggression when:

A) their expectations were high, but their success rate was low.
B) they were not personally committed to the charity.
C) the potential donors were rude.
D) they got a high level of donations but were paid the same as the less successful callers.

Question 45

"Bobo doll" studies found that:

A) children will perform complex modeled responses for the reinforcement of being able to "beat-up a Bobo doll."
B) children imitated adults who had been aggressive toward a "Bobo doll," and thus learned new forms of physical and verbal aggression through observation.
C) children would not aggress against the "Bobo doll," especially after watching an adult do so.
D) after aggressing against a "Bobo doll," children were less likely to engage in hostile behavior toward their playmates.

Question 46

In a study by Berkowitz, subjects were made angry in a room containing either a gun or a badminton racket. Later, when given a chance to administer shocks to a "fellow student," subjects who had been in the room with the gun shocked the other person more than those who had been in the room containing the badminton racket. This study demonstrates:

A) that anger increases the probability of aggressive behavior.
B) the power of "aggressive cues" in facilitating aggressive behavior.
C) that thoughts about playing nonviolent sports-such as badminton-tend to reduce the probability of aggression.
D) that the theory of "catharsis" is unable to explain aggressive behavior.

Question 47

Aronson explains the high school shootings like Columbine by:

A) pointing to the males who committed the crimes and their high testosterone levels.
B) examining the relative deprivation in high schools for the youth on the bottom being rejected by the "preppies" on top.
C) analyzing the macho upbringing these boys have had.
D) citing all the violence on TV and these boys wanted to make a name for themselves by participating in a major violent act.

Question 48

The results of Josephson's study, in which boys watched violent movies of police violence or exciting nonviolent bike racing and were later exposed to a frustrating situation, indicate that:

A) exposure to violent stimuli reduces the tendency for aggression.
B) exposure to violent stimuli strengthens the tendency for aggression.
C) violent stimuli have no effect on aggression.
D) the effects of violent stimuli on aggression are more powerful than the effects of frustrating situations.

Question 49

According to Aronson's analysis, the riots that occurred in Watts and in Detroit most clearly exemplified the effects of:

A) frustration.
B) relative deprivation.
C) catharsis.
D) social learning.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a reason cited by Aronson for why media violence might increase aggression?

A) It may desensitize us to violence and the suffering of others.
B) It increases physiological arousal.
C) It may provide ideas about how to imitate aggressive behaviors.
D) It may weaken inhibitions against aggression.

Question 51

Martha argues that children should not be exposed to sex and violence on TV because it leads them to behave more aggressively. Martha's view is most consistent with:

A) psychoanalytic theory.
B) survival of the fittest.
C) social learning theory.
D) the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Question 52

In Donnerstein's study on the effects of pornography, male subjects delivered more intense shocks to a female confederate:

A) after viewing an erotic film with the female confederate.
B) after being asked to describe their sexual fantasies.
C) after viewing an aggressive-erotic film involving rape.
D) after expressing their views on the "rape myth."

Question 53

Zimbardo's research suggests that "deindividuation" contributes to aggression. By this, he means that we are more likely to behave aggressively when we are:

A) angered.
B) frustrated.
C) anonymous.
D) rewarded for aggressive behavior.

Question 54

The results of Zimbardo's experiment on deindividuation and aggression, in which some subjects "shocked" a confederate while wearing hoods and loose-fitting robes, suggests that:

A) anonymity reduces concern over social evaluation, and therefore tends to increase aggression.
B) individuals are usually more aggressive when alone than in groups because there is no one around to make them feel guilty.
C) individuals are less aggressive when anonymous because they feel more responsible for their behaviors.
D) anonymity reduces self-esteem, and therefore increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors.

Question 55

One important aspect of the social learning theory of aggression is that human beings will consider the ________ of a person who has caused us pain or frustration.

