Deck 6: A: Memory

Question 1

Memory is classically defined as:

A)a capacity for learning.
B)the ability retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Answer 1

the ability retain information over time.

Question 2

What are the components of the information processing model in order?

A)retrieval,encoding,storage
B)encoding,capturing,retrieval
C)capturing,encoding,retrieval
D)encoding,storage,retrieval

Answer 2

encoding,storage,retrieval

Question 3

Memory is:

A)a capacity for learning.
B)a system that allows people to retain information over time.
C)an ability of humans only.
D)unchangeable.

Answer 3

a system that allows people to retain information over time.

Question 4

Attention is the process of ________.

A)storing information
B)representing information
C)selectively noticing stimuli
D)recognizing visual sensations

Question 5

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called:

A)memory.
B)cognition.
C)computer.
D)intelligence.

Question 6

The sensory registers _____________.

A)are measures of retention
B)retain past information
C)control our attention span
D)receive sensory information from the external world

Question 7

Our visual sensation of a passing automobile would be initially stored in ___________.

A)the sensory registers
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)the hippocampus

Question 8

A visual image held in the sensory register is _____________.

A)an icon
B)a pictograph
C)a trace
D)a symbol

Question 9

The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is:

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)rehearsal.
D)storage.

Question 10

Iconic and echoic memory are types of _______ memory.

A)working
B)sensory
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 11

What is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use?

A)cognition
B)memory
C)perception
D)sensation

Question 12

In what way are sensory memory and long-term memory similar?

A)Storage in both is essentially permanent.
B)Retrieval from both is immediate.
C)Both have a large capacity.
D)Both make exclusive use of semantic retrieval cues.

Question 13

The auditory equivalent of the icon is the ____________.

A)echo
B)vibration
C)sound wave
D)neural trace

Question 14

The process of selective looking,listening,smelling,and feeling is called ____________.

A)retention
B)cognition
C)recognition
D)attention

Question 15

The passing of time causes forgetting according to ___________.

A)interference theory
B)optimization theory
C)reduction theory
D)decay theory

Question 16

The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant ones is ______.

A)encoding
B)attention
C)masking
D)chunking

Question 17

Sensing is to _______ memory as rehearsal is to _______.

A)sensory store; attention
B)short-term; long-term
C)attention; short-term
D)sensory; short-term

Question 18

An echo usually stays in the sensory registers for __________.

A)1/4 of a second
B)several second
C)one seconds
D)40 seconds

Question 19

One feature of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory is that:

A)important information can bypass short-term memory and go from sensory directly into long-term.
B)important information can bypass sensory memory and go directly to long-term.
C)all information going into long-term memory must first pass through both sensory store and short-term memory.
D)information can bypass sensory memory and go directly to short-term memory.

Question 20

Sensory store memory:

A)holds information for as long as you rehearse it.
B)holds information for about 30 seconds.
C)holds information for one or two seconds.
D)processes information for permanent encoding.

Question 21

If you want to remember something for a couple of minutes,the MOST effective device is __________.

A)visual imagery
B)tactile imagery
C)rote rehearsal
D)elaborative rehearsal

Question 22

The sensory memory associated with the visual sense is called the:

A)iconic memory system.
B)echoic memory system.
C)optical memory system.
D)occipital memory system.

Question 23

You looked up a friend's address for a letter you wrote.Suddenly the phone rings-wrong number.Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds,you've forgotten the address.Which memory system failed you?

A)permanent memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 24

Many years ago,telephone numbers had only four or five digits.Even now,no more than seven digits are used for phone numbers.The most reasonable psychological explanation for this is that ________________.

A)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
B)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention
C)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention
D)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention

Question 25

Which of the following statements concerned with sensory memory is true?

A)Sensory memory affects both vision and hearing.
B)Sensory memory affects only vision.
C)Sensory memory affects only touch.
D)Sensory memory affects only hearing.

Question 26

Unprocessed stimulation from the environment is first held in:

A)short-term store.
B)sensory memory.
C)long-term store.
D)intermediate store.

Question 27

The working memory is known as the _____________ memory.

