Deck 14: Water and Major Minerals

Question 1

Who should be concerned about dehydration?

A)The child who is ill with fever or diarrhea
B)The athlete participating in a vigorous sport
C)The traveler on a long airplane flight
D)The elderly man hospitalized for a broken hip
E)All of these choices are accurate.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is ________,whereas the major anion in the extracellular fluid is ________.rev: 04_23_2016_QC_CS-49875

A)sodium; phosphate
B)potassium; chloride
C)sodium; chloride
D)potassium; phosphate

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The consumption of a high-protein,high-sodium diet will tend to ________ ion concentration of the urine.

A)have no effect on
B)increase
C)decrease

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following foods has the highest percent of total weight as water?

A)lettuce
B)bread
C)cheese
D)steak

Question 5

About 73% of lean muscle tissue is

A)protein.
B)water.
C)calcium.
D)sodium.

Question 6

Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body fluid?

A)intracellular compartment
B)extracellular compartment
C)Both compartments contain the same amount of water.

Question 7

Which of the following fluids is classified as extracellular fluid?

A)tears
B)gastrointestinal fluid
C)blood plasma
D)lymph
E)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 8

The force that develops when two solutions,each with a different concentration of solutes,are separated by a semipermeable membrane is

A)systolic pressure.
B)diastolic pressure.
C)osmotic pressure.
D)atmospheric pressure.

Question 9

When a semipermeable membrane separates two bodies of fluid,

A)water can pass through the membrane.
B)dissolved particles can pass through the membrane.
C)water cannot pass through the membrane.
D)None of these choices are accurate.

Question 10

Typical daily urine output in a healthy individual is within the range of

A)400 - 600 milliliters.
B)1 - 2 liters.
C)2 - 4 liters.
D)3 - 5 liters.
E)600 - 1000 milliliters.

Question 11

The AI recommendation for total water intake is

A)1 liter per kcal expended.
B)12.4 liters per day.
C)8 cups per day.
D)15 cups for adult males and 11 cups for adult females.

Question 12

Minerals most involved in fluid balance are

A)calcium and magnesium.
B)copper and iron.
C)calcium and phosphorus.
D)sodium and potassium.

Question 13

Compared to dry environments,evaporation of sweat is ________ in humid environments,resulting in _______ body cooling.

A)reduced; more
B)reduced; less
C)increased; more
D)increased; less

Question 14

The human body has more of this substance (by weight)than any other substance.

A)protein
B)glycogen
C)fat
D)water

Question 15

The body's temperature regulation mechanism depends on

A)drinking enough water to remove heat by way of the urine.
B)water within the body absorbing heat energy,and on the evaporation of perspiration removing heat energy.
C)water being delivered to the lungs,where the heat energy will be exhaled as water vapor.
D)excretion of body wastes.

Question 16

Extra water losses from heavy sweating or diarrhea will typically result in

A)increased urine output.
B)decreased urine output.
C)no change in urine output.
D)decreased water loss from the lungs.

Question 17

In an adult of normal body composition weighing 165 lb,approximately ________ lb is water.

A)91
B)55
C)37
D)16

Question 18

Which of the following about water is NOT true?

A)Each water molecule forms a maximum of 2 hydrogen bonds.
B)Water is incompressible,so it functions well as a lubricant.
C)Water is formed in the body when protein,carbohydrate,and fat are oxidized.
D)Water in the body helps resist body temperature change.

Question 19

The sodium-potassium pump uses energy to move

A)potassium ions out of the cell.
B)sodium ions out of the cell.
C)water out of the cell.
D)water into the cell.

Question 20

Urea is a major body waste from

A)the catabolism of amino acids.
B)the action of the sodium-potassium pump.
C)intracellular fluid.
D)the excretion of minerals by the kidney.

Question 21

When we obtain calcium from a dietary supplement,the absorption of magnesium and copper from food may be reduced because

A)calcium interferes with the digestion of trace minerals.
B)magnesium and copper both have the same valence as the calcium,so there is competition for absorption sites.
C)excess calcium can destroy the villi of the intestinal tract.
D)excess calcium means the magnesium and copper cannot be solubilized in water.

