Deck 8: A: Human Development

Question 1

A psychologist spends his entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Answer 1

developmental

Question 2

The description and explanation of behavior changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called _________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life-span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Answer 2

the life-span development approach

Question 3

A researcher tries to reconstruct a person's past by interviewing the person and by consulting various other sources that relate to the person's life.This method of conducting research is called the _______________ approach.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)biographical
D)convergent

Answer 3

biographical

Question 4

Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?

A)It cannot measure the stability of behavior.
B)Cultural experiences cannot be controlled.
C)It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
D)Historical influence cannot be controlled.

Question 5

The study of psychological and physical changes from conception to death is _______ psychology.

A)personality
B)developmental
C)evolutionary
D)physiological

Question 6

An approach which is concerned with description and explanation of changes within an individual and between individuals from conception until death is called the _______ approach.

A)whole life
B)life-span developmental
C)entire life developmental
D)childhood/adulthood developmental

Question 7

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________.

A)longitudinal method
B)correlational method
C)cross-sectional method
D)case study method

Question 8

The life-span development approach has which of the following goals?

A)Describe the physical changes that occur between birth and adolescence.
B)Describe and explain behavior changes within an individual and differences between individuals from conception to death.
C)Explain the results of learning from conception to death.
D)Investigate the influence of heredity and environment upon individuals from conception to death.

Question 9

What major shift in emphasis has taken place in developmental psychology across the last 20 years?

A)The field has become less experimental and more anecdotal.
B)The study of adolescence has pretty much supplanted the study of childhood.
C)The focus has broadened to include the entire life span.
D)Cognitive theory has been largely replaced by behaviorism.

Question 10

Dr.Cross is studying whether the psychological trait of dependency vs.independence changes as one gets older.He collects data from first,fourth,and ninth graders.Dr.Cross is studying the relationship between age and dependency/independence using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)case study
D)applied

Question 11

Which approach to the study of development views one's early experiences as a more critical period than later (e.g.,adult)experiences?

A)functionalism
B)behaviorism
C)psychodynamic
D)life span

Question 12

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 13

"Experience is the key to all knowledge" is associated with ___________.

A)empiricism
B)nativism
C)humanism
D)maturation

Question 14

Which approach to the study of development views one's later experiences as a more critical period than earlier experiences?

A)functionalism
B)behaviorism
C)psychodynamic
D)life span

Question 15

The description and explanation of behavior changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called __________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life-span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 16

How one develops is determined by continuous interaction between _________ and __________.

A)learning; environment
B)heredity; environment
C)nurture; environment
D)heredity; nature

Question 17

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 18

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 19

Mary's physician is trying to test her visual perception.She shows six-month old Mary a picture of a boat until Mary no longer pays any attention to it.Then she shows Mary a picture of a house and immediately Mary begins to stare at the picture in entranced curiosity.Mary's physician was using the _______________ to test her visual perception.

A)habituation technique
B)longitudinal technique
C)attention-span technique
D)novelty technique

Question 20

The field of _______ focuses on the questions of how people of different ages differ from one another and what caused those differences.

A)personality
B)comparative psychology
C)developmental psychology
D)geriatrics

Question 21

Collecting the responses of different people at different ages all at the same time characterizes _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 22

Comparing the same group of people on the same measure(s)over a lengthy time period defines _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 23

The __________ roughly resembles a human being.

A)zygote
B)fetus
C)embryo
D)placenta

Question 24

Dr.Halk is studying the influence of getting older on intelligence.He tests a group of first graders,a group of third graders,and a group of sixth graders.They are all tested in one day.This is an example of _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)mixed design
D)fixed effects

Question 25

A weakness of longitudinal studies is that they _______.

A)take far too long to gather the appropriate data
B)cannot eliminate sample biases
C)cannot distinguish age differences from cohort differences
D)do not distinguish significant from non-significant relationships

Question 26

Toxic substances such as alcohol and nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects are called __________.

A)neuroleptics
B)teratogens
C)pathogens
D)antigens

Question 27

From the second week until the third month after conception,the developing organism is called a(n)__________.

