Deck 8: Liking, Loving, and Interpersonal Sensitivity

Question 1

All other things being equal, you are most likely to become friends with some who lives in:

A) the same city
B) the same neighborhood
C) the same building
D) a different city

Answer 1

C

Question 2

One reason we like people who share attitudes with us is because it:

A) is cathartic.
B) causes dissonance
C) provides social validation for our beliefs
D) means they are from the same region of the country

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In studies of "the pratfall effect," Deux has shown that men prefer a ________, but women are more likely to prefer a ________.

A) highly competent male blunderer; highly competent female blunderer
B) highly competent female blunderer; highly competent male blunderer
C) highly competent male blunderer; highly competent nonblunderer, regardless of sex
D) highly competent blunderer, regardless of sex; highly competent nonblunderer, regardless of sex

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In a study by Walster and her associates in which students were randomly matched for a computer date after taking a battery of psychological tests, it was found that:

A) intelligence and attitude similarity were significantly related to mutual liking
B) the physical attractiveness of the individuals involved was significantly related to mutual liking
C) complementary needs such as dominance/submissiveness were significantly related to mutual liking
D) comparable levels of self-esteem were significantly related to mutual liking

Question 5

Walster and her colleagues randomly matched incoming students to determine what they looked for in a potential blind date. Which of the following characteristics best determined whether subjects liked each other?

A) A sense of humor
B) Intelligence
C) Physical attractiveness
D) Similarity of attitudes

Question 6

In an experiment by Karen Dion and Ellen Berschied concerning physical attractiveness in children, it was found that:

A) physically attractive boys were liked better than unattractive boys
B) unattractive boys were perceived as less aggressive than attractive boys
C) physically attractive children got better grades than unattractive children
D) teachers tended to feel more compassion for the unattractive children

Question 7

Dion and her colleagues showed subjects pictures of attractive, average, and unattractive people. The results of her study indicated that:

A) men prefer attractive men and women but that women prefer average men and women
B) men and women prefer attractive people of the opposite sex but average people of the same sex
C) men prefer attractive women and average men, whereas women prefer average men and attractive women
D) all subjects preferred attractive people regardless of sex

Question 8

The main reason we tend to like people whose opinions are similar to our own is probably that they:

A) provide consensual validation for our beliefs
B) have backgrounds similar to ours
C) are better able to empathize with us
D) keep us from having to consider alternative opinions

Question 9

Suppose you are observing a highly popular and well-respected politician and a college student eat lunch. Both proceed to spill gravy on their neckties. Generalizing from research cited in Aronson, your liking of the politician will most likely ________, and your liking of the college student will ________.

A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 10

Generalizing from research presented in the text, on a first date, the partner whom people like most is the one whose physical attractiveness ________; in long-term relationships, they prefer a partner whose physical attractiveness ________.

A) is greatest; matches their own level of attractiveness
B) is greatest; is greatest
C) matches their own level of attractiveness; matches their own level of attractiveness
D) matches their own level of attractiveness; is greatest

Question 11

When a near-perfect person commits a blunder, his or her attractiveness generally ________. When a mediocre person commits the same blunder, his or her attractiveness generally ________.

A) increases; decreases
B) stays the same; decreases
C) decreases; decreases
D) decreases; increases

Question 12

Which of the following factors has consistently been shown to influence our choice of friends and lovers?

A) Attitude dissimilarly
B) Playing hard to get
C) Proximity
D) Being wealthy

Question 13

The advice given by Dale Carnegie, if one wishes to "win friends," is most consistent with which of the following theories?