A) appearance
B) gender
C) occupation
D) intention

Question 56

In a study by Thomas and colleagues, subjects watched either a violent TV police drama or an exciting volleyball game. When subjects later saw an aggressive interaction between two preschool children, people who had watched the volleyball game:

A) reacted more emotionally compared to people who had watched the police drama.
B) reacted the same emotionally compared to people who had watched the police drama.
C) reacted less emotionally compared to people who had watched the police drama.
D) reacted with a different emotion compared to people who had watched the police drama.

Question 57

Brian Mullen studied lynchings perpetrated from 1899 to 1946, and found that the larger the lynch mobs, the more violent the lynchings. This research suggests that:

A) catharsis is more likely to occur in large crowds than in smaller groups.
B) aggressive behavior studied in the laboratory differs greatly from behavior in the "real" world.
C) being a "faceless" member of a crowd lowers inhibitions against destructive acts.
D) the process of "groupthink" is less powerful in smaller groups.

Question 58

According to a study by Mallick and McCandless, in which children were kept from achieving a goal by another child's clumsiness, the amount of aggression we express after a frustrating experience is often reduced when:

A) we learn that the person who has frustrated us actually intended no harm.
B) we are not allowed to retaliate in an appropriate and moderate manner.
C) we are threatened with punishment if we retaliate.
D) we are exposed to an aggressive model just prior to being frustrated.

Question 59

In experiments on the effects of violent pornography, Malamuth found that:

A) men engaged in less violent sexual fantasies after watching a film involving rape.
B) men were more accepting of violence against women after watching violent pornography.
C) women were more accepting of violence against women after watching violent pornography.
D) women were more accepting of the "rape myth" after watching violent pornography.

Question 60

Generalizing from Berkowitz's research, you would predict that a subject who has just watched a "slasher" movie (in which a beautiful young woman gets brutally raped, beaten, and murdered by a man who was an artist) would be more likely to act aggressively against:

A) male artists.
B) female artists.
C) men who look like the murderer.
D) beautiful young women.

Question 61

Carlsmith and Aronson, as well as Freedman, did research that showed what finding about mild punishment?

A) Threats of mild punishment curbed aggressive behavior in the short and long term.
B) Mild punishment reduced aggressive behavior for only a short period of time.
C) Children respond best when they are threatened with harsh punishment but only receive mild punishment.
D) Mild punishment is not effective at reducing aggressive behavior because children are quick to dismiss such consequences of their actions.

Question 62

The text describes a situation in which some convicted criminals were released from prison early due to a technicality, whereas others served out their sentences. In comparing these two groups, the primary finding was:

A) prisoners who were let out early were found to be much less aggressive.
B) prisoners who were let out early were found to be much more aggressive.
C) prisoners who served their full term were less than half as likely to return to prison.
D) prisoners who served their full term were twice as likely to return to prison.

Question 63

Bushman and Bonacci had an experiment in which people watched violent or sexually explicit or neutral TV shows with advertisements. Under which conditions did men and women recall the advertised products?

A) under the sexually explicit shows because everything was exciting
B) under the violent shows condition because they were impressed with the shock value
C) under the neutral conditions because their minds were not cluttered
D) Women could recall the advertisements under all conditions but the males could only do it under the violent conditions.

Question 64

Five methods for reducing aggressive behavior are discussed in Aronson's text. These are: (a) pure reason, (b) punishment, (c) punishment of aggressive models, (d) rewarding alternative behavior patterns, and (e) building empathy toward others. Of these, the two methods which presently seem to be the most effective are:

A) a and d
B) b and c
C) c and d
D) d and e

Question 65

Is aggression instinctive in nonhuman animals? Is aggressive behavior instinctive among humans-are we "hard-wired" from birth to behave aggressively toward members of our own species? If not, what other kinds of influences affect the human tendency toward aggression? Be specific and cite research evidence to support your arguments.