A)neonate
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)embryo

Question 28

Cultural and historical influences are BEST controlled using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 29

The ability to see the world in three dimensions is called __________.

A)visual acuity
B)visual acumen
C)depth perception
D)spatial awareness

Question 30

A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school.To explore her hypothesis,she records the TV watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community.She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade.This method is _______.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)convergent
D)experimental

Question 31

Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?

A)It takes a relatively short period of time.
B)It is quite flexible.
C)It can measure stability of behavior.
D)It is extremely practical.

Question 32

The drug most abused by pregnant women is __________.

A)nicotine
B)marijuana
C)cocaine
D)alcohol

Question 33

The period of development from conception to birth is called the __________.

A)neonate period
B)prenatal period
C)natal period
D)postnatal period

Question 34

The visual cliff was developed to measure __________.

A)whole-part perception
B)object perception
C)distance perception
D)depth perception

Question 35

A newborn baby is called a __________.

A)neonate
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)bionate

Question 36

When infants are presented with a sound at one side of their heads,they __________.

A)do not appear to perceive it
B)will begin to cry
C)will try to move away from it
D)will turn their head toward it

Question 37

Dr.Halk is studying a group of 25 youngsters from the time they are born until they reach school age.This is known as _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)mixed design
C)longitudinal
D)historical

Question 38

A reflex crucial to an infant's survival is __________.

A)cooing
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)stepping

Question 39

Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?

A)It cannot measure the stability of behavior.
B)Cultural experiences cannot be controlled.
C)It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
D)Historical influence cannot be controlled.

Question 40

An audience of 20-year-olds finds a series of off-color jokes highly amusing.A group of 50-year-olds finds the same jokes highly offensive.It is concluded that,as people age,their senses of humor become more rigid and narrow.The major difficulty in drawing conclusions of this sort is that _______.

A)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
B)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
C)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken
D)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT incompletely developed at birth?

A)myelinization
B)size of the brain
C)cortex
D)none of the above

Question 42

At birth,babies ______________.

A)are color-blind,except for black,white,and shades of grey
B)can distinguish only blues and purples in addition to black,white,and shades of grey
C)can distinguish most,but not all,colors
D)can distinguish all of the colors

Question 43

At birth,the infant's nervous system is best described as _________.

A)complete
B)modified
C)incomplete
D)immature

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a stage of development?

A)ovum
B)uterine
C)embryo
D)fetal

Question 45

Which of the following developmental sequences is in correct order?

A)embryo,zygote,fetus,infant
B)ovum,embryo,fetus,infant
C)fetus,embryo,ovum,infant
D)ovum,fetus,embryo,infant

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Newborns prefer sweet flavors.
B)Newborns prefer salty flavors.
C)Newborns have no preference regarding smells.
D)Newborns have no preference regarding tastes.

Question 47

Drugs that can distort the prenatal organism's physical development are called ___________.

A)mutagens
B)teratogens
C)controlled substances
D)congenital defectors

Question 48

Which of the following is true of newborns?

A)They are passive creatures who eat,sleep,and remain relatively oblivious to their world.
B)Most of their senses operate very poorly at birth.
C)They hear and understand very little of what is going on around them.
D)They absorb and process information from the outside world almost as soon as,or even before,they enter it.

Question 49

Which of the following is a false statement?

A)Newborns will turn their heads toward a sound source.
B)Babies have the ability to match vision and hearing.
C)Babies cannot hear until after they are born.
D)In some ways,infants are better at distinguishing sounds than adults are.

Question 50

Which statement about maturation is true?

A)It ends at puberty.
B)It is a more or less automatic thing.
C)It is only used to describe psychological changes,not physical changes,in a growing child.
D)It begins at birth.

Question 51

The strange situation procedure has been used to study _________.

A)social smiling
B)attachment
C)identification
D)dependence and independence

Question 52

Important nerve coverings that are lacking or not fully developed at birth are called _________.