A) Cognitive dissonance theory
B) Self-perception theory
C) The gain-loss theory of attraction
D) Reward theory

Question 14

According to research on dating, people:

A) with low self-esteem are more selective about whom they will accept as dates because they are less willing to take risks
B) with low self-esteem are more likely to initiate interactions with attractive people since they have less to lose by being rejected
C) with high self-esteem are less likely to initiate interactions with attractive people because they want to protect their self-esteem
D) tend to have relationships with someone who matches their level of physical attractiveness

Question 15

Harold Sigall and Elliot Aronson conducted an experiment in which a female confederate was made up to appear either physically attractive or unattractive. Posing as a graduate student in clinical psychology, she interviewed college men and evaluated half favorably and half unfavorably. The results showed that:

A) she was disliked more when she was homely than when she was attractive, regardless of the evaluation she gave
B) she was disliked more when her evaluation was negative than when it was positive, regardless of her physical attractiveness
C) she was well liked in every condition except the one in which she was unattractive and also gave a negative evaluation
D) when she was attractive, the kind of evaluation she gave had a strong effect on men's liking her, but when she was unattractive, it had virtually none

Question 16

If we meet someone we like, we will assume that:

A) they share the same attitudes and beliefs that we hold
B) they live close to us in proximity
C) they share only trivial attitudes with us
D) they are not interested in getting to know us

Question 17

With regard to attitude similarity and friendship:

A) too much can be a bad thing
B) you cannot have too many things in common
C) you need at least one thing you don't like about each other
D) the only thing you need to agree about is politics

Question 18

From a study in which college students were subjects in a "computer dating" experiment, the primary determinant of how much subjects initially liked their dates was:

A) the date's physical attractiveness
B) the date's personality
C) the date's sensitivity
D) the similarity of attitudes and backgrounds of the experiment's participants

Question 19

The general reward theory of attraction is based on which of the following basic principles?

A) The more often we see another person (repeated exposure), the more we will like him or her.
B) The more control we can exert over another person, the more we will like him or her.
C) We tend to like a person whose behavior provides us with maximum reward at minimum cost.
D) We tend to like a person who grows to like us after initially disliking us.

Question 20

Dion asked women to examine reports of behavior disturbances caused by attractive and unattractive boys and girls. Which group of children were most likely to be blamed for the disturbance and thought to be chronic troublemakers?

A) Unattractive boys
B) Unattractive girls
C) Unattractive boys and girls
D) Unattractive boys and attractive girls

Question 21

A study on the Paradox of Choice, conducted in a supermarket, found that what percentage of people actually purchase a fruit preserve/jam when there were 24 alternatives presented at the sample table?

A) 0%
B) 3%
C) 30%
D) 60%

Question 22

Which attachment style is likely to lead to a lover being clingy and worrying that his or her partner will leave him or her?

A) Anxious
B) Secure
C) Avoidant
D) Fearful

Question 23

In Aronson and Linder's "gain-loss" experiment, subjects overheard a confederate give a series of evaluations of them that were (1) consistently positive, (2) consistently negative, (3) negative and then increasingly positive (gain), and (4) positive and then increasingly negative (loss). The results showed that, in terms of mean liking for the confederate, subjects rated (from positive to negative) the confederates as follows:

A) 1 4 3 2
B) 1 3 4 2
C) 3 1 4 2
D) 3 1 2 4

Question 24

Suppose you turn in a paper that is graded by two professors. Professor Jones is very complimentary, whereas Professor Smith is very critical of your work. Generalizing from the results of a similar experiment described in the text, you would believe that Professor ________ is more intelligent, and you would like best Professor ________.

A) Jones; Jones
B) Smith; Smith
C) Jones; Smith
D) Smith; Jones

Question 25

When people do favors for us, we:

A) like them better only when our self-esteem is low
B) like them better only if the favor was unanticipated
C) don't like them better because they seem superior and make us feel insecure
D) like them only if we don't feel indebted to return the favor

Question 26

In general, getting someone else to do you a favor is ________ effective in increasing his liking for you than your doing a favor for him due to ________.

A) less; his negative reinforcement
B) more; his dissonance reduction
C) less; your dissonance reduction
D) more; your positive reinforcement

Question 27

Suppose you take a class from each of the following four professors: 1, 2, 3, and 4. You write five papers and get the following grades: 1: A A A A A, 2: D D C B A, 3: A A B C F, 4: D D C D D. Generalizing from Aronson, which professor will you like the most?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 28

Suppose two young men had taken a test of intelligence. Ralph believed he did very well, and Fred believed he did poorly. Both have the occasion to meet a young woman. Which of the following best describes how they would most likely react based on her physical attractiveness?

