Deck 11: A: Social Psychology

Question 1

The theory that addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behavior is __________ theory.

A)exchange
B)social learning
C)attribution
D)social influence

Answer 1

attribution

Question 2

When the presence of others enhances one's performance of a task,we call this effect the _______ phenomenon.

A)social facilitation
B)law-of-numbers
C)spectator
D)self-presentation

Answer 2

social facilitation

Question 3

What is the tendency to make internal attributions when we succeed and external attributions when we fail?

A)self-attribution error
B)fundamental attribution error
C)self-serving bias
D)actor-observer bias

Answer 3

self-serving bias

Question 4

The ________ theory suggests that we often learn about ourselves by comparing our performance with that of other people.

A)dissonance
B)attribution
C)social comparison
D)conformity

Question 5

The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people's actions is called _______.

A)the primacy effect
B)defensive attribution
C)fundamental attribution error
D)the just world hypothesis

Question 6

What is the process of explaining why certain events occurred or why a particular person acted in a certain manner?

A)attribution
B)causality analysis
C)ascribing
D)stereotyping

Question 7

Society's main standard for judging abnormal behavior is __________.

A)the person's experience of inner distress
B)whether behavior conforms to the existing social order
C)an individual's personal sense of well-being
D)the person's success in meeting societal expectations for performance in work,school,and in social relationships

Question 8

John is a member of a local rock band and the Army Reserves.To be accepted in the band and by fans,John must wear long hair.However,the Reserves require John to keep his hair short.This is called a __________.

A)avoidance-avoidance conflict
B)social dilemma
C)role conflict
D)reactance

Question 9

The fundamental attribution error is based on the:

A)confirmatory bias.
B)need to believe that one can control one's fate.
C)basic distrust that we have of other humans.
D)need to accurately detect causes of behavior.

Question 10

The cognitive process of deciding who or what caused an event is:

A)attribution.
B)balance theory.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)confirmation bias.

Question 11

The fundamental attribution error refers to:

A)people's tendencies to ignore situational causes of behavior and favor internal explanations.
B)people's tendencies to ignore internal causes of behavior and favor external explanations.
C)people's tendencies to deal with someone else's behavior without trying to figure out what made them behave that way.
D)people's tendencies to go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves.

Question 12

Dan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today,but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker.If he decides to continue exercising,what concept might explain his actions?

A)social productivity
B)social loafing
C)social facilitation
D)social idleness

Question 13

To conform is to yield to __________.

A)social norms
B)cognitive dissonance
C)secondary processes
D)response cues

Question 14

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and thoughts is called:

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)obedience.
D)persuasion.

Question 15

Asch (1951)used __________ to study informational conformity.

A)the "autokinetic effect"
B)the latency of response
C)social loafing in a tug of war group
D)line lengths

Question 16

The idea that we often learn about ourselves by comparing our performance with that of other people is reflective of:

A)social comparison theory.
B)LeBon's view on mob violence.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)performance comparison theory.

Question 17

Inferring characteristics of people based on their observable behavior is called ___________.

A)social psychology
B)attribution
C)attitudes
D)personality psychology

Question 18

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.Once the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted,by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the __________ procedure.

A)primacy
B)lowball
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 19

Informational influence is motivated by the desire to be ________.

A)fun
B)correct
C)approved by the social group
D)in touch with your social environment

Question 20

The tendency to base attributions solely on behavior without considering the situation is called:

A)projection.
B)behavioral relevance.
C)fundamental attribution error.
D)hedonic relevance.

Question 21

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the _______ was a confederate of the experimenter.

A)subject
B)female subject
C)learner
D)normal person

Question 22

Changing one's behavior in response to real or perceived social pressures is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 23

Following orders is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 24

What percent of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series?

A)less than 1%
B)between 5% and 10%
C)about 65%
D)about 90%

Question 25

Behavior that occurs when we change our actions or attitudes because of real or imagined group pressures is called _____________.

A)cooperation
B)coercion
C)obedience
D)conformity

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of obedience,as defined by social psychologists?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)People clean their own table in a restaurant that has a sign reading,"Help keep costs down and clean off your table."
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 28

Asch had subjects judge the length of straight lines after they heard "fake" subjects consistently give the same incorrect length judgment.Under this kind of social influence,the real subjects conformed to a distorted view of reality on about ________ of the judgment trials.