Question 22

Aldosterone

A)is a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion.
B)is minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity.
C)is an adrenal hormone that increases sodium reabsorption in the kidney.
D)is a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells.
E)is an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure.

Question 23

Sodium

A)acts as the principal positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid.
B)transmits electrical impulses through nerve cells.
C)promotes glycolysis.
D)releases energy from ATP.

Question 24

Consumption of ______ inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone,causing increased urinary output.

A)one or two cups of coffee
B)alcoholic beverages
C)high-sodium foods
D)high-sugar beverages

Question 25

ADH

A)is a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion.
B)is minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity.
C)is an adrenal hormone that causes sodium reabsorption.
D)is a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells.
E)is an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure.

Question 26

Aldosterone increases

A)potassium retention by the kidneys.
B)water excretion by the kidneys.
C)sodium retention by the kidneys.
D)sodium absorption by the intestinal villi.

Question 27

One teaspoon of salt contains about ________ of sodium.

A)3400 mg
B)1000 mg
C)2300 mg
D)6000 mg

Question 28

Renin,released from the kidney as a result of a decrease in blood pressure,acts on ________ produced in the liver.This triggers a series of reactions that culminate in the production of _______ in the adrenal glands.

A)angiotensin II; renin
B)aldosterone; angiotensin
C)angiotensinogen; aldosterone
D)antidiuretic hormone; osmosis

Question 29

When blood osmolality increases,___________ is released by the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to increase water retention.rev: 12_09_2013_QC_41897

A)antidiuretic hormone
B)renin
C)angiotensin II
D)insulin

Question 30

Water intoxication is associated with

A)headache and blurred vision.
B)muscle cramps and convulsions.
C)hyponatremia.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 31

Oxalic acid binds minerals so they cannot be absorbed.Oxalic acid is found in

A)some leafy,green vegetables,such as spinach.
B)milk and dairy products.
C)cereal grain fibers.
D)liver and other organ meats.

Question 32

According to FDA labeling rules,the Daily Value for sodium is listed as

A)7 grams per day.
B)4 grams per day.
C)2.4 grams per day.
D)200 mg per day.

Question 33

Drinking too much water can result in dilution of sodium in the blood,a condition known as _________.

A)hypernatremia
B)hyperkalemia
C)hyponatremia
D)ADH syndrome

Question 34

Which of the following individuals is least likely to benefit from a diet containing less than 1500 mg sodium per day?

A)A 65-year-old Hispanic male in good health
B)A 35-year-old African American female
C)A 40-year-old white male with diabetes and chronic kidney disease
D)A healthy Asian female college student

Question 35

Renin

A)is a pituitary hormone that decreases water excretion.
B)is minerals deposited into bone that give strength and rigidity.
C)is an adrenal hormone that causes sodium reabsorption.
D)is a protein-calcium complex that influences enzyme activity in cells.
E)is an enzyme in kidneys formed in response to low blood pressure.

Question 36

Some North Americans are called "sodium sensitive." For these people,high sodium intake contributes to

A)stomach cancer.
B)hypertension.
C)gastrointestinal upsets.
D)serious fluid imbalances.

Question 37

Phytic acid binds minerals so that they cannot be absorbed.Phytic acid is found in

A)leafy,green vegetables,such as spinach.
B)milk and dairy products.
C)cereal grain fibers.
D)liver and other organ meats.

Question 38

As dehydration progresses and blood volume decreases,blood pressure will ______ and heart rate will _______.

A)increase; increase
B)remain the same; decrease
C)decrease; decrease
D)decrease; increase

Question 39

Most sodium consumed is from

A)table salt added at home.
B)naturally occurring sodium in foods.
C)tap water and medications.
D)processed foods and those purchased at restaurants.

Question 40

Table salt is _____ sodium.

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)60%

Question 41

The organs that are most likely to be damaged because of hypertension are the

A)liver,pancreas,gastrointestinal tract,and lungs.
B)heart,brain,kidney,and eye.
C)liver,heart,pancreas,and kidney.
D)brain,eye,heart,lungs.

