Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

A)Flashbulb memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Sensory memory
D)Short-term memory

Answer 1

Long-term memory

Question 2

The system of memory that is comprised of our perceptions of sensory experience is known as

A)flashbulb memory.
B)long-term memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)short-term memory.

Answer 2

sensory memory.

Question 3

A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that

A)active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives.
B)certain vivid memories are exact "photocopies" of past events.
C)memory illusions are evidence of serious memory problems such as Alzheimer's disease or amnesia.
D)the passage of time has little or no effect on the accuracy of our memories.

Answer 3

active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives.

Question 4

You watch LeShon wave his 4^th of July sparkler as he runs.As you watch the light,you notice a circle of light rather than just a single point of light.This effect demonstrates the functioning of your

A)echoic memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 5

Dr.Vargas can remember hundreds of students' names from his 25 years of university teaching,but has difficulty remembering the new 3-digit area code for his home phone number.This is one illustration of

A)false memories.
B)iconic memory.
C)meta-memory.
D)the paradox of memory.

Question 6

Billy has just returned home from visiting his grandparents.His grandfather always had a jar of jelly beans on the table,and his mother asked Billy about the jar."Sure," says Billy,"it was right there where it always was." Billy's mother knew that the jar was gone.The grandfather had recently been diagnosed with diabetes and had cut down on his sugar intake.Why did Billy remember seeing the jar of jelly beans?

A)He probably has a damaged hippocampus.
B)He was using the representativeness heuristic.
C)Too much time had passed between the visit and the conversation with his mother.
D)He reconstructed his memory using new and old information.

Question 7

Kira is jogging down the street listening to her portable music player.Abruptly,her batteries die and the music stops.Which of the following accounts for her ability to still "hear" the last part of the song that was playing?

A)Short-term memory
B)Eidetic imagery
C)Iconic memory
D)Echoic memory

Question 8

Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam.Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered

A)elaborative rehearsal.
B)encoding.
C)memory.
D)suggestive memory.

Question 9

__________ is the memory system for the information that a student taking an exam is currently thinking about or attending to.

A)Immediate memory
B)Short-term memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Depth processing

Question 10

Which of the following best illustrates the paradox of memory?

A)Jillian can remember all of her favorite baseball player's statistics for the last 7 years,but forgets where she left her car keys.
B)Amy remembers the names of most of her third-grade students from the last several years.
C)Ryan can remember almost all of the states and capitals,but is struggling to remember the names of foreign countries.
D)Nina finds it difficult to accurately recall some of her childhood memories.

Question 11

Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance.The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws.As Emilio visualizes his dribbling,shooting motion,and release,he sees himself as an outside observer would.Memory researchers argue that this tendency demonstrates

A)brain stimulation that leads to the development of engrams.
B)the presence of iconic and echoic memory.
C)the reconstructive nature of memory.
D)that working memory differs from short-term memory.

Question 12

Our memory is most like

A)hardened metal.
B)melting wax.
C)an old photograph.
D)a tape recorder.

Question 13

After visiting his psychology professor's office,Luke was asked to describe its contents.Although not actually present,which of the following is Luke most likely to remember seeing?

A)A dictionary
B)A briefcase
C)A map
D)A globe

Question 14

After you finish reading this sentence,the information will remain in your ________ as you consider each of the answers below.

A)long-term memory
B)photographic memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory

Question 15

Danny has been collecting comic books since he was a child.If you ask him,he can tell you the name of every comic in his collection.However,he routinely struggles to remember the names of his new employees at work.Which concept is being illustrated?

A)Retrieval failure
B)The paradox of memory
C)Encoding difficulties
D)Retrieval interference

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to pass beyond sensory memory?

A)The feeling of the hard chair you are sitting on.
B)The humming of the air conditioner in the classroom.
C)The lecture your professor is giving.
D)The flickering of the fluorescent bulbs in the classroom.

Question 17

Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography.He is combining real events with those that could have happened,as well as a few creative additions.In terms of the memory system,this approach is most similar to

A)the three systems of memory.
B)parallel distributed processing.
C)reconstructive memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 18

Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes.Although this strategy won't work,she is hoping to take advantage of her __________ memory.

A)short-term
B)flashbulb
C)repetitive
D)iconic

Question 19

John and Allison have been married for 10 years.Which of the following is the best description of how the two would likely describe their honeymoon?

