Deck 7: Prejudice

Question 1

Believing that the world is a "just place" tends to:

A) create a more just world by inducing the person to treat others as responsible for their own outcomes
B) create a more just world by reducing prejudiced beliefs and attitudes
C) create a less just world by leading the person to derogate those who have received bad outcomes through no fault of their own
D) create a more just world by committing the person to the belief that it is

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The research study about "Mark Flick" the basketball player demonstrated that people use stereotypes of African Americans that:

A) favor effort over natural athletic ability
B) favor athletic skills over intelligence
C) are identical to white players when they have racially ambiguous names
D) are negative when the players do not perform well in a game

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The "ultimate attribution error" has been defined by Pettigrew as:

A) the tendency to attribute one's own failures to the situation
B) the tendency for people to make attributions that are consistent with their beliefs or prejudices about others
C) the tendency to make situational attributions about another's behavior
D) the tendency to attribute another's behavior to both situational and dispositional factors

Answer 3

B

Question 4

When trying to predict the behavior of a single individual, the most useful information will be:

A) information specific to that individual
B) their group membership
C) what you perceive to be the dominant attitude of his or her group
D) the stereotype for his or her group

Question 5

Suppose Fred and Margaret are both being persuaded about the best way to repair lawnmowers and the best way to choose paint colors to decorate a kitchen. Based on the recent work by Sistrunk and David, you would expect:

A) Fred to be more persuaded about mower repair and Margaret about decorating
B) Margaret to be more persuaded about mower repair and Fred about decorating
C) Fred to be more persuaded about mower repair and decorating
D) Margaret to be more persuaded about mower repair and decorating

Question 6

Prejudice is defined as a negative attitude toward all members of a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group. Being an attitude, which of the following is the most accurate statement?

A) It has a cognitive and an emotional component.
B) It has an emotional and a behavioral component.
C) It has a behavioral and an emotional component.
D) It has a cognitive, a behavioral, and an emotional component.

Question 7

Suppose you are a subject in an experiment and are asked to make a parole decision about two criminals, a Latino, Jos Ortega, and an upper-middle-class white man, Matthew Smith. Both men were convicted of embezzling funds from the bank in which they worked. Generalizing from a similar study conducted by Bodenhausen and Wyer, you would most likely recommend parole for:

A) Jos but not Matthew
B) Matthew but not Jos
C) both Jos and Matthew
D) neither Jos nor Matthew

Question 8

Duncan's research study showed a video of an argument between a black man and a white man that resulted in one them shoving the other man. Research participants were more likely to see the act as aggressive rather than playful if:

A) the black man shoved the white man, and the research participant was black
B) the black man shoved the white man, and the research participant was white
C) the white man shoved the black man, and the research participant was white
D) Both A and B are correct

Question 9

What conclusion did Carl Word and his associates arrive at after conducting experiments on whites interviewing minorities for a job?

A) White male interviewers spent more time with blacks in the interviewing because they did not want to be labeled as prejudicial.
B) White male interviewers spent more time with women in the interviews because they were aware of affirmative action.
C) White male interviewers spent less time with blacks and sat farther away, which caused the interviewee to become more nervous.
D) White male interviewers spent less time with women but more time with blacks because all the blacks were males and the interviewers identified more with the males than females.

Question 10

The fact that babies as young as three months will show a preference for faces of their own race indicates that:

A) prejudice is genetic
B) we are hardwired to categorize people by race
C) categorization is a process fundamental to cognition
D) categorization will always result in prejudice

Question 11

Jorge states, "I always knew that that white guy Johnson was a sneak. I'm not at all surprised that they finally caught him stealing money out of the cash drawer." Jorge's statement is best thought of as an example of:

A) an authoritarian personality
B) hindsight bias
C) the psychology of inevitability
D) mutual interdependence

Question 12

The first step in prejudice is ________, and the second step is ________.