A)tertiary
B)primary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 28

If the most recent theories regarding the capacity of short-term memory are correct,then _____________.

A)five sentences should be easier to remember than five words
B)five sentences should be as difficult to remember as five words
C)five sentences should be more difficult to remember than five words
D)five sentences and five words should both be easier to remember than five letters,because the words and sentences both have inherent meaning

Question 29

Information selected from sensory memory is transferred to conscious awareness or:

A)primary memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)factual memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about the visual sensory memory system is false?

A)The codes in it are of a semantic type.
B)The codes in it are quite similar to the original sensation.
C)Its traces last for 1 to 2 seconds,maximally.
D)Its codes seem susceptible to disturbance by other visual stimuli.

Question 31

Sensory store memory:

A)holds information for as long as you rehearse it.
B)holds information for about 30 seconds.
C)holds information for one or two seconds.
D)processes information for permanent encoding.

Question 32

Iconic memory and echoic memory represent what many theorists call:

A)precepts.
B)imaginal systems.
C)sensory memory systems.
D)rapid retrieval systems.

Question 33

Dreams occur in _____________.

A)the sensory registers
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 34

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three notes of music for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them.If the instructions to recall the notes came immediately,the students usually succeeded.If the instructions came more than three seconds after the notes were played,the students were much less successful.The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that,in the latter case,_____________.

A)the echo never made it to the sensory registers
B)the echo faded after being stored in short-term memory
C)the echo was already stored in long-term memory
D)the echo faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 35

The hippocampus is instrumental in:

A)the formation of short-term memory.
B)the retrieval of memories from long-term memory.
C)maintaining a constant level of information filtration by the sensory registers.
D)transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 36

How long do the contents of the sensory store normally last?

A)less than one second
B)about four to twenty seconds
C)about five to nine minutes
D)up to a lifetime

Question 37

Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three nonsense syllables for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them.If the instructions to recall the syllables came immediately,the students were usually successful.If the instructions came even one second after the syllables were shown,the students were much less successful.The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that,in the latter case,_____________.

A)the icon never made it to the sensory registers
B)the icon was already stored in short-term memory
C)the icon faded after being stored in short-term memory
D)the icon faded before being stored in short-term memory

Question 38

What we are thinking of at any given moment,or what we commonly know as "consciousness," is ____________.

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)secondary memory
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 39

The process by which we notice stimuli selectively is called:

A)attention.
B)recognition.
C)saving.
D)recalling.

Question 40

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)five,plus or minus pieces of information
B)eleven,plus or minus two chunks
C)fifteen,plus or minus two engrams
D)three,plus or minus two numbers

Question 41

The short-term memory capacity (digit-span)in a normal adult is about:

A)3 items.
B)7 +- 2 items.
C)4 or 5 items.
D)14 or 15 items.

Question 42

The average memory span consists of _______ items.

A)five
B)six
C)seven
D)nine

Question 43

Verbal and visual codes are types of _______ encoding.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 44

Memory span is _______ and is associated with _______ memory.

A)the duration that information is stored; short-term
B)number of items stored; long-term
C)the number of items stored; short-term
D)the duration that information is stored; long-term

Question 45

Chunking is a means of _______________.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 46

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

A)It does not operate on a conscious level.
B)It is a more recently identified type of memory.
C)It is concerned with the identification of only certain words and objects.
D)People with perfectly intact memories are often the focus of study.

Question 47

Information in short-term memory is retained ________.

A)for about 60 seconds
B)as long as it is rehearsed
C)for several seconds without rehearsal
D)up to several minutes

Question 48

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of __________.

A)rote rehearsal
B)cueing
C)chunking
D)categorizing

Question 49

The capacity of STM is _______ items.

A)unlimited
B)7 +or - 2
C)12
D)22

Question 50

Chunking is a means of _______.

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details
B)organizing information into meaningful units
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important
D)storing long-term memories

Question 51

Information in short-term memory is coded _______.

A)abstractly
B)visually only
C)acoustically only
D)acoustically and visually

Question 52

Most normal adults have a memory span:

A)of between 5 and 9 items.
B)that averages 7.
C)of 7 plus-or-minus 2.
D)all of the above.