A)Both would remember the overall experience,but the memory would also include some best guesses about what they did.
B)Allison would remember more details,but John would remember more themes.
C)After 10 years,both would recall their honeymoon as if it happened yesterday.
D)The two stories would be drastically different from one another.

Question 20

After presenting groups of research participants words like thread,eye,pin,syringe,sewing,sharp,and thimble,a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle.The fact that many participants do is an example of

A)amnesia.
B)déjà vu.
C)memory illusion.
D)permastore.

Question 21

While driving her children,Adriana's car broke down.She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company.If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself,most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next __________ or she will forget the number.

A)minute
B)2 seconds
C)15 seconds
D)45 seconds

Question 22

To aid students in their retention of information,which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores,memory researchers would highlight the use of

A)eidetic memory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)rote memorization.

Question 23

During lecture each day,a psychology professor may explain four main points he wishes the class to retain.However,most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later.The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of

A)bias.
B)decay.
C)interference.
D)suggestibility.

Question 24

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes,the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once he or she gets past approximately ________ digits.

A)two
B)three
C)seven
D)ten

Question 25

Russell has played checkers at a local park in the Bronx for years.Compared to his 10-year-old grandson,Felix,when is Russell most likely to display GREATER recall for various sets of checker positions on a board?

A)Under any kind of conditions; adults always have superior memories to children.
B)Until his grandson learns the rules of checkers; then children's memories outperform older adults'.
C)When the pieces are placed in meaningful patterns
D)When the pieces are placed in random,and sometimes nonsensical,patterns

Question 26

What provides the best explanation for why Steve,who did not read the chapter the night before,is overwhelmed by Professor Griffith's lecture on the Civil War,while Mary,who did read the chapter,is not?

A)Mary is able to chunk parts of the lecture because of her prior knowledge.
B)Steve is feeling the effects of retroactive inhibition.
C)The professor's lecture has put too much strain on Steve's short-term memory capacity.
D)Mary is not affected by proactive inhibition.

Question 27

Short-term memory

A)is a limited capacity storage bin that can maintain information for about 15 seconds.
B)can maintain rehearsed information for about 10 minutes.
C)is an unlimited storage bin.
D)keeps information in its original sensory form for up to 15 seconds.

Question 28

In high school,Deanna took three years of Spanish.Upon enrolling in college 10 years later,she registered for a remedial French course.When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates,Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words.This is one example of

A)blocking.
B)decay.
C)proactive interference.
D)retroactive interference.

Question 29

Rebecca stops after reading two or three paragraphs in her psychology text.She rehearses and thinks about the material she has just read before continuing on.The aspect of memory Rebecca is most concerned with is the limited duration of

A)sensory memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)iconic memory.
D)echoic memory.

Question 30

Shanna has a quiz covering research methods for both her biology and psychology classes.As she studies,she is continually getting information confused between the classes.The resulting memory loss is explained by

A)interference.
B)retrieval failure.
C)distortion.
D)serial position effects.

Question 31

Sabrina has a psychology midterm tomorrow afternoon.Before taking her test,she has to go to her sociology class in the morning.Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why Sabrina might struggle on her psychology exam?

A)Decay
B)Limited capacity of long-term memory
C)Interference
D)Retrieval inhibition

Question 32

The Magic Number of short-term memory is

A)fifteen plus or minus two.
B)nine plus or minus two.
C)seven plus or minus three.
D)seven plus or minus two.

Question 33

Which of the following best illustrates retroactive interference?

A)Susie struggles to learn how to play the violin,after playing the guitar for many years.
B)Chet struggles to learn the names of the new players he added to his fantasy baseball roster.
C)Professor Jones struggles to learn the names of his new students after teaching for many years prior.
D)Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players.

Question 34

The system of memory that can hold approximately seven "chunks" of information for approximately 15 seconds is called

A)long-term memory.
B)permastore memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 35

All night,Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor.At the end of the night,he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number.His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of

A)chunking.
B)the power of suggestion.
C)rehearsal.
D)transference of memory.

Question 36

Skip has a big test tomorrow and has studied late into the night.If Skip falls asleep and takes the test first thing in the morning,which of the following would best explain any information he forgets?

A)Retroactive inhibition
B)Decay
C)Proactive inhibition
D)Interference

Question 37

Which of the following provides the best explanation for why your history teacher can remember 14 random historic dates,while you can only recall about 7?

A)Retroactive interference
B)Magic Number
C)Chunking
D)Limited short-term memorycapacity

Question 38

Which of the following is the best example of chunking?