A) Ralph would like her more if she were attractive, Fred if she were unattractive.
B) Fred would like her more if she were attractive, Ralph if she were unattractive.
C) Ralph and Fred would both like her more if she were attractive.
D) In this instance, attractiveness would not be related to how much the men liked the woman.

Question 29

In an experiment by Snyder and his colleagues, college males talked with a female who they "thought" was either an attractive or an unattractive female due to Snyder et al.'s manipulation of a photo. These conversations were recorded. People who listened to the recording of the conversation of the male who "thought" she was attractive, without seeing any photos, said she was:

A) unattractive, lacking confidence, cold
B) attractive, confident, warm
C) shy and intellectual sounding
D) attractive but disinterested in the male

Question 30

You are at a party and are engaged in a discussion with someone you just met. The topic is capital punishment, an issue you feel very strongly about. Based on your discussion, your chances of liking this person will be greatest if he or she:

A) initially disagrees with you but ultimately comes to accept your position
B) shows integrity by refusing to be persuaded to adopt your position
C) consistently agrees with your position
D) forces you to think up good arguments to defend your beliefs

Question 31

According to research presented in The Social Animal, compared to men with low self-esteem, men who have a favorable view of themselves tend to:

A) be attracted to women who are assertive and independent
B) be attracted to women who are willing to do them favors
C) be attracted to women who are submissive and dependent
D) be attracted to women who play "hard to get"

Question 32

When someone is initially critical of you and later becomes complimentary:

A) you tend to distrust him or her
B) you like him or her less because you suspect flattery
C) you like him or her more than someone who has always been complimentary
D) you like him or her less than someone who has always been complimentary

Question 33

In Walster's experiment in which women were asked for a date by a young man prior to receiving favorable or unfavorable personality evaluations from a psychologist, the results showed that subjects:

A) liked the young man more when the evaluation was positive since he was associated with a reward
B) liked the young man more when the evaluation was negative because he gave their lowered self-esteem a greater boost
C) liked the young man more when the evaluation was positive because they felt they deserved to be asked for a date
D) expected the date to be less enjoyable when the evaluation was negative

Question 34

A relationship in which people are concerned reciprocity and making sure equity is achieved is called a/an ________ relationship.

A) communal
B) tribal
C) exchange
D) fair

Question 35

Your authors use the term "the paradox of choice" when describing the fact that:

A) your first alternative is your best choice
B) your last alternative is your best choice
C) the more choices you have, the better off you are in the long run
D) endless choices can generate paralysis when it comes to making selection

Question 36

Suppose you see two men. One is sitting with a highly attractive woman. The other is with an unattractive woman. Generalizing from research presented in Aronson:

A) the man with the attractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident
B) the man with the unattractive woman will be seen as friendlier and more self-confident
C) there will be an interaction; only attractive men benefit from sitting with unattractive women
D) the attractiveness of the woman does not generalize to the man

Question 37

If you persuade someone to do you a favor, it is likely that:

A) he or she will like you less
B) he or she will like you more
C) you will like him or her less because you feel indebted
D) his or her self-esteem will decrease

Question 38

The gain-loss theory of attraction predicts that:

A) you like people more when they say all positive things about you than if they say some negative things
B) you like people more when they begin by disliking you and gradually increase their liking for you
C) you like people more when they initially like you and then gradually decrease their liking for you
D) the more people like you, the less you like them

Question 39

What does Aronson say is one of the most powerful determinants of whether you will like another person?