A)90%
B)1/3
C)50%
D)2/3

Question 29

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the dependent variable was the:

A)learner's incorrect responses.
B)intensity of shock delivered.
C)learner's screams of pain.
D)number of mistakes made by the learner.

Question 30

_______ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Carolyn Sherif
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 31

Milgram's study on obedience has been criticized on the basis of _____________.

A)methodological weaknesses
B)inability to replicate it
C)lack of real-life application
D)ethics

Question 32

In the famous Milgram experiment on obedience,who received a shock?

A)the "learner"
B)no one
C)the confederate
D)the subject

Question 33

Rules that govern behavior and apply to all members of a group are called __________.

A)roles
B)patterns
C)laws
D)norms

Question 34

What did Milgram study?

A)the authoritarian personality
B)bystander apathy
C)the effects of watching violence on television
D)obedience to authority

Question 35

Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called:

A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)obedience.
D)consent.

Question 36

Roles are similar to,but different from,norms because they also specify _____________.

A)what must be done
B)how it should be done
C)who must do it
D)when it must be done

Question 37

Even though he thought the Army Reserve's short hair regulation was silly,Ted really wanted the extra money Reserve duty provided to him,so he kept his hair short.This is an example of:

A)conformity.
B)reactance.
C)private acceptance.
D)a role.

Question 38

Early studies indicated that women conformed more than men.Later research has shown that women's conforming behavior is motivated by their desire to ________.

A)be popular
B)avoid rejection
C)become the group leader
D)keep group conflict at a minimum

Question 39

Group conformity is greatest when:

A)the task is difficult or ambiguous.
B)the group is all female.
C)males outnumber females.
D)the pressure source is categorized into a unit.

Question 40

According to several research studies,conformity will be greatest among people who:

A)do not expect future interaction with group members.
B)are not strongly attracted to the group.
C)feel accepted by the group.
D)are not completely confident about their ability.

Question 41

Milgram is known for his research in:

A)prejudice.
B)group think.
C)obedience.
D)deindividualization.

Question 42

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until _______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 43

Normative social pressure is based on:

A)a group's power because of informational value.
B)a group's power because of goal achievement.
C)a group's power because of wanting to be accepted.
D)a group's power because of social stability.

Question 44

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by _______.

A)Asch
B)Luchens
C)Milgram
D)Singer

Question 45

The person who conducted the most well-known research on obedience is _______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Kelley

Question 46

The technique used for studying conformity was developed by:

A)Festinger.
B)Asch.
C)Lewin.
D)Thorndike.

Question 47

_______ is a response to pressure exerted by norms that are generally left unstated.

A)Conformity
B)Compliance
C)Obedience
D)Deindividualization

Question 48

In Asch's research study on conformity,he found that students conformed to group behavior:

A)only on difficult tasks.
B)at least one-third of the time.
C)only if they knew the individuals in the group.
D)over half of the time.

Question 49

Even though she thought it was silly,Emily wore pink and green ribbons in her hair as her friends did.This is an example of:

A)a group role.
B)a group norm.
C)conformity.
D)obedience.

Question 50

Following direct and explicit orders of a person in authority is called:

A)group think.
B)obedience.
C)prejudice.
D)deindividualization.

Question 51

In Milgram's studies about _______ percent of his subjects administered the entire range of electric shocks.

A)25
B)45
C)65
D)85

Question 52

Which of the following is a factor influencing conformity?

A)the individual
B)the group
C)the task
D)all of the above

Question 53

Conformity is greatest when:

A)one or two go against the group.
B)the task is difficult.
C)the task is easy.
D)there are more than eight people in a group.

Question 54

When Milgram tested the assumption that the subjects blindly obeyed instructions because they were in a "safe" university setting,he found that:

A)the setting had no effect on the subjects' behavior.
B)the setting had little effect on the subjects' behavior.
C)subjects applied greater levels of shock in a non-university setting.
D)subjects applied much lower levels of shock in a non-university setting.

Question 55

A very cohesive group,insulated from outside opinion,with a respected leader must make a decision quickly.As they deliberate,this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called:

A)deindividuation.
B)social facilitation.
C)groupthink.
D)group polarization.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a positive outcome of the Milgram obedience study?