A)Cedric is able to remember all of the names of the kids in his class.
B)Caroline uses the first letter of each of her vocabulary words and spells out the word,"butterfly" to help her remember.
C)Katie writes down an example for each of her vocabulary words.
D)Andrea creates a sentence using all of her vocabulary words.

Question 39

In the text,the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan.He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence.His amazing ability is due,in part,to his use of

A)chunking.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)hypnotic regression.
D)photographic memory.

Question 40

When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class,________ has occurred.

A)interference
B)long-term blocking
C)misinformation
D)transience

Question 41

In long-term memory,the __________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information.

A)procedural
B)episodic
C)visual-spatial
D)prospective

Question 42

Long-term memory

A)preserves information in its original sensory form for lengthy periods of time.
B)is a limited capacity storage bin but with no time limit for how long the information will be retained.
C)is an unlimited capacity storage bin that can hold information for long periods of time.
D)consists of information related to task performance.

Question 43

Steve just joined a fraternity.He was introduced to 55 new "brothers." If asked to recall all of their names,which ones would he be most likely to struggle with?

A)The names of brothers in the middle of the group
B)The names of brothers at the beginning of the group
C)The names of brothers at the end of the group
D)Any names that were strange or peculiar

Question 44

The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage system is

A)working memory.
B)depth memory.
C)motivated memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 45

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test?

A)James,who made flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them.
B)Cynthia,who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook.
C)Ryan,who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word.
D)Harriet,who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long.

Question 46

According to the levels-of-processing model,which pair of words should be the easiest to remember?

A)Football - Baseball
B)Plain - train
C)Rake - Snake
D)Clinton - Nixon

Question 47

When calling for directory assistance,operators used to tell their customers to "Have a nice day" after providing them with a phone number.As a consequence,many people forgot the number they were just given.What is the most likely explanation?

A)The customers were not paying attention to the number they were given.
B)The customers were prevented from engaging in immediate rehearsal.
C)The customers failed to engage in elaborative rehearsal.
D)The phone number exceeded the capacity of their short-term memory.

Question 48

Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding,storage,and retrieval?

A)Episodic memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Priming memory
D)Procedural memory

Question 49

Elaborative rehearsal involves

A)synthesizing the information to be remembered in a meaningful way.
B)decreasing the complexity of the information to be remembered.
C)increasing the complexity of the information to be remembered.
D)linking the information to be remembered to other information.

Question 50

Just before taking your French I exam,you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test.When you get to your exam,you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied.This is an example of the

A)primacy effect.
B)recency effect.
C)serial position effect.
D)von Restorff effect.

Question 51

The memory system that contains memories for factual information such as events,definitions,and concepts is

A)elaborative memory.
B)maintained memory.
C)procedural memory.
D)explicit memory.

Question 52

According to the research on the primacy effect,if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store,you would most easily recall those items

A)from early in the list.
B)in the middle of the list.
C)from the end of the list.
D)that are most distinctive.

Question 53

In his research on long-term memory,psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined

A)consistently the longer ago the information was learned and used.
B)markedly for about 2 years,but only gradually thereafter.
C)significantly for about 1 year,but then reverses and long-term memory increases.
D)slowly,if at all.

Question 54

What do the results of research on primacy and recency effects suggest about human memory?

A)The forgetting of information occurs in predictable ways.
B)The forgetting of information occurs in a random manner.
C)Human memory abilities are quite poor.
D)We only recall information that is somehow unique and distinctive.

Question 55

William is explaining how his new robotic instrument operates to Diana.The information about the robotics is retrieved from William's

A)semantic memory.
B)procedural memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 56

Which two types of memories are both considered to be part of explicit memory?

A)semantic and episodic
B)semantic and procedural
C)conceptual and schematic
D)reconstructive and recalled

Question 57

Which of the following comparisons between long-term and short-term memory is true?

A)The duration of long-term memory is significantly shorter than that of short-term memory.
B)The errors made in long-term memory are different from those made in short-term memory.
C)The errors made in long-term memory are the same as those made in short-term memory.
D)The storage capacity of long-term memory is significantly smaller than that of short-term memory.

Question 58

Which of the following is likely to be stored in long-term memory?

A)The phone number of a new girl in town that your friend just gave you.
B)The phone number from your last home address.
C)The phone number of a moving company that you just saw advertised on their truck.
D)None of the above.

Question 59

An important criticism of the levels-of-processing model is that it is

A)falsifiable.
B)an incomplete explanation of the working of memory.
C)unfalsifiable.
D)unsupported by research data.