A) categorization; creating a stereotype
B) creating a stereotype; categorization
C) categorization; applying individualizing information
D) creating an "us" category; identifying individualizing information

Question 13

Frank has started working in an office recently where Mary has worked for several years. Mary is prejudiced against Jewish people, and Frank just happens to be Jewish. While eating her lunch at work one day, Mary noticed that Frank had saved his lunch bag after eating rather than throwing it in the trash. "How cheap can you get?" Mary thinks. "Those Jews won't spend a nickel if they don't have to!" What Mary doesn't know is that Frank is an avid environmentalist who tries to recycle as many resources as he can. Mary's comment is an example of:

A) scapegoating
B) the psychology of inevitability
C) the ultimate attribution error
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 14

If a prejudice is largely cognitive, it is based in misinformation and:

A) is difficult to change
B) is relatively easy to change
C) can be used to categorization but not action
D) never has an emotional component

Question 15

Attribution theory is most concerned with explaining the:

A) tendency that people have to infer the causes of behavior
B) tendency that people have to make stereotypic statements about minority group members
C) tendency that people have to derogate themselves
D) tendency that people have to look for situational explanations for the behavior of others

Question 16

Frey and Gaertner, in a study involving prejudice and helping, found that:

A) whites, wishing to look "open-minded," were actually more willing to help a black than a white person
B) whites discriminated against a black person only when such discrimination could be easily rationalized
C) whites and blacks discriminate against each other equally
D) whites discriminated against blacks when their self-esteem was threatened

Question 17

The many examples of recent incidents of prejudice by the authors at the beginning of Chapter 7 illustrate that:

A) prejudice is fundamental to the human condition
B) prejudice was stamped out but has made a recent return
C) prejudice is caused by only conservative politics in the United States
D) electing Barack Obama as president reduced the prevalence of racial hate groups

Question 18

A stereotype reflects the belief that a particular attribute is characteristic of the group as a whole,

A) but that individuals will vary dramatically within the group
B) regardless of the actual variation among the group's members
C) but only the behavior can actually be seen acted out by members of the group
D) and is always negative

Question 19

According to the ultimate attribution error, if subjects thought a harm-doer was black, they would be more likely to attribute his action to ________. When they thought he was white, they would be more willing to attribute his action to ________.

A) his personality; the situation
B) the situation; his personality
C) the minority; the majority
D) the majority; the minority

Question 20

Bodenhausen's study of "morning people" and "evening people" suggests that:

A) morning people are more likely to stereotype
B) evening people are more likely to stereotype
C) we are all more likely to stereotype when we are not at our best
D) we are rarely cognitive misers when it comes to stereotyping

Question 21

Which group is likely to receive the lowest pay for equal work?

A) European American males
B) African American females
C) European American females
D) Latina women

Question 22

What is Aronson's conclusion about stereotyping and prejudice?

A) As people accept a minority's out-of-role behavior to break stereotypes, the more the minority person grows, and the majority grows too, becoming better human beings.
B) Minority people have to have more proactive behavior and out-of-role behavior to force society to change.
C) The majority in society have to learn to accept minorities more so we can become a better society.
D) Not much can be done to change prejudicial attitudes and stereotypes because these ideas have been around for years and will continue into the future. All we can do is adjust.

Question 23

The amygdala has been shown to have little activity when research participants:

A) are shown faces of a different racial group
B) are shown faces and asked to see the people as individuals
C) saw faces as part of a study about prejudice
D) were given rewards for trying not to think about stereotypes while viewing faces

Question 24

The IAT (Implicit Association Test) measures the _______ associations between words and/or words and pictures.

A) prejudices in
B) speed of
C) novel production of
D) accuracy of

Question 25

A common result for research participants who take the IAT (Implicit Association Test) is that they make slower associations between ________ than between ________.

A) black and good; black and bad
B) white and good; white and bad
C) old and bad; old and good
D) black and bad; black and good

Question 26

Banaji and Greenwald argue that the IAT (Implicit Association Test) detects:

A) prejudices
B) attributions
C) latent personality traits
D) unconscious instincts

Question 27

When teachers were told to watch a video of four children playing and look for potentially problematic behavior, the eye-tracking data revealed that:

A) black teachers spent more time watching the white students
B) white teachers spent more time watching the black students
C) both black and white teachers spent more time watching the black boy
D) the teachers watched all four children equally

Question 28

The use of blind auditions for positions in major symphony orchestras has resulted in:

A) poorer-quality musical productions
B) fewer female musicians being hired
C) orchestras having roughly an equal number of male and female musicians
D) musicians being selected based on nonmusical traits

Question 29

Research participants who were asked to predict the intensity of 10 hurricanes (half with male names and half with female names) rated the _______ as more intense and threatening than __________.

