Deck 12: A: Reading

Question 1

Ross et al. found that when given a negative message about bathing or tooth brushing, participants:

A) increased their tooth brushing.
B) decreased their tooth brushing.
C) recalled brushing fewer times than participants who heard the positive message.
D) changed their attitude to a more positive one about personal hygiene.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Ross et al.'s research on how attitudes affect recall attempted to answer which of the following questions?

A) Would recall of repressed childhood memories be aided by psychological therapy or counseling that was designed to change a person's current attitudes?
B) Would subjects' recall of their past behaviors be influenced by manipulations of their current attitudes?
C) Are subjects' current attitudes the result of their need to justify their past behaviors?
D) Contrary to "common sense," is it easier to recall when long-standing habits were first formed than when more recent habits were formed?

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Ross et al., in their discussion of possible interpretations of their findings on the relationship between attitudes and recall, rule out the "self-presentation" interpretation because:

A) the subjects' responses were anonymous.
B) the results of the "self-monitoring" variable showed that the effect of attitude on behavior was stronger among low self-monitors, which works against the self-presentation hypothesis.
C) the results of the "self-monitoring" variable showed that the effect of attitude on behavior was weaker among self-monitors, which works against the self-preservation hypothesis.
D) there is no difference in recall between familiar supporting arguments and novel opposing arguments.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The results of the Ross et al. study on the relation between attitudes and recall demonstrated that:

A) positive messages influenced attitudes more strongly than negative messages did.
B) negative messages influenced attitudes more strongly than positive messages did.
C) both positive and negative messages were equally effective in influencing attitudes.
D) no attitude shifts toward personal hygiene habits were obtained as the result of exposure to persuasive communications.

Question 5

Stated in the most general, but direct, terms, the research results from the Ross et al. study on the link between attitudes and behavior reveal that:

A) attitudes can influence the recall of past behaviors.
B) behavior can affect attitudes.
C) attitudes can direct behavior.
D) past behavior can affect future behavior.