Question 60

Which individual is NOT engaged in rehearsing new information?

A)Grace writes down the phone number she just received from a new classmate.
B)Ben is going over and over his lines in the musical he is auditioning for.
C)Liam is on his way to the grocery store and is saying the name of each item on his list.
D)Michaela repeats aloud the last thing her professor said.

Question 61

Why is it so difficult for an adult to explain to a child how to ride a bike?

A)Transferring semantic memories requires conscious effort.
B)Procedural memories are declarative and require no additional explanation.
C)Implicit memories are not at the conscious level,so they are hard to verbalize.
D)The action of riding a bike requires priming before it can be adequately explained.

Question 62

Although many students attend every class and take notes,they struggle to remember everything they need to know for an exam.Where does this breakdown in memory most likely occur?

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Blocking

Question 63

Unlike explicit memory,implicit memory

A)involves no deliberate attention or effort.
B)keeps track of important events from our lives.
C)refers to our factual knowledge.
D)requires conscious awareness.

Question 64

It is believed the __________ memory system may handle automatic remembering,while the __________ memory system requires conscious effort.

A)depth; elaborative
B)prospective; retrospective
C)primacy; recency
D)implicit; explicit

Question 65

__________ is the first process of getting information into memory

A)Acquisition
B)Memorization
C)Elaboration
D)Encoding

Question 66

Most of the events we experience are

A)encoded and lost in long-term memory.
B)implicitly encoded and thus lost within our long-term memory.
C)never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory.
D)encoded and easily retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 67

Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store.An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance.Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have.If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled,scientific research,he or she would recommend

A)any sugary liquid.
B)ginkgo.
C)vitamin E.
D)Prozac.

Question 68

A high school student's organized set of expectations about how teachers are supposed to act is an example of a

A)schema.
B)chunk.
C)semantic network.
D)primer.

Question 69

Knowing how to navigate the route from one's residence hall room to the location of one's college algebra class is an example of a

A)priming cue.
B)retrieval cue.
C)script.
D)schema.

Question 70

During new worker orientation,you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyone's name.Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of the

A)first few people who introduced themselves.
B)last few people who introduced themselves.
C)person immediately after you.
D)person immediately before you.

Question 71

Shonda cannot remember where she parked her car.Specifically,which type of memory is she struggling with?

A)Implicit
B)Episodic
C)Semantic
D)Procedural

Question 72

Remembering that your father used to read The Cat in the Hat to you every night best illustrates which type of memory?

A)Semantic
B)Implicit
C)Procedural
D)Episodic

Question 73

Ginkgo,or any other memory booster,supposedly works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)serotonin

Question 74

Jeff is studying with a fellow classmate and is frustrated that he is missing several important concepts from his notes.Jeff claims that the professor "never said that in class," and yet his friend has the information recorded in his notes.What kind of failure of memory might Jeff have experienced?

A)Retrieval
B)Storage
C)Encoding
D)Rehearsal

Question 75

Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we

A)have only a few pieces of information to recall.
B)have a nearly photographic memory to begin with.
C)practice them on a regular basis.
D)stop making lists and other external memory aids.

Question 76

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is

A)encoding,retrieval,and storage.
B)encoding,storage,and retrieval.
C)acquisition,elaboration,and storage.
D)acquisition,encoding,and retrieval.

Question 77

Schemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they

A)assist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations.
B)facilitate the encoding of information in memory.
C)often oversimplify a complex reality.
D)reduce the amount of information that must be stored in long-term memory.

Question 78

Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that person's actions and thoughts.This is an example of

A)encoding failure.
B)misinformation.
C)priming.
D)transference.

Question 79

While attempting to visit a friend in Boston,Enrique is struggling with his friend's directions.They go something like this,"Turn left at the ball park,right at the movie theater,go around the mall,and make a left turn." The directions are almost meaningless,because Enrique has never been to Boston before.Which of the following provides the best explanation for the breakdown in communication?

A)Enrique is experiencing retroactive interference.
B)Enrique is experiencing the recency effect.
C)Enrique does not have a schema to attach the new information to.
D)Enrique is trying to process too much information at one time.

Question 80

Aleixo just started his job as an advertising intern.When he arrived at the office,he was surprised that everyone was wearing jeans or other types of informal attire.The situation most likely violates Aleixo's __________ of office workers.

A)chunk
B)mnemonic
C)primer
D)schema