A) male-named storms; female-named storms
B) female-named hurricanes; male-named hurricanes
C) category 3 storms; category 2 storms
D) non-European-sounding names; traditionally western European names

Question 30

When women's and men's actual behavior is observed systematically under a variety of conditions, the sexes:

A) do not differ in their ability to both feel and express empathy for others
B) differ such that women are much more likely to express empathy for others
C) differ in that males feel empathy toward other but feel inhibited to express it
D) both resent being expected to play out traditional gender roles

Question 31

According to research by Thibodeau, from the 1940s to the 1960s, the number of blacks depicted in stereotypic roles in New Yorker cartoons ________.

A) increased because of more prejudice in society
B) decreased, but still there was only one main black cartoon figure
C) increased, and there were 12 main black figures
D) decreased, and there were 17 main black figures

Question 32

More white people abuse drugs than minorities, and they are:

A) arrested and prosecuted at the same rates as their minority counterparts
B) arrested and prosecuted at lower rates than their minority counterparts
C) arrested and prosecuted at higher rates than their minority counterparts
D) using less powerful drugs than their minority counterparts

Question 33

A study by Florence Geis and her colleagues on the effects of television commercials on women's aspirations found that:

A) women exposed to sex-stereotyped commercials expressed "fear of failure"
B) women exposed to sex-stereotyped commercials expressed "fear of success"
C) women who saw commercials in which men were subservient expressed the desire to have careers and never get married
D) women exposed to sex-stereotyped commercials displayed lower levels of achievement aspiration than women who saw commercials in which male and female roles were reversed

Question 34

Suppose you asked students to write stories about black and white characters. Some students were prejudiced against blacks, and others were not. Some students were frustrated just before they wrote the stories, and others were not. Generalizing from a similar experiment, you would guess that the group that would write most negatively about blacks in their stories were:

A) prejudiced, frustrated students
B) nonprejudiced, frustrated students
C) prejudiced, nonfrustrated students
D) nonprejudiced, nonfrustrated students

Question 35

Aronson argues that the evidence linking IAT (Implicit Association Test) scores with overt behavior is:

A) strong
B) weak
C) nonexistent
D) moderate

Question 36

The second component of prejudice is emotion, and it causes prejudice to be:

A) easily overcome with logic
B) deeply resistant to logical arguments against it
C) held by only a small number of highly emotional people
D) a predictable characteristic of the highly educated

Question 37

Devah Pager's research with college graduates interviewing for jobs revealed that which group was LEAST likely to be called back for an interview?

A) Whites who served 18 months for cocaine possession
B) Blacks with a clean record
C) Whites with a clean record
D) Blacks who served 18 months for cocaine possession

Question 38

A common result for research participants who take the IAT (Implicit Association Test) is that they make faster associations between_______ than between_________.

A) black and good; black and bad
B) white and bad; white and good
C) old and bad; old and good
D) young and bad; young and good

Question 39

Which of the following is probably NOT a major cause of prejudice as discussed by Aronson?

A) personality needs, such as authoritarianism
B) economic or political competition
C) scapegoating-the displacement of aggression
D) one's racial background

Question 40

What conclusion did Glick and Fiske come to with regard to hostile and benevolent sexism?

A) Hostile sexism can be beneficial for women because they will fight harder against the stereotype.
B) Benevolent sexism is good for women because people have positive feelings toward women.
C) Both hostile and benevolent sexism are limiting to women because they justify relegating women to traditional roles.
D) Hostile sexism is directed toward men as often as it is directed toward women.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people to whom Adorno and his colleagues refer as the "authoritarian personality"?

A) They tend to be rigid and set in their beliefs.
B) In general, they tend to be intolerant of weakness.
C) They tend to possess conventional values and standards.
D) They tend to be authority figures.

Question 42

When a person is mentally fatigued, implicit biases are:

A) more likely to be expressed
B) less likely to be expressed
C) more likely in conscious awareness but not acted on
D) inhibited due to the activity in the amygdala

Question 43

King and her associates had research confederates go shopping in a clothing store. When they were dressed up in a "fat suit" and were drinking a diet soda, they received more eye contact and were spoken to _________ compared to when they were drinking a milkshake.

