Deck 4: A: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Weber's Law is I/I = K; and values for K are: .02 for weight; .08 for brightness; and .03 for length.If a line is 30" long,what is the minimum change in length before one would notice a difference between the two?

A).9"
B).6"
C).3"
D)none of the above

Answer 1

.9"

Question 2

Sensation is _______.

A)the organization of stimuli to create meaningful patterns
B)the stimulation of the senses
C)the presence of sensory cell activity in the absence of external stimulation
D)the result of activity in the efferent nervous system

Answer 2

the stimulation of the senses

Question 3

The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensations at all in a person is the ____________.

A)absolute threshold
B)difference threshold
C)minimum threshold
D)noticeable threshold

Answer 3

absolute threshold

Question 4

Our ________ enable us to make sense of the sensations that we are continually experiencing.

A)sensory organs
B)motor abilities
C)perceptual abilities
D)sensory abilities

Question 5

Weber's Law states that a just noticeable change in a stimulus magnitude is ________ the original stimulus magnitude.

A)proportional to
B)equal to
C)greater than
D)less than

Question 6

The problem of subjects knowing too much about the sequencing of intensities during sensation studies is overcome by the method of _______.

A)adjustment
B)limits
C)constant stimuli
D)none of the above

Question 7

If a subject in a perception study were listening to sounds and asked to assign a number that is proportional to each sound's intensity,the method being used to measure the psychophysical function is ________.

A)cross-modality matching
B)category judgment
C)magnitude estimation
D)Weber's Law

Question 8

When Ann went to her doctor,he gave her a hearing test.During the test,the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones.The tones varied only along the loud-soft dimensions (from very loud to very soft).The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she heard a sound.The doctor was testing Ann's _______.

A)auditory convergence
B)refractory threshold
C)absolute threshold
D)difference threshold

Question 9

Professor Zander wants to know how loud a certain noise must be in order to be heard from a distance of 50 feet.This question involves the concept of _______.

A)relative magnitude
B)difference threshold
C)absolute threshold
D)inverse discrimination

Question 10

_______ studies the relationship between physical energies and psychological experiences.

A)Physiology
B)Psychophysics
C)Psychometrics
D)Psychopathology

Question 11

The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the _______.

A)absolute threshold
B)difference threshold
C)minimum threshold
D)noticeable threshold

Question 12

Everyone is asleep but you.You turn down the television set's volume until you can just barely hear it.What method of measuring a sensory threshold are you using?

A)method of incremented stimuli
B)estimation method
C)method of constant stimuli
D)method of adjustment

Question 13

The wavelength of the light to reach your eyes determines what __________ you see.

A)brightness
B)hue
C)saturation
D)fine detail

Question 14

The process whereby we receive information from the environment through our receptors is _______.

A)encoding
B)perception
C)sensation
D)transduction

Question 15

"Sensation is to _______ as perception is to _______."

A)psychological; physical
B)gathering; understanding
C)understanding; gathering
D)interpreting; detecting

Question 16

The components in the sense organs that respond to energy are called _______.

A)sensor cells
B)receptor cells
C)transducers
D)effector cells

Question 17

Dr.Delmar wants to determine how loud a certain noise must be in order for it to be heard from a distance of 50 feet.Her question involves the concept of:

A)relative magnitude.
B)difference threshold.
C)absolute threshold.
D)just noticeable difference (jnd).

Question 18

Detecting "environmental stimulation" is one way to define ______.

A)perception
B)feeling
C)sensation
D)awareness

Question 19

The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the __________.

A)absolute threshold
B)difference threshold
C)range threshold
D)noticeable threshold

Question 20

The relation between the amount of physical energy in a stimulus and the sensory experience of that stimulus is studied by:

A)encoding psychology.
B)psychophysics.
C)sensory physiology.
D)transduction psychology.

Question 21

A young man enters a completely darkened room and lights a candle.Which of the following sequences best represents the candle's light as it enters his eye?

A)cornea-pupil-lens-retina
B)pupil-cornea-lens-retina
C)lens-cornea-pupil-retina
D)retina-pupil-lens-cornea

Question 22

________ are receptors that are best for seeing details.

A)Cones
B)Rods
C)Bipolar cells
D)Ganglion cells

Question 23

Lory entered a dark movie theater from the bright sunlight.Which of the following was occurring in her retinal system?

A)a slow shift from cone vision to rod vision
B)a rapid shift from cone vision to rod vision
C)a slow shift from rod vision to cone vision
D)a rapid shift from rod vision to cone vision

Question 24

Billy acted out in class and made poor grades.After a vision screening at the school,Billy's teacher moved him to the front of the class.Billy's academic and social behaviors improved.Billy probably has which vision problem?