Question 53

Memory span is a characteristic of:

A)long-term memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 54

The short-term memory capacity (digit-span)in a normal adult is about:

A)9 items.
B)7 or 8 items.
C)4 or 5 items.
D)14 or 15 items.

Question 55

Information that has been transferred out of sensory memory enters:

A)long-term.
B)short-term.
C)savings.
D)either short-term or long-term depending on the level at which it is processed.

Question 56

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)7 bits of information
B)7 chunks of information
C)12 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique
D)16 letters,if measured by Sperling's partial report technique

Question 57

Chunking aids:

A)understanding.
B)perception.
C)retention.
D)encoding.

Question 58

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

A)five,plus or minus two letters
B)seven,plus or minus two chunks
C)five,plus or minus two engrams
D)seven,plus or minus two numbers

Question 59

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through a process called _______.

A)chunking
B)categorizing
C)rehearsal
D)cueing

Question 60

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory.G O T O Y O U R B E D R O O M However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term's memory span: Go to your bedroom.This illustrates _________.

A)chunking
B)backward masking
C)verbal coding
D)selective attention

Question 61

Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in _______________.

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)eidetic memory

Question 62

The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is __________.

A)emotional memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 63

The type of memory that is most like an a dictionary is __________.

A)emotional memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 64

An individual's semantic memory contains:

A)memories about events.
B)background knowledge about words,symbols,concepts and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories.
C)autobiographical information about one's previous experiences.
D)the order and sequence of information from specific to general.

Question 65

Semantic memory is organized __________.

A)in chunks
B)sequentially and chronologically
C)hierarchically
D)chronologically

Question 66

The hippocampus seems to be essential for __________.

A)the recall of old memories
B)maintaining one's balance
C)the formation of new long-term memories
D)proactive and retroactive inhibition

Question 67

Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?

A)implicit memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 68

Which statement concerning long-term memory is TRUE?

A)Information in long-term is stored permanently.
B)Rehearsal is one of the primary methods information is moved from short-term to long-term.
C)The longer information is in short-term,the more likely it will be stored in long-term.
D)all of the above

Question 69

Steve was recalling his first day in college,including walking into the wrong class,dropping his books as he left,and the long line at the registrar's office he encountered when he had to switch classes.These memories are examples of:

A)semantic memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 70

The portion of long-term memory that stores specific information that has personal meaning is called __________ memory.

A)emotional
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)procedural

Question 71

"Use it or lose it" would most likely be associated with ________.

A)trace decay theory
B)proactive inhibition
C)retroactive inhibition
D)interference

Question 72

"Iconic" and "echoic" are to sensory memory as "episodic," "semantic," and "procedural" are to _______ memory.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)procedural
D)semantic

Question 73

Hermann Ebbinghaus found that memory is best immediately after we learn information,and we gradually forget more as time passes.What name is given to this observation?

A)serial position curve
B)mirage effect
C)free recall curve
D)curve of forgetting

Question 74

Which memory system provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)long-term memory
B)sensory memory
C)primary memory
D)short-term memory

Question 75

Scott remembers all of the details of his wedding seven years ago.This information is most likely stored in _______ memory.

A)iconic
B)episodic
C)semantic
D)short-term

Question 76

"Forgetting that occurs as a function of the passage of time" defines ________.

A)motivated forgetting
B)decay theory
C)cue-dependent forgetting
D)interference theory

Question 77

Information that was either unintentionally committed to or unintentionally retried from memory is known as ___________.

A)eidetic memory
B)procedural memory
C)implicit memory
D)explicit memory

Question 78

Connie lost her keys.She searches her memory for when she last had them,and goes to that place in the hope that it will help her remember where she misplaced them.Connie is ________ activating her _________.

A)unconsciously; semantic memory
B)conscious; semantic memory
C)unconsciously; episodic memory
D)consciously; episodic memory

Question 79

The state psychology association has invited teams from all the colleges in the state to compete in a Psych Bowl.The teams will answer questions such as "Who founded the first psychology laboratory?" Where is this information stored?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)conceptual memory
D)primary memory

Question 80

Your street address,telephone number,and social security number are stored in:

A)numerical memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.