A) in an abrupt manner
B) in a friendly manner
C) in an impatient way
D) in a matter-of-fact way

Question 44

The subject in Sherif's study of two groups, the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers" were:

A) college students who volunteered to participate for extra credit
B) normal 11- to 12-year-old boys
C) male college students
D) men ages 24 to 27 from various occupations who volunteered to participate for money

Question 45

Research participants who were anti-Semitic and had their self-esteem lowered by receiving bogus low scores on an intelligence test:

A) were especially biased in their evaluation of a Jewish woman
B) tried to be helpful to a Jewish woman with a similar score
C) made no effort to help anyone else in the experiment
D) left before the end of the experiment

Question 46

According to the "psychology of inevitability," if an individual anticipates close contact with a group against which he or she is prejudiced:

A) that individual will change his or her prejudiced attitude so that it becomes more favorable toward the group
B) it will tend to increase that individual's prejudice toward the group
C) there will be no change in the individual's attitude because he or she is being forced into the situation
D) that individual will pretend to be less prejudiced toward the group, but the real prejudice will not change

Question 47

Crocker found that the greatest amount of prejudice was between groups that were economically:

A) very close but not in direct competition for resources
B) very distant but in competition for resources
C) very distant
D) close and in competition for jobs

Question 48

Aronson's argument that "stateways change folkways" is based primarily on:

A) reactance theory
B) the "just world" hypothesis
C) conformity pressures
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic typical of an "authoritarian personality"?

A) Conventional, generally conservative values
B) Low respect for authority
C) Intolerant of weaknesses
D) Rigidity of beliefs

Question 50

Where did the word "scapegoat" come from?

A) It came from medieval times when Jews were placed in ghettos and would escape from their neighborhood.
B) Ancient Hebrews had a custom during Atonement where the priest placed his hands on the goat and recited the sins of the people. Then they allowed the goat to escape.
C) The term developed in the South during slavery days when blacks would escape from a plantation yet still carry the burden of slavery with them.
D) The term developed in the 1960s as child abuse research discovered that parents labeled one child and would abuse that child, who was the scapegoat for all the family's problems.

Question 51

After Muzafer Sherif and his associates had arbitrarily divided boys in a summer camp into two groups, they found that intergroup hostility could be created by providing ________ and reduced by providing ________.

A) competitive activities; cooperative activities
B) more intergroup contact; less intergroup contact
C) negative stereotypes; positive stereotypes
D) oversufficient rewards; insufficient rewards

Question 52

How did America see the Chinese during the 19th century?

A) The Chinese were defined mostly in negative stereotypes and only in positive terms when it came to their food in restaurants.
B) The Chinese were defined in negative stereotypes during economic hard times and in very positive terms when their labor was needed for building the railroad.
C) When the Chinese first arrived in this country, they worked very hard, and other people recognized their excellent work habits. By the late 19th century, it led to greater advances in industry and trade and became known as the model minority.
D) During the gold rush days, there was little prejudice against the Chinese because it was each man for himself.

Question 53

The process of blaming innocent and powerless others for our troubles is called:

A) the fundamental attributional error
B) confirmation bias
C) scapegoating
D) catharsis

Question 54

Hovland and Sears found that, from 1882 to 1930, you could predict an increase in lynchings when the price of cotton declined. This information is best thought of as evidence for:

A) the authoritarian personality
B) the ultimate attribution error
C) scapegoating
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 55

Joe was brought up in a household in which both of his parents worked outside the home, and both they and the children shared responsibilities for housework. When Joe left home and went to college, he joined a fraternity and became friends with some members who held rather sexist attitudes toward women's roles. When Joe came home for the summer, his parents were surprised to find that Joe expected his mother to do his laundry and pick up after him. Joe's new attitudes were most likely a function of:

A) scapegoating
B) his authoritarian personality
C) the psychology of inevitability
D) conformity processes

Question 56

In a study described in Chapter 7, students gave a lower intensity of shock to black learners than to white ones. Later, the students overheard the learner making derogatory comments about them, and this probably made them angry. When given a chance to shock the learner again, the students:

A) still gave higher shocks to the white learner compared to the black learner
B) now gave higher shocks to the black learner than the white learner
C) gave equally high shocks to all the learners
D) administered low levels of shock to all learners

Question 57

Frey and Gaertner's study found that whites were less likely to offer help to black students who requested help if they were told information that ______ their stereotype of African Americans.