A)astigmatism
B)farsightedness
C)nearsightedness
D)visual occlusion

Question 25

If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper,you will see a greenish image of the object.This phenomenon best supports the:

A)Young-Helmholtz opponent-process theory of color vision.
B)Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision.
C)Hering opponent-process theory of color vision.
D)Hering trichromatic theory of color vision.

Question 26

The pupil is the __________.

A)opening in the center of the iris
B)colored part of the eye
C)white of the eye
D)lining in the back of the eyeball

Question 27

Which type of receptor cell is associated with seeing colors?

A)ganglia
B)bipolar
C)rods
D)cones

Question 28

When the eye becomes elongated,people see near objects well,but see far objects poorly.This is what is called _______.

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)astigmatism
D)accommodation

Question 29

The most common cause of blindness is which of the following?

A)glaucoma
B)cataracts
C)astigmatism
D)retinitis

Question 30

In nearsightedness,the image is focused:

A)on the retina.
B)behind the retina.
C)in front of the retina.
D)on the fovea.

Question 31

For humans,the ability to _______ is probably the most important sense.

A)hear
B)taste
C)see
D)smell

Question 32

The colored part of the eye which contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the __________.

A)lens
B)fovea
C)iris
D)cornea

Question 33

The eyes convert light energy into neural responses that we experience as sight.The conversion of light energy into sight is done by receptor cells in the _______.

A)iris
B)pupil
C)blind spot
D)retina

Question 34

The lens:

A)is the transparent outer membrane of the eye that covers the pupil and iris.
B)allows one to focus on objects at different distances.
C)allows light initially to enter the eye.
D)controls the amount of light entering the eye.

Question 35

Window pane is to _______ as color is to iris.

A)retina
B)cornea
C)lens
D)fovea.

Question 36

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the __________.

A)cornea
B)pupil
C)lens
D)retina

Question 37

When people are nearsighted,this most likely means that their eye:

A)focuses light behind the retina.
B)focuses light on the blindspot.
C)focuses light in front of the retina.
D)has shifted the near point of accommodation due to distortion of the lens.

Question 38

The white,opaque outer wall of the eye is called the _________.

A)cornea
B)pupil
C)sclera
D)iris

Question 39

The pupil is the:

A)opening in the center of the iris.
B)colored part of the eye.
C)white of the eye.
D)lining in the back of the eyeball.

Question 40

When John drives his car at night,he finds that he can barely see traffic and street signs if he looks directly at them.He can increase his visual sensitivity by looking at the signs:

A)out of the side of his eye,because doing so focuses the image on the blind spot
B)out of the side of his eye (using more rods)instead of focusing directly on them (using more cones)
C)and squinting,which focuses the available light more precisely
D)out of the side of his eye (using more cones)instead of focusing directly on them (using more rods)

Question 41

Rods and cones are found in the _______.

A)retina
B)iris
C)optic nerve
D)cornea

Question 42

The vividness or richness of a hue is known as its:

A)brightness.
B)saturation.
C)additive mix.
D)complement.

Question 43

The eyes detect different colors by using the _______.

A)cortex
B)cones
C)shafts
D)rods

Question 44

The process by which rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illumination is called _______.

A)afterimage resolution
B)light adaptation
C)dark adaptation
D)afterimage adaptation

Question 45

Light receptors which see best at night are the _______.

A)foveas
B)cones
C)shafts
D)rods

Question 46

The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the _______.

A)fovea
B)optic chiasma
C)blind spot
D)optic nerve

Question 47

The shape of the lens adjusts in order to _______.

A)protect the eye from too much light
B)let in more light when it is dark
C)focus on different objects at different distances
D)allow time for the eye to adjust to bright light

Question 48

Adaptation is the process in which _______.

A)receptor cells become linked to one another
B)receptor sensitivity changes depending upon the intensity of the stimulus
C)visual acuity improves as one centers an object's light on the fovea
D)nonspectral colors can be seen

Question 49

Light is focused on the retina by the _______.

A)cornea
B)pupil
C)iris
D)lens

Question 50

Rods and cones are connected to ________.

A)optic neurons
B)bipolar neurons
C)interneurons
D)efferent neurons

Question 51

What structure in your eye is most like the film in a camera?

A)the retina
B)the lens
C)the cornea
D)the pupil

Question 52

Hue,saturation,and brightness are three separate aspects of our experience of:

A)sensation.
B)acuity.
C)color.
D)night vision.

Question 53

The purity,richness,or vividness of a hue is known as its __________.