Question 66

Now that many states have reinstated the death penalty, some groups have argued that the executions should be televised. They argue that televising the execution would act as a deterrent to people thinking of committing crimes. Given what you know about aggression, would this be an effective strategy to reduce crime? Cite one piece of research that supports your position. Be sure to explain how the research supports your point.

Question 67

The Norwegian school system was able to curtail the frequency of bullying by as much as 50 percent by training teachers and administrators to:

A) be vigilant to the problem and take swift but moderate punitive action.
B) note but not respond to initial behaviors but swiftly and harshly punish repeated offenses.
C) be vigilant and respond harshly to every instance of the problem behaviors.
D) use positive reinforcement rather than punishment.

Question 68

The effect of violent pornography is:

A) similar to the effect of other violent media in that it tends to decrease the level of aggression.
B) similar to the effect of other violent media in that it tends to increase the level of aggression.
C) different from the effect of other violent media in that it tends to decrease the level of aggression.
D) minimal, except among men who have unusually high sex drives.

Question 69

Assume you favored the death penalty and then was asked to write an essay opposing it. Explain how the mere act of writing the essay could change your attitude about the death penalty. Then describe one piece of research that supports your position. Be sure to use a research study that required participants to write an essay.

Question 70

Several methods for reducing aggression were discussed in The Social Animal. ________ would seem to be the most effective.

A) Severe punishment or threats of severe punishment
B) Punishing aggressive models
C) Building empathy and rewarding alternative behavior patterns
D) Pure reason

Question 71

What arguments have been made to support the idea that aggression is necessary for the evolutionary survival of the human species? What research evidence is consistent with this notion of the "survival of the fittest?" Do you agree with this perspective? Why or why not?

Question 72

Most everyone would agree that reducing human aggression is a worthwhile goal-one that may be crucial to our survival as a species. Among several possible methods of achieving this goal are punishment of aggressive behavior, rewarding nonaggressive behavior, punishment of aggressive models, and building empathy toward others. Choose two of these methods and discuss their relative merits and limitations. Support your answer with relevant research.

Question 73

A few years ago in a suburb of Chicago, there was a violent "powder-puff" football game to initiate the lower class high-school females by the upper class high-school females. First they had the lower class students kneel on the ground facing away from their attackers who began yelling at them. The upper class students then threw paint, feces, urine, and animal parts from 5 gallon buckets on them effectively covering them from head to toe. From this point the initiation became more violent and involved throwing the empty 5 gallon buckets, punching, kicking, shooting a paintball gun at the younger students from a distance of a few feet. (Pictures may still be found on the Internet of this event to accompany this essay) Please identify all the ways the upper class students deindividualized the lower class students and how each made it easier to aggress against them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Question 74

There is a popular belief that exposure to, or participation in, aggressive behavior is beneficial because it allows people to release their pent-up aggression. What does research on aggression tell us about this view? What are the implications of this belief as it affects public policy and the mass media (e.g., pornography, children's television programs, sports, etc.)? Be sure to back up your answer with examples of relevant research.

Question 75

Linz and his colleagues found that, compared to men who watched X-rated, but nonviolent, pornography, men who watched R-rated, violent "slasher" films:

A) were more likely to believe that women found "slasher" movies sexually arousing.
B) were less likely to believe that "slasher" movies could have harmful effects.
C) expressed less empathy for victims of rape.
D) expressed more empathy for victims of rape.

Question 76

According to Hamblin and colleagues when punishment is applied to children to stop aggression, what happens?

A) It does not matter if the punishment is mild or harsh, the aggression will immediately stop and the lesson will last for weeks.
B) Severe or restrictive punishment increases aggression as a result of growing frustration.
C) Being firm and harsh in one's punishment sends a strong message to a child for a long time.
D) When tokens were taken away in one study, the boys stopped aggressing so they could get the tokens to earn enjoyable activities.

Question 77

Briefly discuss the relationship between frustration and aggression. What other social-psychological factors influence this relationship? Illustrate your discussion with examples of relevant research.