A) confirmed
B) disconfirmed
C) disproved
D) all the above

Question 58

Thomas Pettigrew reported on coal miners in West Virginia who worked below ground in a completely intergraded environment and a completely segregated one aboveground. He believes the prejudice displayed/or not displayed in this case was due to:

A) aberrant personality traits
B) a culture of honor
C) competition for jobs
D) conformity to social norms

Question 59

In-group bias is a biological survival mechanism that induces us to favor our own kin or tribe:

A) and causes us to kill others
B) and gives us the content of our prejudices
C) and makes us racist
D) but does not cause us to hate other races

Question 60

An "authoritarian personality" is closely linked to which of the following dimensions?

A) Mutual interdependence
B) The matching hypothesis
C) The self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Prejudice

Question 61

Stereotype threat can be negated by focusing on things that:

A) buffer your self-concept
B) remind you that you are worthless
C) make you feel bad
D) remind you of a stereotype

Question 62

According to Aronson, which of the following is a result of a jigsaw classroom?

A) Anglo children experienced a reduction in self-esteem.
B) Anglo children learned less than in a traditional classroom.
C) Minority children experienced a reduction in self-esteem.
D) Minority children performed better than in a traditional classroom.

Question 63

In the Lerner experiment, in which subjects observed the experimenter flipping a coin to decide which of two people would be rewarded for his work, it was later found that:

A) the nonrewarded person was seen as having engaged in the task for its own sake (dissonance effect)
B) the nonrewarded person was seen as having worked less on the task (blaming the victim)
C) the nonrewarded person was liked better than the rewarded one (compensation effect)
D) the rewarded person came to believe that he had worked harder on the task (self-fulfilling prophecy)

Question 64

Aronson argues that the most effective way to reduce prejudice is to:

A) allow people to choose whether they will desegregate so that cognitive dissonance causes them to change their attitudes
B) use information campaigns to change people's attitudes
C) require people to desegregate with no options of going back to segregation
D) try to keep prejudiced groups apart as much as possible to reduce frustration and competition

Question 65

Steele and Aronson administered the verbal portion of the GRE to black and white students, telling them either that the test was measuring their intellectual ability or that it had nothing to do with their intellectual ability. The results of this study revealed that:

A) in general, students performed better when they thought the test was important, regardless of race
B) in general, students performed better when they thought the test was not important, regardless of race
C) black students did better when they thought the test was not about their intellectual ability than when they thought it was measuring their intellectual ability
D) black students did better when they thought the test was a measure of their intellectual ability than when they thought it did not measure their intellectual ability

Question 66

How did Muzafer Sherif reduce the tension at the camp between the Eagles and Rattlers?

A) After all the competition between the boys had been created, the head counselor had to sit the boys down and tell them that it was an experiment. The little speech saved the day.
B) They had a big campfire, and all the boys had a good time.
C) They deliberately broke the water supply system, so it took all the boys in both groups working together to fix it.
D) The situation got out of hand. The parents had to come and get the boys sooner than was expected.

Question 67

In ambiguous situations, people tend to construct narratives that are consistent with their:

A) ideal image of themselves
B) understanding of the behavior of their in-group
C) prejudices
D) perception of the dominant religion of the society

Question 68

Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that:

A) women are more likely than men to be influenced by others' beliefs about them
B) introverts are less likely than extroverts to test their hypotheses about other people
C) even when we're "open-minded" enough to test our beliefs about others, we can inadvertently produce the very behaviors we expect
D) when people are offered large rewards for being correct, they are less likely to use a biased strategy in testing their hypotheses about others

Question 69

What did Steele and Aronson mean by their term "stereotype threat"?

A) The stereotype of a group would be accepted by all people in society.
B) The minority group would act out more on the stereotypes about violence and display more violence in society, which would threaten many people.
C) Society would devote more police resources to stop any minority threat to society.
D) The individuals who are a minority come to believe the cultural stereotypes, and they do not perform as well in society.