A) If that person likes you
B) If that person and you are about equally attractive
C) If that person and you have similar attitudes
D) If you have high self-esteem

Question 40

As Edward Jones says, "Flattery will get you somewhere," except when:

A) you are flattering a person with very high self-esteem
B) the person overhears you saying good things about him or her to somebody else
C) the person you are flattering is too often flattered by others
D) the person you are flattering thinks you are trying to manipulate him or her

Question 41

A romantic relationship that is marked by feelings of exhilaration, intense preoccupation, and sexual desire is:

A) called true love
B) called romantic love
C) called companionate love
D) long lasting

Question 42

The general lesson of our society is to hide one's vulnerabilities from another person. This strategy:

A) often results in defensiveness and poor communication
B) is seldom useful in some situations, especially when dealing with a true enemy
C) is essential for survival in our society
D) prevents us from understanding why we feel vulnerable

Question 43

According to Aronson, expressing one's feelings rather than one's judgments about another person is important primarily because:

A) expressing feelings is less hurtful than expressing judgments
B) people need to know whether their feelings are legitimate
C) it's not right to feel judgmental about another person
D) expressing our feelings makes the other person feel trusted

Question 44

In communicating effectively with another person, giving that person immediate feedback regarding your own feelings is useful:

A) because it keeps the person from having his or her feelings hurt
B) because it prevents disagreements from occurring
C) because it increases the person's insight into the impact of his or her actions
D) because it prompts disagreements to occur that can be resolved

Question 45

Once an insecure attachment style has formed, the insecure person:

A) is doomed to have poor relationships their entire life
B) infects others around them and causes them to develop insecure attachments
C) has a desire to repair their relationships with their parents
D) can develop a more secure attachment if paired with someone who has a history of secure attachments

Question 46

"Straight talk" refers to a style of communication in which:

A) you tell a person directly what you think of him or her, without beating around the bush
B) people discuss their conflicts face-to-face rather than complaining about each other to someone else
C) people can resolve all of their conflicts, without any discomfort
D) you offer a clear statement of your feelings and concerns, without accusing or judging the other person

Question 47

According to Gottman, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of communications in marriages that will fail:

A) Hostile criticism
B) Stonewalling
C) Contempt
D) Straight talk

Question 48

According to Aronson, open and effective communication is especially difficult in many situations because:

A) people are not fully aware of their own needs and feelings
B) people express their feelings without making sure the other person is ready to hear about them
C) people have no trouble expressing their negative feelings but are less likely to express their positive feelings
D) one person almost always takes more blame and responsibility for the conflict than the other

Question 49

A romantic relationship that is marked by feelings of mutual trust, dependability, and warmth is:

A) loveless
B) called romantic love
C) called companionate love
D) short lived

Question 50

Higher levels of satisfaction in marriage tend to be associated with:

A) long, uninterrupted periods of harmony, marked by few disagreements
B) a nontraditional attitude regarding the roles of men and women
C) a nonaggressive but direct style of resolving conflicts
D) the couple's willingness to frequently express their positive feelings toward each other

Question 51

The closer and more intimate the relationship between good friends or partners, the more _______ it becomes.

A) fair
B) communal
C) exchange
D) reciprocal

Question 52

A willingness to communicate a wide range of feelings to our loved ones under appropriate circumstances and in ways that reflect our caring is called:

A) true grit
B) authenticity
C) companionate love
D) real talk

Question 53

Which of the following statements provides the best illustration of "straight talk"?

A) "You wouldn't act like that if you really cared about me."
B) "I've been feeling competitive with you ever since you got that promotion."
C) "If you want to act like a phony, the choice is yours."
D) "Don't be upset-I didn't mean to hurt your feelings."

Question 54

The type of romantic relationship that best weathers stormy situations or conflicts that arise over time is:

A) called a destiny relationship
B) called a unity relationship
C) one where people consider love as growth and a journey
D) one where people feel they are with their soul mate

Question 55

Compared to passionate love, companionate love tends to:

A) assume less importance in a long-term relationship
B) decline over the course of a relationship
C) deepen over the course of a relationship
D) be rapid in onset

Question 56

A study by Corcoran found that close friends paid more attention to the plight of their close friend when:

A) they thought they would share a reward with them
B) they thought they might need help
C) the experimenter turned off the lights in their room
D) their close friend was paired with a stranger to solve a problem

Question 57

The Porcupine's Dilemma refers to the fact that people:

A) have little chance to succeed in a relationship where they are too similar
B) rarely show their faults to their long-term partners
C) often hurt the ones they are closest to
D) with avoidant attachment styles usually lead to very intimate relationships