A)brightness
B)saturation
C)additive mix
D)depth

Question 54

The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red,green,and blue is __________.

A)brightness
B)hue
C)saturation
D)fine detail

Question 55

The range of electromagnetic wavelengths that we can see is called the:

A)visible spectrum.
B)acuity range.
C)visual field.
D)visual angle.

Question 56

The ability to discern fine details in visual patterns is termed:

A)temporal acuity.
B)visual perspicacity.
C)visual acuity.
D)myopia.

Question 57

Light enters the eye through the _______.

A)cornea
B)pupil
C)iris
D)retina

Question 58

When a person is nearsighted,this most likely means that their eye _______.

A)is elongated
B)is flattened
C)is cataract
D)is functionally blind

Question 59

The inner lining on the back of the eyeball which is sensitive to light is called the _______.

A)fovea
B)retina
C)iris
D)optic nerve

Question 60

The depressed spot in the retina which occupies the center of the visual field in which images are focused MOST sharply is called the _______.

A)fovea
B)cornea
C)iris
D)optic nerve

Question 61

The wavelength of the light to reach your eyes determines what _______ you see.

A)brightness
B)hue
C)saturation
D)fine detail

Question 62

The opponent-process theory of color vision contends that color vision is a result of:

A)lateral inhibition on the retina itself.
B)lateral inhibition in the visual cortex.
C)calculation of differences in the firing rates of three types of retinal cells.
D)competition between three types of rods and three types of cones.

Question 63

Which Gestalt law of organization must always occur even if other laws of organization are also illustrated?

A)figure-ground
B)similarity
C)proximity
D)closure

Question 64

The Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision assumes that:

A)color receptors exist in opposing pairs.
B)color perception is determined by differences in the firing rates of three types of retinal cells.
C)there are three different types of cones.
D)all of the above

Question 65

In the figure above,seeing rows of 0s and rows of Xs illustrates the Gestalt law of ______.

A)figure-ground
B)similarity
C)proximity
D)closure

Question 66

Which Gestalt law of organization must always occur even if other laws of organization are also illustrated?

A)figure-ground
B)similarity
C)proximity
D)closure

Question 67

Perceiving incomplete objects as complete define:

A)figure-ground.
B)similarity.
C)proximity.
D)closure.

Question 68

Gestalt theorists are known for explaining:

A)figure-ground reversals.
B)the law of similarity.
C)the law of proximity.
D)all of the above

Question 69

Perceptions differ from sensations in that:

A)perceptions depend as much on prior experience as they do on neural cues traveling between receptors and the brain.
B)perceptions are purely psychological,whereas sensations are purely neural.
C)each sensation is actually a large set of perceptions.
D)sensations depend mostly on learning,whereas perceptions are innate processes.

Question 70

_______ tried to analyze sensation and perception separately,and _______ insisted on a unified analysis of sensations and perceptions.

A)Structuralists; Gestalt psychologists
B)Gestalt psychologists; structuralists
C)Functionalists; Gestalt psychologists
D)Structuralists; functionalists

Question 71

Gestalt theorists propose that much of what we see is divided into:

A)proximal and distal.
B)figure and ground.
C)standard and deviant.
D)chromatic and monocular.

Question 72

Figure-ground is to _______ as dream interpretation is to psychoanalysis.

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)Gestalt
D)humanism

Question 73

The trichromatic receptor theory explains how different color receptors in the eye combine to produce color vision.However,this theory does NOT explain:

A)negative afterimages.
B)how color receptors respond differently to different colors.
C)how many color receptors the retina must utilize in order to produce color vision.
D)color vision.

Question 74

Some pictures are intentionally designed so that one can see two different images in the same picture.This is called ______.

A)the perceptual shift
B)figure-ground reversal
C)proximodistal perception
D)an illusion

Question 75

A dichromat _______.

A)sees all colors
B)is either red-green or yellow-blue color blind
C)responds only to blue-yellow or red-green
D)responds only to black and white

Question 76

Experiencing MEANINGFUL patterns in the jumble of sensory information received by the brain is _______.

A)sensation
B)perception
C)adaptation
D)transduction

Question 77

Red,green,and blue are _______.

A)primary colors
B)secondary colors
C)additive colors
D)complementary colors

Question 78

Our tendency to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information is called perceptual __________.

A)closure
B)constancy
C)reversibility
D)coherency

Question 79

Elements that share common features such as size,shape,or color are viewed as a set.This defines which Gestalt law of organization?

A)figure-ground
B)similarity
C)proximity
D)closure

Question 80

The trichromat:

A)can see all colors of the spectrum.
B)sees only red,green,and white.
C)cannot see color.
D)cannot perceive red and green.