A)ganglia
B)cortical endings
C)myelin sheaths
D)none of the above

Question 53

Researchers have discovered that during specific periods in one's life,certain abilities must develop or they will not develop later.These are known as ____________.

A)developmental milestones
B)imprinting
C)critical periods
D)maturational readiness

Question 54

Drugs that can distort the prenatal organism's physical development are called ___________.

A)mutagens
B)teratogens
C)controlled substances
D)congenital defectors

Question 55

During prenatal development,the organism depends on the ________ to exchange food and waste products with the mother's blood stream.

A)ovum
B)umbilicus
C)placenta
D)uterus

Question 56

Developmental norms are useful because they ___________________.

A)tell parents when their child will begin to talk
B)tell parents when their child is ready to talk
C)give an indication of future skills and potentials
D)alert parents to extreme developmental deviations

Question 57

The strange situation procedure,in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or absence of several combinations of the child,caretaker,and stranger,is used to study _________.

A)social smiling
B)attachment
C)identification
D)dependence and independence

Question 58

Gloria was born prematurely.Gloria may be able to live out of her mother's body if:

A)she was born less than 2 months before she was due.
B)she had passed her age of viability.
C)she was in the 7th or later month of her prenatal development.
D)all of the above

Question 59

When adults are surprised by a loud noise,they often show the startle reflex.In infants,the same reflex is called the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 60

Postnatal is to after being born as _______ is to before being born.

A)fetal
B)prenatal
C)neonatal
D)pregnancy

Question 61

The observation that infant attachment occurs in a variety of cultures supports the idea that ______ play(s)a role in attachment.

A)learning
B)society
C)child-rearing practices
D)heredity

Question 62

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A)Sensory-motor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations.
B)Preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensory-motor.
C)Preoperational,sensory-motor,concrete operations,formal operations.
D)Preoperational,formal operations,sensory-motor,concrete operations.

Question 63

According to Piaget,children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensory-motor

Question 64

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 65

Which of the following phenomena is most closely associated with the concept of critical period?

A)classical conditioning
B)imprinting
C)motor programs
D)creolization

Question 66

Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______.

A)schema
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)structure

Question 67

When adults are surprised by a loud noise,they often show the startle reflex.In infants,the same reflex is called the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 68

Which of the following are newborn humans capable of doing?

A)locating sound sources
B)discriminating their mother's voice from other voices
C)noticing the differences among three objects
D)all of the above

Question 69

According to Piaget,which of the following is crucial to cognitive development at the sensory-motor stage?

A)egocentrism
B)attachment
C)language
D)object permanence

Question 70

In humans,the machinery for perceiving the world:

A)must await the second year of physical maturation.
B)is pretty much ready at birth.
C)develops during the second half of the child's first year.
D)is pretty much dependent on learning experiences.

Question 71

Human and animal neonates come into the world equipped with a number of built-in responses called _______.

A)reflexes
B)tropisms
C)instincts
D)motor programs

Question 72

Piaget's theory of intellectual development assumes that:

A)children pass through certain stages at a specific age.
B)children pass through a series of 6 sequential stages.
C)children pass through a series of stages in the same order.
D)children pass through stages but in no particular order and at no specified ages.

Question 73

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______________.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)attachment

Question 74

Which of the following concepts was NOT used by Piaget?

A)schema
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)critical period

Question 75

An infant will turn his head toward anything which touches his cheek.This is the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 76

According to Piaget,the stage of cognitive development between two and seven years of age,in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe,remember,and reason about the world,though only in an egocentric fashion,is the __________ stage.

A)concrete operations
B)preoperational
C)sensory-motor
D)formal operations

Question 77

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a small cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the ________________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 78

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A)sensory-motor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations
B)preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensory-motor
C)preoperational,sensory-motor,concrete operations,formal operations
D)preoperational,formal operations,sensory-motor,concrete operations

Question 79

According to Piaget,children learn to retrace their thoughts,correct themselves,see more than one dimension to a problem,but cannot yet handle abstract concepts during the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensory-motor

Question 80

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of __________.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)motor development