A)The subjects learned that they would obey an order to hurt another.
B)The subjects were glad they had been in the study.
C)The results further our knowledge about human behavior.
D)The results further our knowledge about the power of orders.

Question 57

Asch's studies showed that conformity to group pressure occurred about _______ of the time.

A)5%
B)35%
C)65%
D)95%

Question 58

Norms usually do NOT:

A)apply only to certain group members.
B)apply to all group members.
C)exist in unwritten form.
D)exist in written form.

Question 59

Conformity tends to be higher when a task is _______.

A)easy
B)ambiguous
C)clearly defined
D)illegal

Question 60

The Milgram obedience study has been criticized on the basis of:

A)validity.
B)ethics.
C)reliability.
D)applicability.

Question 61

Any group of people who feel a sense of solidarity and exclusivity in relation to nonmembers is __________.

A)an in-group
B)a dominance hierarchy
C)an out-group
D)a support group

Question 62

Failure to critically evaluate ideas when concern is for reaching agreement is called _________.

A)group polarization
B)social comparison
C)groupthink
D)deindividuation

Question 63

One effect of deindividuation that may contribute to mob violence is ___________.

A)group depolarization
B)abdicating personal responsibility
C)unjustified negative attitudes toward certain individuals
D)social loafing

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT true?

A)Bystanders often do not perceive a crisis as an emergency.
B)Bystanders fail to help because of basic human callousness.
C)The greater the number of bystanders,the less likely it is that anyone will come forward to help the victim of a crisis situation.
D)all of the above.

Question 65

According to research,the larger the group,the:

A)safer you are.
B)more likely you are to receive help.
C)more likely you are to give assistance.
D)less likely you are to give or receive help.

Question 66

The major problem with the groupthink theory is which of the following?

A)There is no leadership during the decision-making process.
B)Group polarization occurs.
C)Risky shift occurs.
D)No critical evaluation occurs.

Question 67

According to the text,the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba was a result of ___________.

A)a weak leader
B)groupthink
C)risky shift
D)group polarization

Question 68

In which of the following situations is a person the LEAST likely to do nothing:

A)The person sees a victim,but doesn't have training to do first aid.
B)The person sees a victim and there are many others around.
C)The person sees a victim collapse next to him or her.
D)The person sees two children,who look similar,fighting.

Question 69

Which of the following conditions is NOT conducive to group think?

A)critical evaluation of ideas
B)a strong leader
C)individuals who are proud to be members of the group
D)a close-knit group

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a step in making a decision to help?

A)supplying help
B)moving away to observe
C)noticing the distressed person
D)interpreting the situation

Question 71

Altruistic behavior is behavior that:

A)is intended to be helpful to others.
B)unintentionally harms others.
C)intentionally harms others.
D)has no known motivation behind it.

Question 72

Research has shown that the person who ___________ often becomes the group's leader.

A)remains standing when others are seated
B)possesses certain traits that correlate with leadership
C)is seated at the head of the table
D)arrives at the meeting late

Question 73

A major reason why people won't help when there are many bystanders is because:

A)of diffusion of responsibility.
B)people are egoistic.
C)people like to see others hurt.
D)people are not altruistic.

Question 74

Behavior directed at helping others with no thought or expectation of personal gain is called _______ behavior.

A)primacy
B)conformity
C)altruistic
D)manipulative

Question 75

Group think can be avoided by:

A)having a strong leader.
B)inviting outsiders to give their opinions.
C)striving for a consensus among members.
D)having bright,well-informed members.

Question 76

Social influence in its most direct and powerful form is known as __________.

A)deindividuation
B)obedience
C)compliance
D)conformity

Question 77

If a person sees a victim in dire need,but doesn't know how to help,that person will most likely:

A)stay with the victim.
B)do nothing.
C)go for help.
D)attempt to offer first aid.

Question 78

When group members feel their efforts are going unrecognized,____________ occurs.

A)inconsistency
B)coordination loss
C)motivation loss
D)groupthink

Question 79

The term ______ refers to the tendency to help others who are in need even when there is not likely to be a reward for helping.

A)bystander mitigation
B)altruism
C)empathy
D)sympathetic collusion

Question 80

When a group exerts such strong pressure to conform that it prevents people from expressing critical ideas,the group is suffering from __________.

A)groupthink
B)polarization
C)risky shift
D)deindividuation