Question 70

Research participants who overheard a confederate use a racial slur when talking about a black lawyer rated that the black lawyer more negatively than participants who heard a derisive comment without the racial slur. In addition, the participants:

A) gave the defendant lenient sentences
B) gave the defendant moderately harsher sentences
C) gave the defendant particularly harsher sentences
D) were more likely to use the death penalty

Question 71

In Swim and Sanna's research on gender, participants were more likely to attribute a woman's failure to _______ but a male's failure to _________.

A) bad luck; a lack of talent
B) her mother's attitudes toward success; bad luck
C) a lack of talent; low intelligence
D) a lack of talent; bad luck

Question 72

When it comes to changing deeply rooted attitudes and behavior, such as prejudice, the most effective strategy is to:

A) place people in a situation in which they must change their behavior, then changes in attitudes will follow
B) give people lots of vivid and personal information that contradicts their attitudes, then changes in behavior will follow
C) offer people rewards and praise for changing their behavior, then changes in attitudes will follow
D) have a highly attractive and credible speaker present arguments that contradict the person's attitudes, then changes in behavior will follow

Question 73

In their investigations of the early years of school desegregation, Pettigrew and other researchers found that violence tended to result when:

A) people were not given a choice about whether desegregation would occur
B) desegregation took place in the South rather than the North
C) desegregation policies were implemented in a hesitant, gradual, or inconsistent manner
D) no efforts were made to reduce prejudice prior to desegregation

Question 74

Studies on conformity and prejudice have shown that:

A) individuals who move into areas in which the norm is more prejudiced show dramatic increases in their levels of prejudice
B) individuals who are least likely to conform to a wide variety of social norms usually show a higher degree of prejudice in environments that are highly prejudiced
C) individuals with nonconformist personalities tend to become less prejudiced when they move into areas that are high in prejudice
D) conformity to general norms and specific prejudices such as racism are not related

Question 75

According to The Social Animal, when important issues are involved, information campaigns:

A) have been successful in changing prejudiced attitudes when given adequate media coverage
B) generally fail because people are unlikely to listen to information that is incompatible with their prejudiced beliefs
C) are effective in eliminating distortions and deep-seated prejudiced attitudes when individuals are forced to listen to the information
D) are ineffective in changing prejudiced attitudes unless both sides of the issue are presented

Question 76

Mutual interdependence refers to a situation in which:

A) you depend on someone else to help you accomplish your goals
B) individuals need and are needed by one another to accomplish their goals
C) individuals allow each other the freedom to accomplish their own independent goals
D) individuals compete in a friendly way to accomplish a goal that each person values highly

Question 77

The major feature of jigsaw groups that Aronson believes accounts for their success in reducing the negative effects of prejudice is:

A) lack of competition among children
B) the necessity of depending on all group members for vital information
C) the forbidding of any teasing or abuse of minority children
D) the breaking down of a large, formal classroom into small, informal groups so that the children get a chance to know each other

Question 78

Which of the following is a good example of blaming the victim?

A) People blaming a lower-class person for being poor because they feel he is lazy or stupid and does not want to work.
B) People realizing that sometimes lower-class people are poor because society has not provided opportunities for good-paying jobs.
C) After a person breaks his leg in a fall down the steps, people might say that the steps were too steep.
D) A person is robbed at gunpoint, and people feel that this person is a victim of society, which needs more gun control laws.

Question 79

In general, early efforts to desegregate the schools resulted in:

A) an increase in the self-esteem of minority children but a surprising decrease in the self-esteem of nonminority children
B) an unanticipated decrease in the self-esteem of minority children
C) reduced prejudice among minority children but not among nonminority children
D) better academic performance among nonminority children

Question 80

Mary believes that she got her job as a lawyer because she has the potential to be a great lawyer. Her sister, Patty, believes that she got her lawyer's job because her firm "needed to hire a woman." Suppose that both women come up against a very difficult case. Which result would you be more likely to expect, based on research conducted by Turner and Pratkanis?

A) Mary would work more hours but be more likely to lose
B) Patty would work more hours but be more likely to lose
C) Patty would be more likely to give up
D) Mary would be more likely to give up