Question 42

Factors that can contribute to an increased risk of high blood pressure include

A)advanced age.
B)African-American race.
C)BMI over 30.
D)type 2 diabetes.
E)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the DASH diet?

A)It is rich in the minerals magnesium,potassium,and calcium.
B)It is high in fiber.
C)It contains 8-10 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
D)It is low in protein.

Question 44

In the U.S.,dietary intakes of the major minerals ______ and _______ often fall short of recommendations.

A)sodium; phosphorus
B)calcium; phosphorus
C)sodium; potassium
D)potassium; calcium

Question 45

An ample intake of potassium-rich foods may help protect against

A)hypertension.
B)osteoporosis.
C)gastric ulcers.
D)diabetes.

Question 46

A diet that contains an average of 4,000 mg sodium and 1,500 mg potassium daily is likely to

A)decrease the risk of hypertension.
B)result from an eating disorder.
C)increase the risk of hypertension.
D)have no effect on blood pressure.

Question 47

Which of the following blood pressures is considered prehypertension?

A)130 mm Hg over 85 mm Hg
B)118 mm Hg over 82 mg Hg
C)142 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg
D)145 mm Hg over 105 mm Hg

Question 48

The mineral found in the body in the most abundance is

A)phosphorus.
B)iron.
C)calcium.
D)sodium.

Question 49

Most of our dietary chloride comes from

A)fresh fruits.
B)vegetables.
C)meat.
D)seed oils.
E)table salt.

Question 50

A positively charged ion located in the intracellular fluid is

A)sodium.
B)potassium.
C)phosphate.
D)chloride.

Question 51

Joe Smith,age 52,has a blood pressure of 145 mm Hg over 95 mm Hg.This is considered

A)normal blood pressure.
B)low blood pressure.
C)hypertension,or high blood pressure.
D)None of these choices are accurate.

Question 52

In a healthy person,sodium consumed in excess of body needs is

A)stored in the liver.
B)excreted by the kidneys.
C)metabolized in cells.
D)excreted in the feces.

Question 53

The 250 mg of calcium found in a cup of spinach

A)is the only source of calcium for a vegan.
B)has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to oxalic acid.
C)is poorly absorbed unless the spinach is cooked.
D)has low bioavailability because the calcium is bound to phytic acid.

Question 54

Which of the following groups would be most at risk for potassium deficiency?

A)Infants and young children
B)Pregnant women
C)Patients taking diuretics
D)Breastfeeding mothers

Question 55

Which of the following situations is/are life threatening?

A)hypokalemia
B)hyperkalemia
C)hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
D)neither hypokalemia nor hyperkalemia

Question 56

Which of the following dairy products has the highest sodium content?

A)American cheese,2 oz
B)cheddar cheese,2 oz
C)lowfat milk,1 cup
D)The sodium content does not differ among these 3 foods.

Question 57

Salt substitutes often contain

A)sodium bicarbonate.
B)potassium chloride.
C)calcium carbonate.
D)magnesium sulfate.

Question 58

Chloride is

A)the main anion in extracellular fluid.
B)an intracellular fluid ion.
C)a positively charged ion.
D)converted to chlorine in the intestinal tract.

Question 59

A strategy that can help prevent or reduce high blood pressure in women is to:

A)consume a daily calcium supplement of 1,000 mg.
B)consume a multi-vitamin mineral supplement.
C)eliminate all caffeine-containing beverages from the diet.
D)limit alcohol consumption to no more than 1 drink per day.

Question 60

The body regulates its potassium content by

A)absorbing more or less potassium from the gastrointestinal tract.
B)excreting more or less potassium in the urine.
C)storing more or less potassium in the liver.
D)storing more or less potassium in the bone.

Question 61

Parathyroid hormone elevates blood calcium levels by

A)increasing the synthesis of 1,25 (OH)₂ vitamin
B)reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.
C)increasing bone resorption by osteoclast activity.
D)
D)All of the choices are accurate.

Question 62

Phosphorus absorption is promoted by the hormone

A)calcitonin.
B)1,25 (OH)₂ vitamin
C)cholecalciferol.
D)
D)aldosterone.

Question 63

Which of the following population groups has the highest rate of calcium absorption?

A)Postmenopausal women
B)Pregnant women
C)Premenopausal women (not pregnant or lactating)
D)Athletes in training

Question 64

Measuring blood calcium levels is not an accurate indicator of total body calcium because

A)calcium in the blood reflects only the most recent dietary intake of calcium.
B)there are no reliable tests for measuring blood calcium.
C)blood calcium levels vary according to the intake of other positive ions (e.g.,sodium,potassium,and magnesium).
D)blood calcium levels are strictly controlled by hormones and do not reflect total body stores.

Question 65

The two life stage groups with the highest RDAs for calcium are _________ and _________.

A)children; adolescents
B)infants; children
C)adolescents; adults over age 50
D)infants; adolescents

Question 66

________ replacement after menopause greatly reduces bone loss in women.

A)Calcium
B)Calcitriol
C)Estrogen
D)Calcitonin

Question 67

Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of calcium per serving?

A)1 cup of yogurt
B)1 slice of American cheese
C)3 oz.canned salmon with bones
D)1 cup cooked spinach

Question 68

The very dense outer surface of bone is called

A)osteoclastic bone.
B)osteoblastic bone.
C)trabecular bone.
D)cortical bone.

Question 69

Individuals advised to consume calcium supplements should consume

A)about 2,000 mg in a single dose each day.
B)only calcium citrate as other calcium salts are poorly absorbed.
C)an amount of no more than 500 mg with or just after a meal.
D)the calcium supplement at the same time as other mineral supplements.

Question 70

The bones most likely to be affected by the disease osteoporosis include the

A)ankle,shoulder,and neck.
B)hip,thigh,and ankle.
C)hip,wrist,and vertebrae in the spine.
D)wrist,forearm,and neck.
E)All of these are correct as all bones are affected equally by osteoporosis.

Question 71

Magnesium deficiency is most often caused by

A)excessive intakes of sodium and potassium.
B)low dietary intake of magnesium.
C)GI disorders that cause prolonged diarrhea or vomiting.
D)osteopenia or osteoporosis.

Question 72

At the end of long bones,inside the spinal vertebrae,and inside the flat bones of the pelvis is a spongy type of bone known as

A)osteoclastic bone.
B)osteoblastic bone.
C)trabecular bone.
D)compact bone.

Question 73

The most nutrient-dense food source of calcium with high bioavailability is

A)leafy green vegetables.
B)fish fillets.
C)milk and dairy products.
D)cereal grains.
E)meats.

Question 74

Which factor(s)limit(s)absorption of dietary calcium?

A)Phytic acid
B)Chronic diarrhea
C)Tannins in tea
D)Vitamin D deficiency
E)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 75

Absorption of dietary calcium in the duodenum is aided by

A)consumption of lactose.
B)acidic environment.
C)1,25 (OH)₂ vitamin
D)
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 76

The RDA for adults for phosphorus is

A)the same as calcium.
B)twice the amount of calcium.
C)700 mg/d.
D)200 mg/d.

Question 77

Risk factors for osteoporosis include

A)overweight and obesity.
B)amenorrhea.
C)African-American race.
D)high levels of physical activity.

Question 78

In addition to its role in bone development and maintenance,calcium is also required for

A)blood clotting,transmitting nerve impulses,and muscle contraction.
B)regulating potassium excretion,normal kidney function,and regulating intracellular water content.
C)phospholipid synthesis,muscle contraction,and formation of DNA and RNA.
D)blood clotting,magnesium absorption,and insulin release from the pancreas.

Question 79

Good food sources of phosphorus include

A)fruits and vegetables.
B)nuts and oils.
C)dairy products,meats,and cereals.
D)dairy products and leafy green vegetables.

Question 80

Assuming that milk is the only source of dietary calcium,how much milk must an adolescent drink every day to meet the RDA for calcium?

A)2 cups
B)3 cups
C)4 cups
D)5 cups